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DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017 SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER DNV GL © 2017
26 September 2017
LNG as a fuel Get ready for the future - today
1
Johan Knijp
Blue Corridor 2017 Rally
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
Introduction
Head of Fuel and Energy Transition
Natural Gas, Biogas, LNG, Hydrogen, Methanol, DME, …
Assessment of Clean Energy Technologies
Coordinator of DNV GL’s European ssLNG network
Location: DNV GL – Groningen, Netherlands
– Renewable energy technology and gas laboratory
– Multiphase flow meter calibration laboratory
2
Johan.Knijp@dnvgl.com Direct: +31 6 50 26 24 10 www.dnvgl.com/oilgas
Johan Knijp
Head of Section, Fuel and Energy Transition DNV GL - Oil & Gas
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
Introducing new fuels in new markets…….
3
Source :https://www.fastcompany.com/1660258/ingenious-flipper-bridge-melds-left-side-drivers-right-side-drivers
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
Response performance end-use
equipment to fuel variations depends
upon type of end-use equipment
Matching Fuels & Combustion equipment
4
Truck
Cars & Busses
Marine
Engines/burners Fuels
Natural gas
Liquid Natural Gas (LNG)
Liquid Petroleum (LPG)
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
Compressed biogas (bio-CNG)
Biogas
Hydrogen
bio-methanol
Bio-ethanol
Di-Methyl Ether (DME)
..
Fuel variation results in changes in
combution behavior in end-use
equipment
Industrial- and
domestic equipment
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
Example of our work: Towards well-founded standards for siloxanes in bio-CNG
An interesting and growing market for (bio)gas is the automotive market that uses CNG as a transport fuel
Biogases can contain traces of siloxanes (from shampoo, anti foaming, etc.) , which can cause mechanical problems to end-user appliances including gas engines. Silica (SiO2) is formed during combustion.
Research program (2.5 years) to address the effects of
the impact of silica deposition on the most critical parts
of CNG cars.
DNV GL automotive engine tests results will be used
to develop an European standard for silicon containing
components in biogas (CEN TC 408)
The results will facilitate the smooth introduction of biogas in this market, realistic siloxane concentrations allowed in biogas are therefore required
5
Before
After
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
LNG as a fuel is growing rapidly
6
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
LNG keeps on growing in maritime industry There are currently 228 confirmed LNG ship fuel projects, and 93 additional LNG ready projects
7
112
110
112
116
76
97
46
56
25
35
105
109
59 9
1
21
102
93
93
93
93
93
77 89
56
68
14
35
21
15
116
116
116
116
116
116
116
116
116
112
93
Updated 1 September 2017 Excluding LNG carriers and inland waterway vessels
Source: DNV GL – LNGi Portal
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
Gaining market share rapidly for trucking as well…..
> 1500 truck
> 120 LNG fuelling stations
Total number of refuellings > 35.000
Total amount of LNG sold > 3.500.000 kg
Total distance > 17.500.000 km
8 Source: NGVA / Blue Corridors project
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
Introduction to LNG
9
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), is natural gas that has been converted to a liquid
state by cooling to below -163°C (and ambient pressure)
As a liquid is takes up 600 times less volume than natural gas
Shipped in specialized LNG carriers, and in special heat insulated tanks by rail
or road transportation.
Attractive alternative to traditional transportation fuels such as diesel and heavy
fuel oil.
– Lower CO2 emissions
– Free of Sulphur and particulates
– Compared to diesel engine much quieter, which allows 24/7 inner-city distribution
10
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
11
Natural gas
(Field
production)
Purification
Liquefication
(cooling to
-163C)
CO2, H2S, heavy hydrocarbons
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Heavy hydrocarbons (C4+)
Nitrogen
Carbondioxide
H2S
….
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Nitrogen
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
Large scale LNG
12
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
LNG expected to be the "glue" linking global gas markets
13
http://www.gastechnews.com/lng/lng-is-the-glue-linking-global-gas-markets/
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017 14 Source: Primagaz
Downstream LNG / LNG as a Fuel
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
LNG has significant quality variations across the globe….
15
LNG is produced at different locations around the world.
Due to differences in natural gas sources, production
technologies and the target markets for the LNG, the
composition may vary substantially
Origin Nitrogen
N2, %
Methane
CH4, %
Ethane
C2H6, %
Propane
C3H8, %
Butane
C4H10, %
Australia – Darwin 0.1 87.64 9.97 1.96 0.33
Algeria – Skikda 0.63 91.4 7.35 0.57 0.05
Algeria – Arzew 0.71 88.93 8.42 1.59 0.37
Brunei 0.04 90.12 5.34 3.02 1.48
Egypt – Idku 0.02 95.31 3.58 0.74 0.34
Indonesia – Badak 0.01 90.14 5.46 2.98 1.40
Indonesia – Tangguh 0.13 96.91 2.37 0.44 0.15
Libya 0.59 82.57 12.62 3.56 0.65
Nigeria 0.03 91.7 5.52 2.17 0.58
USA - Alaska 0.17 99.71 0.09 0.03 0.01
Bio LNG ~ 100
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
The quality of commercially available LNG varies significantly across the globe
16
400 450 500
Australia – NWS
Australia – Darwin
Algeria – Skikda
Algeria – Bethioua
Algeria – Arzew
Brunei
Egypt – Idku
Egypt – Damietta
Equatorial Guinea
Indonesia - Arun
Indonesia – Badak
Indonesia – Tangguh
Libya
Malaysia
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Peru
Qatar
Russia – Sakhalin
Trinidad
USA - Alaska
Yemen
Density, kg/m3
35,0 37,0 39,0 41,0 43,0 45,0
Australia – NWS
Australia – Darwin
Algeria – Skikda
Algeria – Bethioua
Algeria – Arzew
Brunei
Egypt – Idku
Egypt – Damietta
Equatorial Guinea
Indonesia - Arun
Indonesia – Badak
Indonesia – Tangguh
Libya
Malaysia
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Peru
Qatar
Russia – Sakhalin
Trinidad
USA - Alaska
Yemen
Lower calorific value, MJ/m3(n)
12% variation 17% variation
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
Challenges of delivering fit-for-purpose gas for end users
Different calorific values based on domestic appliances
LNG has significant quality variations across the globe….
….where gas end-use is a local market with specific composition requirements
40,9
40,0
38,1
38,9
39,2
40,3
37,6
36,7
37,8
39,0
40,3
36,9
41,8
39,4
39,1
38,4
39,7
38,6
39,1
39,0
36,9
35,9
38,1
35,0 37,0 39,0 41,0 43,0 45,0
Australia – NWS
Australia – Darwin
Algeria – Skikda
Algeria – Bethioua
Algeria – Arzew
Brunei
Egypt – Idku
Egypt – Damietta
Equatorial Guinea
Indonesia - Arun
Indonesia – Badak
Indonesia – Tangguh
Libya
Malaysia
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Peru
Qatar
Russia – Sakhalin
Trinidad
USA - Alaska
Yemen
Lower calorific value, MJ/m3(n)
17%
17
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
Example – January 2016: LNG import on hold due to not meeting specifications
18
“We are not buying gas from the U.S. at the moment, because the gas they are offering at the moment does not meet
specifications needed for our gas distribution system”
“U.S. LNG is currently much more calorific than the Russian gas for which
Lithuania’s current gas transmission system has been built”
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
Weathering of LNG due to boil-off in LNG distribution chain
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Component Boiling point (C)
Nitrogen -196
Methane -162
LNG -163
Ethane -88.5
Propane -42
Butane -0.5
A key issue in LNG transportation is the
generation of Boil-Off Gas (BOG).
The “boil-off” of the volatile components
in the LNG stored leads to a change in
composition of LNG
Boil-off rate depends on:
1. Gas composition of the LNG
2. Temperature of the LNG
3. Heat transfer rate to the LNG through the tank
4. Residence time of LNG in the chain
5. Operating pressure
6. Motion
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
Risk of delivering “off spec” LNG in ssLNG value chain
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Supply Transport End use
Loading/storage/unloading Loading/storage/unloading
BOG
Engine
Specification
Sourcing BOG BOG BOG
Time / place
LN
G Q
uality
(Meth
ane N
um
ber)
Minimum Methane number – end-user Risk of delivering
off- spec gas
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
LNG fuel issues
Quality control and billing issues
– “boil-off” during transport and storage composition changes over time
– Substantial variations in density and heating value
Issues related to variations in engine performance with changes in fuel
quality (particularly engine knock)
– Variation in composition w.r.t. major (hydrocarbon) species different
combustion performance (power, efficiency, emissions)
– Different engine types/adjustment may lead to different behaviour regarding
knock
21
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
LNG as a transportation fuel
22
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
Characterization for LNG, gasoline and diesel
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Octane number Cetane number Methane number
Currently : No European or world-wide standard for LNG as a fuel (CEN /ISO)
Gasoline DIESEL
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
Determination of methane number is critical to safeguard the vehicle’s safety (only relevant for Otto engines)
The knock resistance of LNG is characterized
by the methane number, which is similar to
the octane number used in gasoline engines
The global variation in methane number is
more than 32 points
The occurrence of engine knock leads to
significant loss of performance (power
reduction), engine shutdown and potential
damage
Knowledge of the knock characteristics of
LNG fuels is crucial for suppliers and traders
to provide reliable and efficient products and
for the end user to secure optimal engine
operations.
DNV GL developed a fundamentally correct
method to characterize gaseous fuels (PKI
Methane Number)
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50 70 90
Australia – …
Australia – …
Algeria – …
Algeria – …
Algeria – …
Brunei
Egypt – Idku
Egypt – …
Equatorial…
Indonesia -…
Indonesia – …
Indonesia – …
Libya
Malaysia
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Peru
Qatar
Russia – …
Trinidad
USA - Alaska
Yemen
Methane Number, PKI method
32 point variation in
Methane number
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
Matching fuels and engines
High performance and high efficiency
(automotive) engines require high
methane number (similar to Octane
Number fuel)
Engine spec examples:
25
50 60 70 80 90 100
Australia – NWS
Australia – …
Algeria – Skikda
Algeria – …
Algeria – Arzew
Brunei
Egypt – Idku
Egypt – …
Equatorial…
Indonesia -…
Indonesia – …
Indonesia – …
Libya
Malaysia
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Peru
Qatar
Russia – …
Trinidad
USA - Alaska
Yemen
Methane Number, PKI method
If Methane Number is fixed at 80, almost 90 % of LNG downloaded in
Europe does not match fuel specification, except if this is previously
treated (not easy and expensive).
Engine Min. MN
Iveco Cursor 9 NG 70
Wärtsilä DF50 80
DF50 C9NG
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
Key performance characteristic: Knock resistance of LNG
26
Knock resistance
PKI Methane Number The correct characterization of knock resistance guarantees that LNG and engine are matched for optimum operation
The occurrence of engine knock can lead to loss of performance, engine shutdown and damage
Maintain performance
A characteristic of the LNG; its tendency or resistance to cause engine knock
Now available from DNV GL: the PKI Methane Number calculator to characterize the knock resistance of LNG
https://www.dnvgl.com/oilgas/natural-gas/fitness-for-purpose-of-lng-pki-methane-number-calculator.html
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
LNG as a fuel - PKI Methane Number Calculator
27
Together with the partners below DNV GL is developing dedicated Methane Number
algorithms for different engine classes for LNG (Truck, Marine and CHP engines):
Screenshot
DNV GL © 26 September 2017
Guidance on fiscal and quality measurements for LNG bunkering
28
With reference to Recommended Practice for LNG Bunkering - DNVGL-RP-G105:2015
DNV GL © 26 September 2017
The quality of commercially available LNG varies significantly across the globe
35,0 37,0 39,0 41,0 43,0 45,0
Australia – NWS
Australia – Darwin
Algeria – Skikda
Algeria – Bethioua
Algeria – Arzew
Brunei
Egypt – Idku
Egypt – Damietta
Equatorial Guinea
Indonesia - Arun
Indonesia – Badak
Indonesia – Tangguh
Libya
Malaysia
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Peru
Qatar
Russia – Sakhalin
Trinidad
USA - Alaska
Yemen
Lower calorific value, MJ/m3(n)
2-3% variation 17% variation
29
DNV GL © 26 September 2017
Determination of the energy content
To determine the energy content the mass and calorific value must be known.
Volume Composition Density
Mass Calorific
Energy content
30
DNV GL’s RP describes several options to determine the mass directly or indirectly
by using the volume and density.
The calorific value is determined based on the composition. The RP describes
several options to determine the composition.
Source: DNV GL – G105: DNV GL updated Recommended Practice for LNG Bunkering (Oct 2015)
DNV GL © 26 September 2017
Parameters and characteristics for determining energy content and methane number
31
Source: DNV GL – G105: DNV GL updated Recommended Practice for LNG Bunkering (Oct 2015)
DNV GL © 26 September 2017
The RP G105 provides guidance on development and implementation of a measurement system for QUALITY and QUANTITY of LNG
The measurement system ensures transparency in billing and safeguards both
safety and fitness for purpose for using LNG as a fuel.
– The energy content and essential properties of the transferred LNG shall be
determined.
– The receiving ship must be able to rely on the specification of fuel quality for
safe use.
The cost associated with implementing a measurement system should be
proportional to the financial risk involved.
32
DNV GL © 2017 26 September 2017
SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER
www.dnvgl.com
LNG as a fuel Get ready for the future - today
33
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