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Malling Demalling
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MALL OF AMERICASource of Wallpaper: www.hangingoffthewire.blogspot.com Ana Espinosa SeguHuman Geography DepartmentUniversity of Alicante (Spain)Ana.Espinosa@ua.es
Definition of the shopping mall or shopping centre (USA versus Europe)
The malling process
The demalling process
The consequences of malling and demalling urban spacesCONTENTS OF THE SEMINAR
A shopping center is a group of retail and other commercial establishments that is planned, developed, owned and managed as a single property, typically with on-site parking provided. The center's size and orientation are generally determined by the market characteristics of the trade area served by the center
International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC)(http://www.icsc.org/index.php)Definition of the shopping mall or shopping centre (USA versus Europe)
What does planned, developed, owned and managed as a single property mean?
And what does center's size and orientation determined by the market characteristics of the trade area means?
Why is the unique management so important?
Which types of shopping centres or shopping malls can you classify? According to which criteria?Definition of the shopping mall or shopping centre (USA versus Europe)
U.S. Shopping Center Definitions
(according to ICSC)Malls: Regional or Super regional
Special purpose: Airport retail
Open-air centres: Strip /convenienceNeighborhoodCommunityLifestylePower centerTheme /festivalOutlet Source: http://www.icsc.org/srch/lib/2010%20S-C%20Classification.pdf
Source: http://www.icsc.org/srch/lib/euro_standard_only.pdf
Any other classification?
According to which criteria?1.- According to the preexistent offer: opposition or complement of a urban shopping area
2.- According to its location: suburban, interurban or on the edge of urban areas
3.- According to the agents involved in the process (only private or private/public): private investors or private investors with the help and advice of public representants who want a mall as part of a bigger urban management plan
2. The malling process and the demalling process1. Innovation2. Accelerated Growth 3. Maturity4. Decline Source: own elaboration based on Davidson et al, 1976.Power on sales and consumer decision influenceEvolution of time
2. The malling process and the demalling process: the beggining Source: own elaboration based on Davidson et al, 1976.Power on sales and consumer decision influenceEvolution of timeMalling urban spacesDemalling
* Shopping malls or shopping centres were born in Western countries in a particular social, cultural, economic and urban context. Describe their features in more detail.
* Describe the state of the society, economy, retail offer and city shortly before the malling process.SOME QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSING WITH YOUR PARTNERS
The malling process began with Suburbanisation of wide territories
The increasing mobility of citizens
Rise of the number of cars per household
Advertising era The lack of service centres in the new suburbia
The traffic congestion in urban centres
The growing distance between retail activities and houses, which slowed down the act of purchasing consumer goods.
Popularisation of the One Stop Culture concept
The malling process began with Mass society / mass consumption demanded a larger market with a larger assortment
Producers needed a large net of distribution for their higher productionSource: www.cartoonstock.com - Shopping malls become the Main Street of many suburbia areas - Lack of spaces for socialisation in suburbia That's the Only Place Where You Can Hang Out (Vanderbeck & Johnson, 2000)
Street mallSource: www.boomerbabesrock.com 1 phase(USA)2 phase(USA)3 phase(USA)Community Shopping Center PLANNED SHOPPING MALLSource: http://www.tripadvisor.es/COUNTRY CLUB PLAZA OF KANSAS CITYSource: www.informationduniya.blogspot.com Between 1910-1930)Between 1920-1950)From 1940
Sun City suburbiaSource: google maps.
http://www.icsc.org/srch/rsrch/scope/current/num_shoppingcenters06.pdf
* Was it the same structure in every Western country?
* Are there any differences between the malling process in Europe and USA?
* Did every Western country have the same patterns in the malling process?SOME QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSING WITH YOUR PARTNERS
And the malling process continued with In Europe This shopping centre growth corresponded with rising incomes, increased consumer mobility and the emergence of new retail chain stores (ICSC)Source: The importance of shopping centres to the European economy, 2008, ICSC
Source: Cushman and Wakefield.
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Open Pre 2005 - millions
Open 2005- 2009 millions
Million (sq.m)
TOTAL SHOPPING CENTRE GLA (Million sq.m)
All Data
CountryPopulation Jan 2009Population Jan 2009 (000s)Total GLA Open (sqm)GLA/1,000 populationNo. Existing SchemesNew Schemes Opened During 2009 (sqm)No. New Schemes Opened During 2009Extensions Opened During 2009 (sqm)No. Extensions Opened During 2009TOTAL Space Opened During 2009 (incl Exts sqm)TOTAL No. of Schemes/Exts Opened During 2009Pipeline (New Schemes) 2010 (sqm)No Pipeline Schemes 2010Pipeline (New Schemes) 2011 (sqm)No Pipeline Schemes 2011TOTAL Pipeline Schemes 2010/11 (sqm)TOTAL No of Pipeline Schemes 2010/11Pipeline (Extensions) 2010 (sqm)No Pipeline Extensions 2010Pipeline (Extensions) 2011 (sqm)No Pipeline Extensions 2011TOTAL Pipeline Extensions 2010/11 (sqm)TOTAL No of Pipeline Extensions 2010/11% Increase in Floorspace Jan 2010 to end 2011 (excl. extensions)% Increase in Floorspace Jan 2010 to end 2011 (incl. extensions)Diff% Increase in Floorspace during 2009 incl. extensions)Floorspace as at 1st Jan 2009Estimated GLA per 1,000 Jan 2011GLA/1,000 populationEstimated GLA per 1,000 Jan 2011Rank July 2009Rank Jan 2011
Austria8,205,5338,205.52,572,229313.514535,50035,200240,700556,5002130,0004186,500620,00010020,00017.38.00.81.62,531,529338.6313.5338.666
Belgium10,700,00010,7001,151,752107.65682,52052,500185,020656,500327,000383,50060015,400315,40037.28.61.38.01,066,732116.9107.6116.92626
Bosnia & Herzegovina4,590,3104,590134,50029.3700000046,00020046,000200000034.234.20.00.0134,50039.329.339.33233
Bulgaria7,262,6757,262.7204,68628.21157,78630057,7863456,07511152,5005608,57516000000297.3297.30.039.3146,900112.028.2112.03328
Croatia4,491,5434,491.5530,000118.019134,000315,0001149,000488,0002102,6394190,639600000036.036.00.039.1381,000160.4118.0160.42423
Czech Republic10,446,15710,446.22,006,128192.011392,000522,0001114,000654,000225,000179,000331,50020031,50023.95.51.66.01,892,128202.6192.0202.61919
Denmark5,484,7235,484.71,582,995288.69917,000129,000246,000348,00020048,00025,00015,000110,00023.03.70.63.01,536,995299.2288.6299.287
Estonia1,307,6051,307.6367,696281.2150000000016,000116,00010000004.44.40.00.0367,696293.4281.2293.499
Finland5,244,7495,244.71,543,338294.37970,10030070,100313,00010013,00012,00015,00017,00020.81.30.54.81,473,238298.1294.3298.178
France61,279,97261,280.015,991,009261.0711406,82724123,57424530,40148371,81231291,21512663,02743125,1712490,30110215,472344.15.51.33.415,460,608275.3261.0275.31212
Germany82,369,54882,369.513,117,674159.3536349,4001522,5002371,90017113,7007219,5009333,20016129,940918,0001147,940102.53.71.12.912,745,774165.1159.3165.12122
Greece10,722,81610,722.8547,90051.12923,00010023,000183,37540083,375400000015.215.20.04.4524,90058.951.158.93131
Hungary9,930,9159,930.91,181,872119.05369,50020069,500237,000221,500258,50040000004.94.90.06.21,112,372124.9119.0124.92325
Ireland4,156,1194,156.11,544,488371.69968,72540068,725448,70030048,70030030,263130,26313.25.12.04.71,475,763390.6371.6390.634
Italy58,145,32158,145.312,504,188215.1708614,3942918,7303633,12432508,91626477,19215986,1084120,31840020,31847.98.00.25.311,871,064232.4215.1232.41716
Latvia2,245,4232,245.4579,993258.33871,34844,000175,348538,00010038,00010000006.66.60.014.9504,645275.2258.3275.21413
Lithuania3,565,2053,565.2873,902245.13697,00020097,00020028,000128,000113,00010013,00013.24.71.512.5776,902256.6245.1256.61515
Luxembourg486,006486.0180,245370.9700000000000015,00010015,00010.08.38.30.0180,245401.7370.9401.742
Malta403,532403.544,691110.7500000016,13310016,133100000036.136.10.00.044,691150.7110.7150.72524
Netherlands16,645,31316,645.36,086,417365.7474305,2002874,80018380,00046123,1001464,6007187,7002141,900848,500590,400133.14.61.56.75,706,417382.4365.7382.455
Norway4,644,4574,644.53,189,840686.823665,000115,000180,000200000024,00020024,00020.00.80.82.63,109,840692.0686.8692.011
Poland38,500,69638,500.76,663,268173.1280480,00018148,4009628,40027165,6008245,0007410,6001588,700240,0001128,70036.28.11.910.46,034,868187.1173.1187.12021
Portugal10,676,91010,676.92,916,884273.2119254,315625,6953280,010956,0002111,8835167,883719,415124,200143,61525.87.31.510.62,636,874293.0273.2293.01010
Romania22,246,86222,246.92,182,47598.193246,2831067,2675313,55015257,5397128,0004385,5391132,17860032,178617.719.11.516.81,868,925116.998.1116.92727
Russia141,844,355141,844.410,302,64272.63831,535,9933656,20931,592,202391,238,608311,300,000352,538,6086600000024.624.60.018.38,710,44090.572.690.52829
Serbia10,159,04610,159259,93525.61952,50020052,500291,50050091,500500000035.235.20.025.3207,43534.625.634.63434
Slovakia5,455,4075,455.4854,749156.75062,500327,500390,0006133,896755,8002189,696934,00020034,000222.226.24.011.8764,749197.7156.7197.72220
Slovenia2,007,7112,007.7519,906259.0278,0001008,000135,0001003500019,700122,000131,70026.712.86.11.6511,906292.2259.0292.21311
Spain46,008,98546,009.09,974,436216.8391206,462900206,4629267,6008323,1756590,7751414,00010014,00015.96.10.12.19,767,974229.9216.8229.91617
Sweden9,045,3899,045.43,556,301393.221363,700231,000394,700500000057,00040057,00040.01.61.62.73,461,601399.5393.2399.523
Switzerland7,581,5207,581.51,557,339205.48754,50020054,500253,50030053,50030000003.43.40.03.61,502,839212.5205.4212.51818
Turkey71,892,80771,892.85,081,10970.7210652,6221900652,62219579,66818727,173151,306,8413300000025.725.70.014.74,428,48788.970.788.92930
Ukraine46,170,27346,170.32,495,44154.0183300,0001000300,00010158,000450,0002208,00060000008.38.30.013.72,195,44158.654.058.63032
United Kingdom60,943,91260,943.915,954,616261.8692102,2145129,9583232,1728165,7445232,9512398,695799,18240099,18242.53.10.61.515,722,444270.0261.8270.01114
EU-15 Sum/Average88,207,220262.943092,516,837130460,457602,977,2941901,902,4471071,850,516603,752,963167548,92659221,26420770,19079262.9276.8
EU-25 Sum/Average102,316,677229.549753,479,705170664,857754,144,5622452,392,5761302,268,816774,661,392207725,82667298,664251,024,49092229.5245.3
EU-27 Sum/Average104,703,838225.650793,783,774183732,124804,515,8982633,106,1901482,549,316865,655,506234758,00473298,664251,056,66898225.6244.6
Total (all countries)784,861,795784,862128,254,644209.662236,578,389256818,333857,396,7223415,361,4662134,729,12814210,090,594355782,00475298,664251,080,668100209.6227.6
Western Europe402,744,805402,74594,016,342233.44686
Emerging Europe382,116,990382,11734,238,30289.61,537
Includes Redevelopment space
Includes Redevelopment space
Includes Redevelopment space
Includes Redevelopment space
Includes Redevelopment space
Includes Redevelopment space
No data available for Cyprus.
Graham Porter:No data available for Cyprus.
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Administrator:CIA World Factbook
Administrator:CIA World Factbook
Administrator:CIA Factbook
Graham Porter:unweighted
Graham Porter:unweighted
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Space added 2009
CountryNew SchemesExtensionsTotal GLA (2009)
34. Luxembourg000
33. Malta000
32. Estonia000
31. Bosnia Herz.000
30. Slovenia8,00008,000
29. Greece23,000023,000
28. Austria35,5005,20040,700
27. Denmark17,00029,00046,000
26. Serbia52,500052,500
25. Switzerland54,500054,500
24. Bulgaria57,786057,786
23. Ireland68,725068,725
22. Hungary69,500069,500
21. Finland70,100070,100
20. Latvia71,3484,00075,348
19. Norway65,00015,00080,000
18. Belgium82,5202,50085,020
17. Slovakia62,50027,50090,000
16. Sweden63,70031,00094,700
15. Lithuania97,000097,000
14. Czech Rep92,00022,000114,000
13. Croatia134,00015,000149,000
12. Spain206,4620206,462
11. UK102,214129,958232,172
10. Portugal254,31525,695280,010
9. Ukraine300,0000300,000
8. Romania246,28367,267313,550
7. Germany349,40022,500371,900
6. Netherlands305,20074,800380,000
5. France406,827123,574530,401
4. Poland480,000148,400628,400
3. Italy614,39418,730633,124
2. Turkey652,6220652,622
1. Russia1,535,99356,2091,592,202
Space added 2009
Total GLA (2009)
GLA 1,000 inhabitants
CountryGLA/1,000 population
34. Serbia25.6
33. Bulgaria28.2
32. Bosnia Herz.29.3
31. Greece51.1
30. Ukraine54.0
29. Turkey70.7
28. Russia72.6
27. Romania98.1
26. Belgium107.6
25. Malta110.7
24. Croatia118.0
23. Hungary119.0
22. Slovakia156.7
21. Germany159.3
20. Poland173.1
19. Czech Republic192.0
18. Switzerland205.4
17. Italy215.1
16. Spain216.8
EU-27 Average225.6
15. Lithuania245.1
14. Latvia258.3
13. Slovenia259.0
12. France261.0
11. UK261.8
10. Portugal273.2
9. Estonia281.2
8. Denmark288.6
7. Finland294.3
6. Austria313.5
5. Netherlands365.7
4. Luxembourg370.9
3. Ireland371.6
2. Sweden393.2
1. Norway686.8
No data available for Cyprus.
GLA 1,000 inhabitants
2010-11 Development Pipeline
CountryTotal Pipeline (New Schemes) 2010/2011Total Extensions 2010/2011Total Pipeline (New + Extensions)
34. Luxembourg015,00015,000
33. Estonia16,000016,000
32. Malta16,133016,133
31. Finland13,0007,00020,000
30. Norway024,00024,000
29. Latvia38,000038,000
28. Lithuania28,00013,00041,000
27. Bosnia & Herz46,000046,000
26. Switzerland53,500053,500
25. Sweden057,00057,000
24. Denmark48,00010,00058,000
23. Hungary58,500058,500
22. Slovenia35,00031,70066,700
21. Ireland48,70030,26378,963
20. Greece83,375083,375
19. Serbia91,500091,500
18. Belgium83,50015,40098,900
17. Czech Rep79,00031,500110,500
16. Croatia190,6390190,639
15. Austria186,50020,000206,500
14. Ukraine208,0000208,000
13. Portugal167,88343,615211,498
12. Slovakia189,69634,000223,696
11. Netherlands187,70090,400278,100
10. Romania385,53932,178417,717
9. Germany333,200147,940481,140
8. UK398,69599,182497,877
7. Poland410,600128,700539,300
6. Spain590,77514,000604,775
5. Bulgaria608,5750608,575
4. France663,027215,472878,499
3. Italy986,10820,3181,006,426
2. Turkey1,306,84101,306,841
1. Russia2,538,60802,538,608
Country% Increase in Floorspace 2010 & 2011 (incl. extensions)
Norway0.8
Finland1.3
Sweden1.6
UK3.1
Switzerland3.4
Denmark3.7
Germany3.7
Estonia4.4
Netherlands4.6
Lithuania4.7
Hungary4.9
Ireland5.1
France5.5
Czech Republic5.5
Spain6.1
Latvia6.6
Portugal7.3
Austria8.0
Italy8.0
Poland8.1
Luxembourg8.3
Ukraine8.3
Belgium8.6
Slovenia12.8
Greece15.2
Romania19.1
Russia24.6
Turkey25.7
Slovakia26.2
Bosnia & Herz34.2
Serbia35.2
Croatia36.0
Malta36.1
Bulgaria297.3
2010-11 Development Pipeline
Total Pipeline (New + Extensions)
Pipeline_1000
% Increase in Floorspace 2010 & 2011 (incl. extensions)
Percentage Increase Floorspace Between Jan 2010 - Jan 2012
Modern SC Provision
CountryPopulation Jan 2009 (1,000)Total Pipeline (New Schemes) 2010/2011Pipeline GLA/ 1,000 population
Norway4,644.500.0
Sweden9,045.400.0
Luxembourg486.000.0
Finland5,244.713,0002.5
Germany82,369.5333,2004.0
Ukraine46,170.3208,0004.5
Hungary9,930.958,5005.9
United Kingdom60,943.9398,6956.5
Switzerland7,581.553,5007.1
Czech Republic10,446.279,0007.6
Greece10,722.883,3757.8
Belgium10,700.083,5007.8
Lithuania3,565.228,0007.9
Denmark5,484.748,0008.8
Serbia10,159.091,5009.0
Bosnia & Herz.4,590.346,00010.0
Poland38,500.7410,60010.7
France61,280.0663,02710.8
Netherlands16,645.3187,70011.3
Ireland4,156.148,70011.7
Spain46,009.0590,77512.8
Estonia1,307.616,00012.2
Portugal10,676.9167,88315.7
Latvia2,245.438,00016.9
Italy58,145.3986,10817.0
Romania22,246.9385,53917.3
Slovenia2,007.735,00017.4
Russia141,844.42,538,60817.9
Turkey71,892.81,306,84118.2
Austria8,205.5186,50022.7
Slovakia5,455.4189,69634.8
Malta403.516,13340.0
Croatia4,491.5190,63942.4
Bulgaria7,262.7608,57583.8
Modern SC Provision
Pipeline GLA/ 1,000 population
Shopping Centre Pipeline (2010/11) Per 1,000 Inhabitants
SC Provision Growth
CountryTotal Pre-2005Open Pre 2005 - millions2005 - 2009 (existing)Open 2005- 2009 millionsTotal SpaceTotal - millionsProportion of total 2005 - 2009
Malta30,8440.013,8470.044,6910.031.0%
Bosnia & Herzegovina24,0000.0110,5000.1134,5000.182.2%
Luxembourg136,2450.144,0000.0180,2450.224.4%
Bulgaria00.0204,6860.2204,6860.2100.0%
Serbia46,6350.0213,3000.2259,9350.382.1%
Estonia295,8800.371,8160.1367,6960.419.5%
Slovenia284,2130.3235,6930.2519,9060.545.3%
Croatia180,0000.2350,0000.4530,0000.566.0%
Greece225,1500.2322,7500.3547,9000.558.9%
Latvia263,9020.3316,0910.3579,9930.654.5%
Slovakia457,0540.5397,6950.4854,7490.946.5%
Lithuania238,3950.2635,5070.6873,9020.972.7%
Belgium930,9330.9220,8190.21,151,7521.219.2%
Hungary856,5560.9325,3160.31,181,8721.227.5%
Finland1,015,5791.0527,7590.51,543,3381.534.2%
Ireland820,8950.8723,5930.71,544,4881.546.9%
Switzerland1,186,8091.2370,5300.41,557,3391.623.8%
Denmark1,288,5981.3294,3970.31,582,9951.618.6%
Czech Republic1,148,6351.1857,4930.92,006,1282.042.7%
Romania324,3190.31,858,1561.92,182,4752.285.1%
Ukraine527,4490.51,967,9922.02,495,4412.578.9%
Austria2,056,8292.1515,4000.52,572,2292.620.0%
Portugal1,906,6631.91,010,2211.02,916,8842.934.6%
Norway2,898,8282.9291,0120.33,189,8403.29.1%
Sweden3,069,7983.1486,5030.53,556,3013.613.7%
Turkey1,817,5491.83,263,5603.35,081,1095.164.2%
Netherlands5,125,5285.1960,8891.06,086,4176.115.8%
Poland3,997,4144.02,665,8542.76,663,2686.740.0%
Spain7,273,0037.32,701,4332.79,974,43610.027.1%
Russia2,080,9152.18,221,7288.210,302,64210.379.8%
Italy8,107,1158.14,397,0734.412,504,18812.535.2%
Germany11,369,42411.41,748,2501.713,117,67413.113.3%
United Kingdom13,783,64913.82,170,9672.215,954,61616.013.6%
France14,385,96414.41,605,0451.615,991,00916.010.0%
SC Provision Growth
Open Pre 2005 - millions
Open 2005- 2009 millions
Million (sq.m)
TOTAL SHOPPING CENTRE GLA (Million sq.m)
YearNew Shopping Centre GLA Per Annum (sq.m)Total GLA (sq.m)
< 1960892,299892,299
196181,573973,872
1962114,0931,087,965
1963246,0021,333,967
1964470,0471,804,014
1965675,0362,479,050
1966351,2022,830,252
1967407,2103,237,462
1968996,5784,234,040
19691,225,4555,459,495
19701,730,2257,189,720
19711,549,2318,738,951
19722,348,27611,087,227
19732,211,65513,298,882
19742,383,64015,682,522
19751,989,81617,672,338
19761,748,47719,420,815
19771,154,60020,575,415
19781,124,55621,699,971
19791,067,00722,766,978
1980858,99623,625,974
1981950,61424,576,588
19821,242,35725,818,945
1983755,28826,574,233
19841,452,83828,027,071
19851,136,77529,163,846
19861,154,64030,318,486
19871,340,02631,658,512
19881,998,40133,656,913
19892,030,61235,687,525
19902,548,33738,235,862
19912,356,43440,592,296
19922,870,03543,462,330
19933,128,49246,590,822
19942,729,56149,320,383
19953,485,16052,805,543
19962,726,85555,532,398
19972,905,88858,438,286
19983,453,48361,891,769
19994,006,66065,898,429
20004,520,64070,419,069
20014,093,92174,512,990
20023,919,88478,432,874
20035,139,67983,572,554
20044,582,21688,154,769
20055,932,76794,087,536
20068,207,687102,295,223
20079,230,759111,525,982
20089,331,939120,857,922
20097,396,722128,254,644
Est. 20106,143,471134,398,115
Est. 20115,027,792139,425,906
892299892299
81573973872
1140931087965
2460021333967
4700471804014
6750362479050
3512022830252
4072103237462
9965784234040
12254555459495
17302257189720
15492318738951
234827611087227
221165513298882
238364015682522
198981617672338
174847719420815
115460020575415
112455621699971
106700722766978
85899623625974
95061424576588
124235725818945
75528826574233
145283828027071
113677529163846
115464030318486
134002631658512
199840133656913
2030611.835687524.8
254833738235861.8
235643440592295.8
2870034.543462330.3
312849246590822.3
272956149320383.3
348516052805543.3
272685555532398.3
290588858438286.3
345348361891769.3
400666065898429.3
452064070419069.3
409392174512990.3
391988478432874.3
5139679.3333333383572553.6333333
4582215.7647058888154769.3980392
5932766.9333333394087536.3313725
8207687102295223.331373
9230759111525982.331373
9331939.42120857921.751373
7396722128254643.751373
6143471134398114.751373
5027791.57142857139425906.322801
New Shopping Centre GLA Per Annum (sq.m)
Total GLA (sq.m)
Million (sq.m)
Million (sq.m)
Source: Cushman and Wakefield.
Gross Leasable Area (GLA) per 1.000 population
Grfico1
25.5865560605
28.1832795767
29.3008533193
51.0966522227
54.0486516075
70.6761804418
72.63342979
98.1025998183
107.6403738318
110.749581198
117.9995382433
119.009376276
156.679235848
159.2539271916
173.0687673802
192.0445959217
205.4125030337
215.0506315031
216.7932198461
225.5708619474
245.119705599
258.3001064833
258.9546005376
260.9500050033
261.7917930834
273.1955219254
281.198068224
288.6189512214
294.2634623697
313.4749442845
365.6535025806
370.8699069559
371.6178482859
393.1617534636
686.8057988264
All Data
CountryPopulation Jan 2009Population Jan 2009 (000s)Total GLA Open (sqm)GLA/1,000 populationNo. Existing SchemesNew Schemes Opened During 2009 (sqm)No. New Schemes Opened During 2009Extensions Opened During 2009 (sqm)No. Extensions Opened During 2009TOTAL Space Opened During 2009 (incl Exts sqm)TOTAL No. of Schemes/Exts Opened During 2009Pipeline (New Schemes) 2010 (sqm)No Pipeline Schemes 2010Pipeline (New Schemes) 2011 (sqm)No Pipeline Schemes 2011TOTAL Pipeline Schemes 2010/11 (sqm)TOTAL No of Pipeline Schemes 2010/11Pipeline (Extensions) 2010 (sqm)No Pipeline Extensions 2010Pipeline (Extensions) 2011 (sqm)No Pipeline Extensions 2011TOTAL Pipeline Extensions 2010/11 (sqm)TOTAL No of Pipeline Extensions 2010/11% Increase in Floorspace Jan 2010 to end 2011 (excl. extensions)% Increase in Floorspace Jan 2010 to end 2011 (incl. extensions)Diff% Increase in Floorspace during 2009 incl. extensions)Floorspace as at 1st Jan 2009Estimated GLA per 1,000 Jan 2011GLA/1,000 populationEstimated GLA per 1,000 Jan 2011Rank July 2009Rank Jan 2011
Austria8,205,5338,205.52,572,229313.514535,50035,200240,700556,5002130,0004186,500620,00010020,00017.38.00.81.62,531,529338.6313.5338.666
Belgium10,700,00010,7001,151,752107.65682,52052,500185,020656,500327,000383,50060015,400315,40037.28.61.38.01,066,732116.9107.6116.92626
Bosnia & Herzegovina4,590,3104,590134,50029.3700000046,00020046,000200000034.234.20.00.0134,50039.329.339.33233
Bulgaria7,262,6757,262.7204,68628.21157,78630057,7863456,07511152,5005608,57516000000297.3297.30.039.3146,900112.028.2112.03328
Croatia4,491,5434,491.5530,000118.019134,000315,0001149,000488,0002102,6394190,639600000036.036.00.039.1381,000160.4118.0160.42423
Czech Republic10,446,15710,446.22,006,128192.011392,000522,0001114,000654,000225,000179,000331,50020031,50023.95.51.66.01,892,128202.6192.0202.61919
Denmark5,484,7235,484.71,582,995288.69917,000129,000246,000348,00020048,00025,00015,000110,00023.03.70.63.01,536,995299.2288.6299.287
Estonia1,307,6051,307.6367,696281.2150000000016,000116,00010000004.44.40.00.0367,696293.4281.2293.499
Finland5,244,7495,244.71,543,338294.37970,10030070,100313,00010013,00012,00015,00017,00020.81.30.54.81,473,238298.1294.3298.178
France61,279,97261,280.015,991,009261.0711406,82724123,57424530,40148371,81231291,21512663,02743125,1712490,30110215,472344.15.51.33.415,460,608275.3261.0275.31212
Germany82,369,54882,369.513,117,674159.3536349,4001522,5002371,90017113,7007219,5009333,20016129,940918,0001147,940102.53.71.12.912,745,774165.1159.3165.12122
Greece10,722,81610,722.8547,90051.12923,00010023,000183,37540083,375400000015.215.20.04.4524,90058.951.158.93131
Hungary9,930,9159,930.91,181,872119.05369,50020069,500237,000221,500258,50040000004.94.90.06.21,112,372124.9119.0124.92325
Ireland4,156,1194,156.11,544,488371.69968,72540068,725448,70030048,70030030,263130,26313.25.12.04.71,475,763390.6371.6390.634
Italy58,145,32158,145.312,504,188215.1708614,3942918,7303633,12432508,91626477,19215986,1084120,31840020,31847.98.00.25.311,871,064232.4215.1232.41716
Latvia2,245,4232,245.4579,993258.33871,34844,000175,348538,00010038,00010000006.66.60.014.9504,645275.2258.3275.21413
Lithuania3,565,2053,565.2873,902245.13697,00020097,00020028,000128,000113,00010013,00013.24.71.512.5776,902256.6245.1256.61515
Luxembourg486,006486.0180,245370.9700000000000015,00010015,00010.08.38.30.0180,245401.7370.9401.742
Malta403,532403.544,691110.7500000016,13310016,133100000036.136.10.00.044,691150.7110.7150.72524
Netherlands16,645,31316,645.36,086,417365.7474305,2002874,80018380,00046123,1001464,6007187,7002141,900848,500590,400133.14.61.56.75,706,417382.4365.7382.455
Norway4,644,4574,644.53,189,840686.823665,000115,000180,000200000024,00020024,00020.00.80.82.63,109,840692.0686.8692.011
Poland38,500,69638,500.76,663,268173.1280480,00018148,4009628,40027165,6008245,0007410,6001588,700240,0001128,70036.28.11.910.46,034,868187.1173.1187.12021
Portugal10,676,91010,676.92,916,884273.2119254,315625,6953280,010956,0002111,8835167,883719,415124,200143,61525.87.31.510.62,636,874293.0273.2293.01010
Romania22,246,86222,246.92,182,47598.193246,2831067,2675313,55015257,5397128,0004385,5391132,17860032,178617.719.11.516.81,868,925116.998.1116.92727
Russia141,844,355141,844.410,302,64272.63831,535,9933656,20931,592,202391,238,608311,300,000352,538,6086600000024.624.60.018.38,710,44090.572.690.52829
Serbia10,159,04610,159259,93525.61952,50020052,500291,50050091,500500000035.235.20.025.3207,43534.625.634.63434
Slovakia5,455,4075,455.4854,749156.75062,500327,500390,0006133,896755,8002189,696934,00020034,000222.226.24.011.8764,749197.7156.7197.72220
Slovenia2,007,7112,007.7519,906259.0278,0001008,000135,0001003500019,700122,000131,70026.712.86.11.6511,906292.2259.0292.21311
Spain46,008,98546,009.09,974,436216.8391206,462900206,4629267,6008323,1756590,7751414,00010014,00015.96.10.12.19,767,974229.9216.8229.91617
Sweden9,045,3899,045.43,556,301393.221363,700231,000394,700500000057,00040057,00040.01.61.62.73,461,601399.5393.2399.523
Switzerland7,581,5207,581.51,557,339205.48754,50020054,500253,50030053,50030000003.43.40.03.61,502,839212.5205.4212.51818
Turkey71,892,80771,892.85,081,10970.7210652,6221900652,62219579,66818727,173151,306,8413300000025.725.70.014.74,428,48788.970.788.92930
Ukraine46,170,27346,170.32,495,44154.0183300,0001000300,00010158,000450,0002208,00060000008.38.30.013.72,195,44158.654.058.63032
United Kingdom60,943,91260,943.915,954,616261.8692102,2145129,9583232,1728165,7445232,9512398,695799,18240099,18242.53.10.61.515,722,444270.0261.8270.01114
EU-15 Sum/Average88,207,220262.943092,516,837130460,457602,977,2941901,902,4471071,850,516603,752,963167548,92659221,26420770,19079262.9276.8
EU-25 Sum/Average102,316,677229.549753,479,705170664,857754,144,5622452,392,5761302,268,816774,661,392207725,82667298,664251,024,49092229.5245.3
EU-27 Sum/Average104,703,838225.650793,783,774183732,124804,515,8982633,106,1901482,549,316865,655,506234758,00473298,664251,056,66898225.6244.6
Total (all countries)784,861,795784,862128,254,644209.662236,578,389256818,333857,396,7223415,361,4662134,729,12814210,090,594355782,00475298,664251,080,668100209.6227.6
Western Europe402,744,805402,74594,016,342233.44686
Emerging Europe382,116,990382,11734,238,30289.61,537
Includes Redevelopment space
Includes Redevelopment space
Includes Redevelopment space
Includes Redevelopment space
Includes Redevelopment space
Includes Redevelopment space
No data available for Cyprus.
Graham Porter:No data available for Cyprus.
AC: unweighted
AC: overall average
Administrator:CIA World Factbook
Administrator:CIA World Factbook
Administrator:CIA Factbook
Graham Porter:unweighted
Graham Porter:unweighted
Graham Porter:unweighted
Graham Porter:unweighted
Graham Porter:unweighted
Graham Porter:unweighted
Graham Porter:unweighted
Graham Porter:unweighted
AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
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AC: unweighted
AC: unweighted
AC: unweighted
AC: overall average
AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
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AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
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AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
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AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
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AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
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AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
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AC: Schemes which are under construction only.
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Space added 2009
CountryNew SchemesExtensionsTotal GLA (2009)
34. Luxembourg000
33. Malta000
32. Estonia000
31. Bosnia Herz.000
30. Slovenia8,00008,000
29. Greece23,000023,000
28. Austria35,5005,20040,700
27. Denmark17,00029,00046,000
26. Serbia52,500052,500
25. Switzerland54,500054,500
24. Bulgaria57,786057,786
23. Ireland68,725068,725
22. Hungary69,500069,500
21. Finland70,100070,100
20. Latvia71,3484,00075,348
19. Norway65,00015,00080,000
18. Belgium82,5202,50085,020
17. Slovakia62,50027,50090,000
16. Sweden63,70031,00094,700
15. Lithuania97,000097,000
14. Czech Rep92,00022,000114,000
13. Croatia134,00015,000149,000
12. Spain206,4620206,462
11. UK102,214129,958232,172
10. Portugal254,31525,695280,010
9. Ukraine300,0000300,000
8. Romania246,28367,267313,550
7. Germany349,40022,500371,900
6. Netherlands305,20074,800380,000
5. France406,827123,574530,401
4. Poland480,000148,400628,400
3. Italy614,39418,730633,124
2. Turkey652,6220652,622
1. Russia1,535,99356,2091,592,202
Space added 2009
Total GLA (2009)
GLA 1,000 inhabitants
CountryGLA/1,000 population
34. Serbia25.6
33. Bulgaria28.2
32. Bosnia Herz.29.3
31. Greece51.1
30. Ukraine54.0
29. Turkey70.7
28. Russia72.6
27. Romania98.1
26. Belgium107.6
25. Malta110.7
24. Croatia118.0
23. Hungary119.0
22. Slovakia156.7
21. Germany159.3
20. Poland173.1
19. Czech Republic192.0
18. Switzerland205.4
17. Italy215.1
16. Spain216.8
EU-27 Average225.6
15. Lithuania245.1
14. Latvia258.3
13. Slovenia259.0
12. France261.0
11. UK261.8
10. Portugal273.2
9. Estonia281.2
8. Denmark288.6
7. Finland294.3
6. Austria313.5
5. Netherlands365.7
4. Luxembourg370.9
3. Ireland371.6
2. Sweden393.2
1. Norway686.8
No data available for Cyprus.
GLA 1,000 inhabitants
2010-11 Development Pipeline
CountryTotal Pipeline (New Schemes) 2010/2011Total Extensions 2010/2011Total Pipeline (New + Extensions)
34. Luxembourg015,00015,000
33. Estonia16,000016,000
32. Malta16,133016,133
31. Finland13,0007,00020,000
30. Norway024,00024,000
29. Latvia38,000038,000
28. Lithuania28,00013,00041,000
27. Bosnia & Herz46,000046,000
26. Switzerland53,500053,500
25. Sweden057,00057,000
24. Denmark48,00010,00058,000
23. Hungary58,500058,500
22. Slovenia35,00031,70066,700
21. Ireland48,70030,26378,963
20. Greece83,375083,375
19. Serbia91,500091,500
18. Belgium83,50015,40098,900
17. Czech Rep79,00031,500110,500
16. Croatia190,6390190,639
15. Austria186,50020,000206,500
14. Ukraine208,0000208,000
13. Portugal167,88343,615211,498
12. Slovakia189,69634,000223,696
11. Netherlands187,70090,400278,100
10. Romania385,53932,178417,717
9. Germany333,200147,940481,140
8. UK398,69599,182497,877
7. Poland410,600128,700539,300
6. Spain590,77514,000604,775
5. Bulgaria608,5750608,575
4. France663,027215,472878,499
3. Italy986,10820,3181,006,426
2. Turkey1,306,84101,306,841
1. Russia2,538,60802,538,608
Country% Increase in Floorspace 2010 & 2011 (incl. extensions)
Norway0.8
Finland1.3
Sweden1.6
UK3.1
Switzerland3.4
Denmark3.7
Germany3.7
Estonia4.4
Netherlands4.6
Lithuania4.7
Hungary4.9
Ireland5.1
France5.5
Czech Republic5.5
Spain6.1
Latvia6.6
Portugal7.3
Austria8.0
Italy8.0
Poland8.1
Luxembourg8.3
Ukraine8.3
Belgium8.6
Slovenia12.8
Greece15.2
Romania19.1
Russia24.6
Turkey25.7
Slovakia26.2
Bosnia & Herz34.2
Serbia35.2
Croatia36.0
Malta36.1
Bulgaria297.3
2010-11 Development Pipeline
Total Pipeline (New + Extensions)
Pipeline_1000
% Increase in Floorspace 2010 & 2011 (incl. extensions)
Percentage Increase Floorspace Between Jan 2010 - Jan 2012
Modern SC Provision
CountryPopulation Jan 2009 (1,000)Total Pipeline (New Schemes) 2010/2011Pipeline GLA/ 1,000 population
Norway4,644.500.0
Sweden9,045.400.0
Luxembourg486.000.0
Finland5,244.713,0002.5
Germany82,369.5333,2004.0
Ukraine46,170.3208,0004.5
Hungary9,930.958,5005.9
United Kingdom60,943.9398,6956.5
Switzerland7,581.553,5007.1
Czech Republic10,446.279,0007.6
Greece10,722.883,3757.8
Belgium10,700.083,5007.8
Lithuania3,565.228,0007.9
Denmark5,484.748,0008.8
Serbia10,159.091,5009.0
Bosnia & Herz.4,590.346,00010.0
Poland38,500.7410,60010.7
France61,280.0663,02710.8
Netherlands16,645.3187,70011.3
Ireland4,156.148,70011.7
Spain46,009.0590,77512.8
Estonia1,307.616,00012.2
Portugal10,676.9167,88315.7
Latvia2,245.438,00016.9
Italy58,145.3986,10817.0
Romania22,246.9385,53917.3
Slovenia2,007.735,00017.4
Russia141,844.42,538,60817.9
Turkey71,892.81,306,84118.2
Austria8,205.5186,50022.7
Slovakia5,455.4189,69634.8
Malta403.516,13340.0
Croatia4,491.5190,63942.4
Bulgaria7,262.7608,57583.8
Modern SC Provision
Pipeline GLA/ 1,000 population
Shopping Centre Pipeline (2010/11) Per 1,000 Inhabitants
SC Provision Growth
CountryTotal Pre-2005Open Pre 2005 - millions2005 - 2009 (existing)Open 2005- 2009 millionsTotal SpaceTotal - millionsProportion of total 2005 - 2009
Malta30,8440.013,8470.044,6910.031.0%
Bosnia & Herzegovina24,0000.0110,5000.1134,5000.182.2%
Luxembourg136,2450.144,0000.0180,2450.224.4%
Bulgaria00.0204,6860.2204,6860.2100.0%
Serbia46,6350.0213,3000.2259,9350.382.1%
Estonia295,8800.371,8160.1367,6960.419.5%
Slovenia284,2130.3235,6930.2519,9060.545.3%
Croatia180,0000.2350,0000.4530,0000.566.0%
Greece225,1500.2322,7500.3547,9000.558.9%
Latvia263,9020.3316,0910.3579,9930.654.5%
Slovakia457,0540.5397,6950.4854,7490.946.5%
Lithuania238,3950.2635,5070.6873,9020.972.7%
Belgium930,9330.9220,8190.21,151,7521.219.2%
Hungary856,5560.9325,3160.31,181,8721.227.5%
Finland1,015,5791.0527,7590.51,543,3381.534.2%
Ireland820,8950.8723,5930.71,544,4881.546.9%
Switzerland1,186,8091.2370,5300.41,557,3391.623.8%
Denmark1,288,5981.3294,3970.31,582,9951.618.6%
Czech Republic1,148,6351.1857,4930.92,006,1282.042.7%
Romania324,3190.31,858,1561.92,182,4752.285.1%
Ukraine527,4490.51,967,9922.02,495,4412.578.9%
Austria2,056,8292.1515,4000.52,572,2292.620.0%
Portugal1,906,6631.91,010,2211.02,916,8842.934.6%
Norway2,898,8282.9291,0120.33,189,8403.29.1%
Sweden3,069,7983.1486,5030.53,556,3013.613.7%
Turkey1,817,5491.83,263,5603.35,081,1095.164.2%
Netherlands5,125,5285.1960,8891.06,086,4176.115.8%
Poland3,997,4144.02,665,8542.76,663,2686.740.0%
Spain7,273,0037.32,701,4332.79,974,43610.027.1%
Russia2,080,9152.18,221,7288.210,302,64210.379.8%
Italy8,107,1158.14,397,0734.412,504,18812.535.2%
Germany11,369,42411.41,748,2501.713,117,67413.113.3%
United Kingdom13,783,64913.82,170,9672.215,954,61616.013.6%
France14,385,96414.41,605,0451.615,991,00916.010.0%
SC Provision Growth
Open Pre 2005 - millions
Open 2005- 2009 millions
Million (sq.m)
TOTAL SHOPPING CENTRE GLA (Million sq.m)
YearNew Shopping Centre GLA Per Annum (sq.m)Total GLA (sq.m)
< 1960892,299892,299
196181,573973,872
1962114,0931,087,965
1963246,0021,333,967
1964470,0471,804,014
1965675,0362,479,050
1966351,2022,830,252
1967407,2103,237,462
1968996,5784,234,040
19691,225,4555,459,495
19701,730,2257,189,720
19711,549,2318,738,951
19722,348,27611,087,227
19732,211,65513,298,882
19742,383,64015,682,522
19751,989,81617,672,338
19761,748,47719,420,815
19771,154,60020,575,415
19781,124,55621,699,971
19791,067,00722,766,978
1980858,99623,625,974
1981950,61424,576,588
19821,242,35725,818,945
1983755,28826,574,233
19841,452,83828,027,071
19851,136,77529,163,846
19861,154,64030,318,486
19871,340,02631,658,512
19881,998,40133,656,913
19892,030,61235,687,525
19902,548,33738,235,862
19912,356,43440,592,296
19922,870,03543,462,330
19933,128,49246,590,822
19942,729,56149,320,383
19953,485,16052,805,543
19962,726,85555,532,398
19972,905,88858,438,286
19983,453,48361,891,769
19994,006,66065,898,429
20004,520,64070,419,069
20014,093,92174,512,990
20023,919,88478,432,874
20035,139,67983,572,554
20044,582,21688,154,769
20055,932,76794,087,536
20068,207,687102,295,223
20079,230,759111,525,982
20089,331,939120,857,922
20097,396,722128,254,644
Est. 20106,143,471134,398,115
Est. 20115,027,792139,425,906
892299892299
81573973872
1140931087965
2460021333967
4700471804014
6750362479050
3512022830252
4072103237462
9965784234040
12254555459495
17302257189720
15492318738951
234827611087227
221165513298882
238364015682522
198981617672338
174847719420815
115460020575415
112455621699971
106700722766978
85899623625974
95061424576588
124235725818945
75528826574233
145283828027071
113677529163846
115464030318486
134002631658512
199840133656913
2030611.835687524.8
254833738235861.8
235643440592295.8
2870034.543462330.3
312849246590822.3
272956149320383.3
348516052805543.3
272685555532398.3
290588858438286.3
345348361891769.3
400666065898429.3
452064070419069.3
409392174512990.3
391988478432874.3
5139679.3333333383572553.6333333
4582215.7647058888154769.3980392
5932766.9333333394087536.3313725
8207687102295223.331373
9230759111525982.331373
9331939.42120857921.751373
7396722128254643.751373
6143471134398114.751373
5027791.57142857139425906.322801
New Shopping Centre GLA Per Annum (sq.m)
Total GLA (sq.m)
Million (sq.m)
Million (sq.m)
Source: www.dutycalculator.com THE DEMALLING PROCESS ISTo convert an indoor mall into an open-air shopping center where stores have street-level access, and which may also include non-retail buildings (such as apartments) (Source: wordspy.com)It can be also the transformation of old fashioned shopping malls for introducing other services.
The consequences of malling and demalling urban spaces Growth of suburban centralities
Lighten the pressure of the Main Street
Approach of shopping activities to suburban consumer residences
Increase of retail space for consumers and offer Reinvestment in the city centre or at least, in other spaces with more centrality
Recycle old shopping malls for other uses
Reduction of retail competition for the city centre(if there is a public/private investment in the city centre)
The consequences of malling and demalling urban spaces Large dependence on private mobility
Scarce use of the city centre for shopping and urban public spaces
Incentive to revalue housing in suburbian areas
Consumers forget the city life
Local government can not invest in city centre if it allows more and more shopping malls in the outskirts Disposable city
Generation of greyfields
Demalling shows the quick speed of changes and need for innovations of the retail sector, irrespective of the urban patrimony or the mix of uses of the city centre
- BAAR, K. (2002): Legislative tools for preserving town centres and halting the spread of hypermarkets and malls outside of cities, Institute for Transport and Development Policy, Nueva York.
- BEAJEAU GARNIER, J (1977): Geographie du Commerce, Editorial Masson, Noisiel.
- BOTTINI, F. (2005): I nuovi territori del commercio: societ locale, grande distribuzione urbanistica, Alinea editorial, Florencia.
- CATALANO, A. (2004): Future of High Street is safe as malls go to town, en Estates Gazzette, n 436/4.
- CRAWFORD, M. (2004): El mundo en un centro comercial en Michael Sorky: Variaciones sobre un parque temtico : la nueva ciudad americana y el fin del espacio pblico, Ediciones Gustavo Gili SA.
- DAVIDSON, W.R., BATES, A.D. and BASS, S.J. (1976), The retail life cycle, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 54 No. 6, pp. 89-96.
- DAWSON, J. (1980): Retail Geography, Halsted Press, Londres.
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FARELL, J. (2003): One Nation under goods: malls and the seductions of american shopping, Smithsonian Books, Washington.
GRANSBY, D.M. (1988): The coexistence of High Street and out-of-town retailing from a retailing perspective, en The Geographical Journal, vol. 154, n 1, pp 23-27.
GUY, C. (1998): Controlling new retail spaces: the impress of planning policies in Western Europe, en Urban Studies, vol. 35, n 5-6, pp 953-979.
KOWINSKI, W. (1986): The malling of America: an inside look at the great consumer paradise, William Morrow editors, Nueva York.
LOWE, M. (2005): The regional shopping centre in the inner city: a study of retail-led urban regeneration, en Urban Studies, vol. 42, n 3, pp 449-470.
- LOWRY, J. (2011): The life cycle of shopping centres". Business Horizons. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1038/is_n1_v40/ai_19369689/
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