Masatoshi Koshiba Raymond Davis Jr. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002 "for pioneering...

Masatoshi Koshiba Raymond Davis Jr.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002

"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"

S. P. MikheyevINR RAS Moscow

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 33

e

p

pp

p

e

e+ e+

n n

4He

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 44

1964 - Original Motivation

“… to see into the interior of star and thus verify directly the hypothesis of nuclear energy generation in star.”

4p 4He + 2e+ + 2e + 26.73 MeV

4R2 = 71010 sec-1cm-22 Lsun

26.73 MeV

1

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 55

Ј 15.0 MeV

B ЮBe* + e+ + e

pp – chain

p + p ЮH + e+ + e

p + e- + p ЮH + e

H + p ЮHe +

He + He Ю He+ 2p He + He ЮBe + He + p ЮHe + e+ + e

Be + e- ЮLi+ e

Be + p ЮB+

Li+ p Ю2 Be* Ю2

Ј 0.420 MeV

1.442 MeV

Ј 18.77 MeV

MeV, MeV

99.6%0.4%

0.002%

99.87% 0.13%

15%85%

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 66

CNO – chainC + p ЮN +

N ЮC + e+ + e

Ј 1.199 MeV

C + p ЮN +

N + p ЮO + O ЮN + e+ + e

Ј 1.732 MeV

N + p ЮC +

N + p ЮO +

O + p ЮF + F ЮO + e+ + e

Ј 1.740 MeV

O + p ЮN +

99.9%

0.1%

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 77

Bahcall & PinsonneaultPRL (2004)

Neutrino Energy (MeV)

Neu

trin

o F

lux

(cm

-2 с

s-1 M

eV-1)

Standard Solar Model (SSM)

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 88

e

e-

nn

p

np

ppp

nn

p

nn

p

np

ppp

n

Charge Current Reaction

+ ZA e- + Z+1A

ZA Z+1A

pn

e-

W+

2H 37Cl71Ga7Li

115In

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 99

e-

Neutrino Electron Scattering

+ e- + e- e-

W+

e-

e-

Z0

e-

ee,,NC CC/6

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1010

nn

p

np

ppp

nn

ZA

Neutral Current Reaction

+ N + N*

ZA ZA*

N

Z0

N*

e,,

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1111

+ 37Cl e- + 37Ar (B. Pontecorvo 1946)

Neutrino Energy (MeV)

Neu

trin

o F

lux

(cm

-2 с

s-1 M

eV-1)

7Be

8B

Threshold 0.814 МэВ

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1212

Davis’s experiment

C2Cl4

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1313

+ 37Cl e- + 37Ar

Neutrino Energy (MeV)

Neu

trin

o F

lux

(cm

-2 с

s-1 M

eV-1) Threshold 0.814 МэВ

Rexp

RSSM

= 0.335 0.029

Rexp = 2.56 0.23 SNU

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1414

RSSM = 7.6 + 1.3 SNURSSM = 7.6

– 1.1

+ 71Ga e- + 71Ge

Neutrino Energy (MeV)

Neu

trin

o F

lux

(cm

-2 с

s-1 M

eV-1) Threshold 0.233 МэВ

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1515

SAGE experiment (Baksan)

GALLEX/GNO experiment

(Gran Sasso)

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1616

RSSM = 7.6 + 1.3 SNURSSM = 7.6

– 1.1

+ 71Ga e- + 71Ge

Neutrino Energy (MeV)

Neu

trin

o F

lux

(cm

-2 с

s-1 M

eV-1) Threshold 0.233 МэВ

RSSM = 128 + 9 SNURSSM = 128 – 7

Rexp

RSSM

= 0.584 0.039

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1717

e

e + e- e + e-

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1818

４０ｍ

４１

．４

ｍ

Kamiokande/Super-Kamiokande

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 1919

22385 solar events

(14.5 events/day)

e + e- e + e-

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2020

The Sun by Neutrinograph

e + e- e + e-

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2121

DataSSM

= 0.465+0.016-0.015 0.005

e + e- e + e-

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2222

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2323

1000 tones D2O

Support Structure for 9500 PMTs, 60% coverage

12 m Diameter Acrylic Vessel

1700 tonnes InnerShielding H2O

5300 tonnes Outer Shield H2O

Sudbury Neutrino

Observatory

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2424

e + d p + p + e- CC

x + e- x + e- ES

x + d x + p + n NC

FCC = 1.59+0.08(stat)+0.06(syst)-0.08-0.07

FEC = 2.21+0.31(stat) 0.10(syst)-0.26

FNC = 5.21 0.27(stat) 0.38(syst)

Detector SNODirection

Kinetic Energy

Position

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2525

Detector SNO

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2626

Bahcall, Gonzalez-Garcia, Bahcall, Gonzalez-Garcia, Pena-Garay, PRL2003Pena-Garay, PRL2003

1. Energy production in Sun: pp chain is the dominant mechanism LCNO < 7.6% (3)

2. Neutrino fluxes in pp cycle :

BP04fi =

fit

fpp = 1.02 0.02 (1)

fB = 0.88 0.04 (1)

fBe = 0.91 0.25/0.62 (1) Bahcall, Pena-Garay, JHEP2003Bahcall, Pena-Garay, JHEP2003

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2727

p + e- n + e

n + e+ p + e

x

N + N N + N + x + x

e- + e+ x + x

e + e x + x

x

x

Neutronization burst:

e emitted during 10 ms

Cooling through neutrino emission:

e, e, , , , .99% of the SN energy emitted in neutrinos during 10 s

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2828

Neutrino energies

MeVE

MeVE

MeVE

e

e

)2520(

10

12

~,,~,

~

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 2929

2 44 2~ 9.3 10e p e

E см

0.5eE МэВ

e + p e+ + n

Neutrino burst

Relic SN neutrinos

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3030

Neutrino burst search

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3131

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3232

23 February 7:36 UT

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3333

Confirmed the neutrino mechanism of Supernova cooling

• Obtained constrains on some Supernova parameters

• Obtained constrains on some neutrino properties (masses, charge, etc)

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3434

23 February at 2:52 UT

LSD Detected 5 Events in 7 second

1

10

100

10 100Time window (sec)

Nu

mb

er

of

bu

rsts

5 10 15

23 February 1 day

LSD DATA

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3535

February 23, 1987

Optical

Geograv

LSD

KII

IMB

BUST

1 3 5 7

2:52:35,4

2:52:34

2:52:34

7:36:00

7:35:35

7:35:41

7:36:06

44

43,8 19

47

:47

21

5

2(4)

1 6

2

12

8

v m =6vm =12 m

observations

2:52:36,8

m

9 11

February 23, 1987

1 3 5 7 9 11

mv=6mmv=12m

Geograv

LSD

KII

IMB

BUST

2:52:35,42:52:36,8

43,82:52:3

444

2:52:34

7:36:00

7:35:35

7:35:41

7:36:06

19474721

2

12

8

6

5

2

1

(4)

Chronology

Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3636

The Two-Staged gravitational collapse Model[Imshennik V.S., Space Sci Rev, 74, 325-334 (1995)]

12 MM

12

222 , JM

111, JM

e

ahead

aside

~,

Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3737

Tc~5x1012

KTc~5x1010

K

The difference of neutrino yield between standard model and model of rotating

collapsar.

MeVE

MeVE

MeVE

e

e

)2520(

10

12

~,,~,

~

The main reaction – URCA-process:

MeVE

nep e

)5030(

e e

e~

~

~

e

e

e

e

e

314106.2~ smg

erg53~, 103.5 erg

eee

52~, 109.8

Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3838

V.S.Imshennik, O.G.Ryazhskaya astro-ph/0401613

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 3939

Liquid Scintillator Detector (LSD)

General view of LSD

Fe (2 sm)

Fe (10 sm)

H=5200 m.w.e. 72 counters 90 tons of СnH2n (n~9), 200 tons of Fe

4.5 m

8m

6 m

Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 4040

СnH2n

CoeFe e5656

СnH2n

CoeFe e5656

СnH2n

CoeFe e5656

МэВE 72.1

EEE oe

МэВE 82.1 МэВE 72.1

МэВE 4

МэВE 82.1

МэВE 7

e

МэВE 82.1EEE oe EEE oe

e

e

Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 4141

Energy spectrum of the particles, coming from iron plate of thickness 2,8 sm (Geant4 calculations; histogram – total energy deposit)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Энергия, МэВ

106

105

104

103

102

10

1

Events

Energy range, registered by LSD

Courtesy to O. Ryazhskaya & V. Boyarkin

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 4242

Many experiments stand Many experiments stand ready to observe the ready to observe the neutrinos of the next neutrinos of the next galactic supernova.galactic supernova.

• Baksan• MiniBooNE detector• LVD• AMANDA• KamLand• SNO• Super-Kamiokande

More detectors sensitive More detectors sensitive to SN neutrino are to SN neutrino are

planned or being built.planned or being built.

• Borexino• ICARUS• IceCube• HyperKamiokande• UNOand many others

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 4343

In universe there is one supernova

explosion per second

There exist the flux of relic supernova There exist the flux of relic supernova neutrinos.neutrinos.

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 4444

Super-Kamiokande published the Super-Kamiokande published the world’s best limits on relic world’s best limits on relic

supernova neutrinosupernova neutrino [M.Malek [M.Malek et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.et al., Phys. Rev. Lett.

9090 061101 (2003)]. 061101 (2003)].

1.3 cm-2s-1

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 4545

GADZOOKS

adoliniumntineutrinoetectorealouslyutperformingldamiokande,uper !

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 4646

S.P.Mikheyev INR MoscoS.P.Mikheyev INR Moscow w

Erice 7 July 2004Erice 7 July 2004 4747

Detection of relic supernova neutrinos will:

No detection of relic supernova neutrinos also is very interesting.

verify the basic picture of star formation and death;

constrain star formation history