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1 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution 7 March 2013
Integrity Service Excellence
Joycelyn S. Harrison Program Officer
AFOSR/RTD Air Force Research Laboratory
Low Density Materials
Date: 03 07 2013
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1. REPORT DATE 07 MAR 2013 2. REPORT TYPE
3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2013 to 00-00-2013
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Low Density Materials
5a. CONTRACT NUMBER
5b. GRANT NUMBER
5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER
6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER
5e. TASK NUMBER
5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Air Force Office of Scientific Research ,AFOSR/RTD,875 N. Randolph,Arlington,VA,22203
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATIONREPORT NUMBER
9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S)
11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S)
12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Presented at the AFOSR Spring Review 2013, 4-8 March, Arlington, VA.
14. ABSTRACT
15. SUBJECT TERMS
16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT Same as
Report (SAR)
18. NUMBEROF PAGES
28
19a. NAME OFRESPONSIBLE PERSON
a. REPORT unclassified
b. ABSTRACT unclassified
c. THIS PAGE unclassified
Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18
2 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution
2013 AFOSR SPRING REVIEW NAME: Low Density Materials
PORTFOLIO DESCRIPTION : Transformative research targeting advanced materials that enable substantial reductions in system weight with enhancements in performance and function.
INCREASING SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE (performance/pound)
PORTFOLIO SUB-AREAS: Structural Lightweighting Multifunctionality Materials By Design Increased emphasis on forging interdisciplinary teams to address broad-base challenges
3 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution
Why Low Density Materials?
If it has structure and rises above the ground, material density is important!
Material density impacts: payload capacity, range, cost, agility, survivability, environmental impact….
Research Thrusts STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHTING - taking the weight out of traditional composites
MULTIFUNCTIONALITY - coupling structure + function
MATERIALS BY DESIGN - bottoms-up materials design based on structural requirements
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5 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution
Structural Lightweighting Highlights
Translating the revolutionary properties of nanostructured materials to macroscale load-bearing structures • Signed Memorandum of Agreement with NASA LaRC • Nanotube Assemblages for Structures Workshop, April 2012 • Established working group to develop coordinated interagency roadmap for structural nanomaterials
Improved Fibers & Resins
Nanoscale Porosity Nanotechnology Predictive Modeling
Nanomaterials for Aerospace Structures
6 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution
Materials By Design
Design the structure based on limitations of
the material
7 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution
Dis
cipl
ine
Mat
eria
ls S
cien
ce
Phys
ics
Che
mis
try
E
ngin
eerin
g
pm nm µm mm Length Scale
Electronic
Atomistic
Micro
Macro
Dr. Tim Breitzman AFRL/RXBC
Dr. Rajiv Berry AFRL/RXBN
Prof. Jim Moller
Connecting Atomistic & Microscale Behavior -- Essential for Materials Design
8 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution
Fundamental Scientific Challenges
Limits - Current Practice Novel Approach
• Derive resin fracture toughness from atomistic behavior • Integrate atomic & molecular simulation methods into materials system analysis
• Unrealistic methods used to represent strain rate • Bond scission not considered or permitted via a force field parameterized for other contexts • Toughness properties in continuum scale based on empiricism
• Strain-rate-controlled deformation • Bond scission in covalently-bonded glassy polymer systems via Quantum Mechanics • Detailed post-processing
• No direct knowledge of fracture nucleation
(Morgan, Mones, Steele, Polymer, 1982)
Connecting Atomistic & Microscale Behavior -- Essential for Materials Design
Goals
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Accomplishments Technical Approach
Impact • Improved understanding of the origins of fracture: captured subatomic, molecular, & nanoscale events at nucleation.
• Effect of resin formulation on nucleation.
• Information for micro-mechanics
• Quantum mechanical (QM) simulation of highly-strained zones
• Bond scission during deformation
• Unique analysis of molecular re-conformation dynamics & free volume development
Segments of molecular network absorbing mechanical energy
Weak points of the cross-linked network
Integrated Quantum Mechanics-based Bond Scission with Molecular Dynamics
Chain backbone dihedral angle associated to uncoiling
Free volume clusters in molecular system
Strain
Cum
ulat
ive
Scis
sion
s
Spe
cific
abs
orpt
ion
ener
gy
After Scission
Before Scission
Strained epoxy system
Strain
Strain Angle
10 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution
Stre
ngth
, σf(
MPa
)
100
10-1
101
102
103
104
0.1 0.3 1 3 10 30Density, ρ (Mg/m3)
polymers
ceramicspolymer
composites
metalalloys
Al TiFe
Strength-Density- metals/polymers: yield strength- ceramics: compressive strength
BMG’s
molecular hybrids
• Molecular hybrids exhibit the lowest densities with the potential for significant increases in strength and toughness properties
• Organic and inorganic components from molecular to macro length scales enables mechanically-robust materials with multifunctional property sets
• Opportunity to tailor mechanical, thermal, electrical, and optical properties
Prof. Reinhold Dauskardt
• Fellow of ACerS and ASM
• Recipient of Maso, IBM, SIA, and TMS Awards for fundamental contributions to structural and electronic materials
Bottom-Up Design of Multifunctional Hybrid Materials
100 nm 1 mm 100 mm 1 mm Å 10 nm
200 nm
Molecular Hybrids Porous Hybrids and Nano-Composites Hybrid Laminates
Multifunctional Devices
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Molecular Hybrid Design: High Performance Bonding
Ato
m %
Sputtering Depth, h (nm)
Si
HLEpoxy-RichZr-Rich
Sputteringa.)
SiO2
TiO2
SnO2
Al2O3
NiOITO
BMG
tune parameters: sol-gel pH
compositionmetal atoms
surface catalysis
Hybrids
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 10010-11
10-10
10-9
10-8
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-4
Crac
k G
rowt
h Ra
te, d
a/dt
(m/s
)Applied Strain Energy Release Rate, G (J m-2)
With HL85% RH
25˚C
Without HL30% RH
WithoutHL
85% RH
Hybrid Layer
Si SubstrateHybrid Layer
Untoughened epoxy(~50 μm)
Si SubstrateHybrid Layer
Si Substrate
Untoughened epoxy(~50 μm)
Si Substrate
Interphase Region Performance Laminates
Adhesive Joints Hybrid Sol /Gel Film
Toughened Epoxy
Substrate
Polymer layer Interphase
Interphase
Substrate Oxide
Hybrid Molecular Hybrid Sol / Gel Layers
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1D Carbon
Nanotubes
2D Graphene
Nanostructured Carbon
0D Fullerene
3D
?
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Overarching Scientific Challenges • Covalent junctions between building blocks leading to 3D networks • Systematic characterization/modeling of the junctions and properties • Development of scalable growth processes for 3D nanostructured solids • Structure-property correlations of mechanical and transport properties Potential Payoffs • Translation of exceptional 1D and 2D properties of tubes and sheets to 3D • High surface area for energy storage and conversion devices • Orthogonal transport of phonons for thermal management • Mechanical reinforcement
MURI 11: Nanofabrication of 3D Nanotube Architectures
14 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution
7-atom rings at the graphene-nanotube junction creates a seamless conductor
Surface area > 2,000 m2/gm
Model prediction
Prof. James Tour
Prof. Boris Yakobson
Towers of nanotubes sprout from graphene (Futurity, Sci. and Technology, Nov. 27, 2012.) (Nature Communications, 3:1225 doi: 10.1038/2234 (2012))
Rice U. MURI Team 2012 Highlights
Comparison of simulated and experimental STEM images illustrating covalent bonding between CNTs and graphene
15 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution
Electrical properties of the 3D CNT/graphene nanostructures (Nature Communications, 3:1225 doi: 10.1038/2234 (2012))
-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
I (m
A)
V(V)
I II III
SiO2
Graphene
CNTPt
SiO2
Graphene
CNTPt
SiO2
Graphene
CNTPt
I
II
III
Ohmic contact at CNT and graphene junctions
Rice U. MURI Team 2012 Highlights
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3D Solids of Boron-Doped Nanotube Networks (CBxMWNT sponges)
Covalent junctions established via boron doping led to novel properties
Hydrophobic Oleophilic
Prof. P. Ajayan Rice Univ.
Prof. Mauricio Terrones
Penn State Univ.
Rice U. MURI Team 2012 Highlights
17 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution
CSS, Inc. is a spin-off company out of Rice University (Houston, TX) founded in August 2012 (by student Daniel Hashim) with a mission to research, develop, and manufacture patent protected 3-D nanosponge products from the lab to the marketplace. Exploiting the nanomaterial’s unique combination of multifunctional properties at both the nano-scale and macro-scale, many possible applications are expected for the environment, energy, and biomedical industries.
Carbon Sponge Solutions, Inc. - Road to commercialization
MURI Discovery Leads to Tech Transition
18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution
CNT Fiber Tech Transition
Prof. Matteo
Pasquali
“…high-performance multifunctional carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers that combine the specific strength, stiffness, and thermal conductivity of carbon fibers with the specific electrical conductivity of metals. “ (Science, 11 January 2013: Vol. 339 no. 6116 pp. 182-186.)
Tech Transition - AFRL/RX - Teijin Aramids
19 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution
AFOSR/NSF Joint Research Solicitation
Basic Research Initiative
Advance understanding of folding and unfolding of materials structures across scales for design of engineered systems
ODISSEI: Origami Design for Integration of Self-assembling Systems for Engineering Innovation
• Synthesizing Complex Structures from Programmable Self-Folding Active Materials, Richard Malak, Texas A&M U. • Mechanical Meta-Materials from Self-Folding Polymer Sheets, Christian Santangelo, U. of Massachusetts Amherst • Photo-Origami, Hang (Jerry) Qi, U. of Colorado at Boulder • Externally-Triggered Origami of Responsive Polymer Sheets, Jan Genzer, North Carolina State U. • Programmable Origami for Integration of Self-assembling Systems in Engineered Structures,
Daniela Rus, Massachusetts Institute of Technology • Multi-field Responsive Origami Structures - Advancing the Emerging Frontier of Active Compliant Mechanisms,
Mary Frecker, Pennsylvania State U. • Uniting Principles of Folding and Compliant Mechanisms to Create Engineering Systems, Larry Howell, Brigham
Young U. • Multi-scale Origami for Novel Photonics, Energy Conversion, Max Shtein, U. of Michigan Ann Arbor
Jointly reviewed and funded 8 grants totaling approx. $16M
20 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution
Joint RX, RQ Labtask Adaptive Origami for Efficiently Folded Structures
STRUCTURES MECHANISMS Aeronautics Aerospace
Light and strong Compact, repeated pattern
Optics, Sensors, Energy Harvesting, Bio Research Team
http://www.origami-resource-center.com/origami-science.html
Origami Honeycomb
Shock absorbing structures
Self folding sheet
Ultrathin, High-Resolution Origami
Lens
Deployable Solar sails, Antennas
Solar origami
Expandable stents
Wing folding
James Joo Greg Reich Rich Vaia Tim White Loon-Seng Tan
21 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution
Research Community Leadership DOD COMMUNITY
INTERNATIONAL
AFOSR Low
Density Materials
RX, RV, RQ, RW LRIRs, STTRs,
MURIs, Workshops,
Reviews, Visits Lightweight Structures
Nanostructured Materials
AFRL DIRECTORATES
OTHER AGENCIES
Origami 2D Beyond Graphene
US-India Tunable Materials Forum
US-AFRICA Initiative
Reliance 21 Board Materials and Processing COI
22 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution
Acknowledgements
Markus Buehler MIT
Ashlie Martini UC Merced
Robert Moon Forrest Products Lab
Acknowledgements
Brandon Arritt AFRL/RV
Ryan Justice AFRL/RX
Benji Marayama AFRL/RX
Chris Muratore AFRL/RX
Rajesh Naik AFRL/RX
Sharmila Mukhopadhyay Wright State U.
James Seferis GloCal Network
Satish Kumar Georgia Tech
Greg Odegard Michigan Tech
Soumya Patnaik AFRL/RX
Ajit Roy AFRL/RX
Marilyn Minus Northeastern U.
Yuris Dzenis U. Nebraska
Stephen Cheng U. Akon
Frank Harris U. Akon
Samit Roy U. Alabama
Alex Zettyl UC Berkeley
Ben Wang Georgia Tech
Cheol Park Natl Inst Aerospace
Richard Liang Florida State U.
Jeff Youngblood Purdue U.
Changhong Ke Binghamton U.
Mesfin Tsige U. Akron
Rodney Priestley Princeton U.
Henry Sodano U. Florida
Micah Green Texas Tech U.
Philip Bradford NC State U.
Yuntian Zhu NC State U.
Pulickel Ajayan Rice U.
Liming Dai Case Western
Reserve U.
Olesya Zhupanska U. Iowa
23 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution
THANK YOU
24 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A – Unclassified, Unlimited Distribution
Prof. Pulickel Ajayan, Lead PI Prof. James Tour
Prof. Boris Yacobson Prof. Matteo Pasquali
Rice Univ.
Prof. Mauricio Terrones Penn State Univ.
Prof. Ray Baughman
Univ. Texas Dallas
Prof. Jonghwan Suhr Univ. Delaware
Rice Univ. MURI Team: Strong Multidisciplinary Collaborations
25
Hierarchical Organization in Materials Design
Goals - Develop fundamental understanding of the role of hierarchy in controlling properties and functionality in material surfaces, interfaces and in cellular structures - Analytical and predictive numerical models for studying the mechanical behavior of hierarchical honeycombs, composite lattice structures and bonded joints with non-flat interfaces
Self-similar Hierarchical Spiderweb Honeycombs with 1st and 2nd order hierarchy
Prof. Ashkan Vaziri, Northestern Univ.
• AFOSR YIP Award
Numerical simulations show significant increase in the effective stiffness of spiderweb honeycombs compared to regular honeycombs of the same mass/density
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Increasing Specific Performance in Aerospace Platforms
27
Self-Similar Hierarchical Honeycombs
A new class of self-similar (fractal-appearing) hierarchical honeycombs with a wide range of elastic, plastic and load-induced expansion properties1
n=3
n=4
Max
imum
ach
ieva
ble
stiff
ness
Order of hierarchy
Optimum topology of hierarchical honeycombs, which approaches the fractal limit.
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28
Fiber reinforced composite panels with lattice cores
Bonded joints with non-flat interface design.
Bioinspired Surface and Interfaces
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