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Magmatic-Orogenic cycles. 508-2K13-lec25. N. American Cordillera scale. No depth bias; Mostly upper plate-derived magmas; Significant pre-existing crust involved; Flare-ups are compressional; Fluxes vary by a factor of 10. Regional age-depth. Quartz delta 18 O- all N. American Cordilera-. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Magmatic-Orogenic cycles
508-2K13-lec25
N. American Cordillera scale
• No depth bias;
• Mostly upper plate-derived magmas;
• Significant pre-existing crust involved;
• Flare-ups are compressional;
• Fluxes vary by a factor of 10.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Age (Ma)
Depth (km)
Regional age-depth
Quartz delta 18O- all N. American Cordilera-
Average quartz ~ 9.4 ‰ SMOW
Nd isotopes in Cordilleran batholiths.
εNd=0-10 10
PRB east
PRB west
SNB east
SNB west
Idaho
Coast, BC
Coast, Alaska
Average North American Cordillera εnd(i)= -4.5
Predominant input of North American lithosphere
Magmatic fluxes
• Average (Reymer and Schubert, 1984)– 20-40 km3/kmMa
• Lulls and flare-ups. – Need detailed info on individual pluton surface
area, depth of emplacement and age. Lots of data everywhere, very little synthesis work has been done. Enough data for Sierra, Coastal batholith of Peru, maybe a couple more worldwide;
– 10-25 km3/kmMa, baseline– Up to 500 km3/kmMa flare-ups
Barton et al., 1988 Barton, 1996
IDB - Age vs. Sr(i)
0.7
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Age (Ma)
Sr(i)
Idaho
Montana
Idaho Batholith - Strontium
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
65 75 85 95 105 115 125
Age (Ma)
eNd(t)
N Peninsular Ranges Batholith (K only)
Epsilon Nd vs time
.
- 2 5
- 2 0
- 1 5
- 1 0
- 5
0
5
10
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
time
California arc
Coast Mountains - Including Alaska
Flare-ups are marked by increased N-American input- these are compressional
arcs.
What drives high flux events?
plate kinematics
upper plate deformation
Other?
Plate kinematics and fluxes
• Data available only for magmatic arcs– Early work on the Coast Mountains
batholith (Armstrong, 1988) proposed they may be correlated: faster convergence - higher fluxes.
California arc - no correlation (see next slide).
Apparent intrusive flux vs. time and plate motions
Ducea, 2001
• Short, high flux events separated by lulls• Baseline fluxes coincide with steady state
island arcs (10-30 km3/km Ma). Flare-ups generate 10 times more magma within short (5-15 My) periods. Most of the continental arcs are made in flare-ups.
• Don’t know what ignites the high flux events– We do know they are compressional events.
Magmatic flare-ups
Some Relevant Facts:
Shortening in some thrust belts amounts to 300-700 km (Andes, North American Cordillera, Himalaya)
Rocks involved are almost exclusively upper crustal
Requires disposal of large volumes of continental lower crust and lithosphere beneath orogenic belts
Some Questions:
What are the spatial-temporal relationships between shortening, magmatism, and mantle processes?
Can we track these through time?
How much continental crust is involved and where does it go?
Implications for mantle chemistry and Earth evolution?
The concept of a tectono-magmatic cycle in major orogenic belts, with emphasis on subduction of continental crust and lithosphere on the foreland side: Cordilleran but can be extended
to collisional
Los Frailesvolcanic field
SubandeanZone
Altiplano
Amazon drainage basin
WesternCordilleravolcanic
topography
Age of ductile thrusting predates flare-ups by some 15-35 my
DeCelles, Ducea, Zandt,Kapp 2009
What is not in the model
• Forearc and trench contributions, known to be a factor, in some arcs
• Possible storage and release mechanisms in the lower crust
• Need better constraints on plate kinematics to fully rule those effects out.
•>65% of the volume of magmatic rocks in the coastal batholiths of North America are formed in short, 5-15 My flare-up (hih flux) events;•These episodes are dominated by upper plate mass, mantle and crust;•They are not demonstrably related to plate kinematic parameters in the few areas where enough data is available;•Oxygen isotopes are clearly showing tens of % of mass is recycled crustal;•One mechanism suggested here is retroarc thickening. It reconciles geologic constraints.
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