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Welcome!
www.photonics.ethz.ch 1
Martin Frimmer (mfrimmer@ethz.ch)Photonics Laboratory of Prof. Lukas NovotnyHPP, floor M
Welcome!
www.photonics.ethz.ch 2
Martin Frimmer (mfrimmer@ethz.ch)Photonics Laboratory of Prof. Lukas NovotnyHPP M24
Nano-optics studies light-matter interactions on the sub-wavelength scale. The goal of this course is to quantitatively understand the fundamental concepts of nano-optics, including
• Superresolution microscopy
• Quantum light sources
• Optical antennas
• Optical forces
• …
Administrative details
• Besides lecture, website is most important source of informationwww.photonics.ethz.ch Education Nano-Optics
• Components of course1. Lecture2. Homework problems3. Research/Lab project
• Grading
www.photonics.ethz.ch 3
Administrative details: Lecture
Lecture
• Lecture slides will be online (just) before lecture
• Ask questions! If there is no time, we’ll let you know.
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Nano-Optics
Electromagnetism
Quantum mechanics
Chemistry
Electrical engineering
Mathematics
Biology
Thermodynamics
Mechanics
Administrative details: 4 homework problems
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Administrative details: Lab/Research Projects
• Each student is required to do 1 Research or 1 Lab Project
• You will work in teams of 3—5 students
• Lab projects involve lab work (around 3 afternoons at Hönggerberg)
• Research projects are theoretical
• Projects are rounded off by a report
• Projects are supervised by a member of the Photonics Lab
• Projects leave space for your own ideas: Use it!
• Check website for project descriptions
• Send an Email with your 3 preferred projects (in order of preference) to mfrimmer@ethz.ch until Wednesday, 03 Oct 2018
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Administrative details: Grades
• Exams will take place during first weeks of January
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Why nano-optics?
• The energy scale of our interest corresponds to about 1 µm wavelength
• The length scales of scientific and technological interest are approaching the atomic scale Read Feynman’s talk “There is plenty of room at the bottom.”
We need to control electromagnetic fields and their interaction with matter at sub-λ scales.
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10 eV1 eV100 meV
kT Ry
ionizing
Thermal noise
LIFE
1 nm 1 m
Size mismatch
On the menu today
• Motivation: Why nano-optics?
• Repetition: electromagnetism
• Optical imaging:
• Focusing by a lens
• Angular spectrum
• Paraxial approximation
• Gaussian beams
• The diffraction limit
• Fluorophores
• Example: Fluorescence microscopy
• Example: STED microscopy
• Example: Localization microscopy
• Example: Scanning probe microscopy
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Maxwell’s equation
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Oliver Heaviside
• P(E) and M(B) are material properties.
Maxwell’s equation
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• P(E) and M(B) are material properties.
Spectral representation:
Maxwell’s equation
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• P(E) and M(B) are material properties.
For monochromatic fields:
Constitutive relations
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For linear, isotropic, non-chiral materials in the absence of spatial dispersion:
The Helmholtz equation and plane waves
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Dispersion relation:
Plane waves: Speed of light:
Refractive index:
H
E
k
(E, H, k) are mutually orthogonal for
from
wavelength
period
Phase velocity
follows
from follows
real valued
Evanescent waves
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dispersion relation:
for
How do you generate evanescent waves?
On the menu today
• Motivation: Why nano-optics?
• Repetition: electromagnetism
• Optical imaging:
• Focusing by a lens
• Angular spectrum
• Paraxial approximation
• Gaussian beams
• The diffraction limit
• Fluorophores
• Example: Fluorescence microscopy
• Example: STED microscopy
• Example: Localization microscopy
• Example: Scanning probe microscopy
www.photonics.ethz.ch 18
How does focusing by a lens work?
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x
Intensity
Boundless.com
How does focusing by a lens work?
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x
q1 = ± 45°
kk k
Intensity
How does focusing by a lens work?
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x
q1 = 0°, ±45°
kkk
k
Intensity
How does focusing by a lens work?
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x
q1 = 0°, ±15°, ±30°, ±45°,
±60°, ±75°+apodization
Intensity
How does focusing by a lens work?
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