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Maurya Chandragupta Maurya in 322 BCE began ruling
the northern plain of the Indian subcontinent. Chandragupta’s grandson Ashoka helped advance
the empire. Ashoka began as violent ruler then converted to
Buddhism He renounced violence and worked to spread
Buddhism throughout Asia Highlights of Mauryan Dynasty
Spread of BuddhismRoads Built (Importance?)Large administration for ruling (tax collection)Religious Tolerance
Gupta Empire 320 AD Chandragupta I Increased trade with China and other Asian
countries Art, Literature and Mathematics became central to
the Gupta empire. Golden Age– Advancements
○ Astronomy○ Decimal system○ The concept of 0○ Measured the earth○ Arabic numerals replaced Roman numerals
Gupta
A Thousand Years of Unrest For a long period after the decline of the
Gupta, India lacked organization.
Waves of Huns swept through the region
Indian culture remained strong nevertheless
Muslim Invaders In the mid-600s AD waves of Mongols, Afghans,
Turks and Persians invaded India. Some came and went, others set up kingdoms Muslim Capital established in Delhi in 1200. Sultans (the new Muslim rulers) forced non-
Muslims to pay special taxes called Jizya Built colleges, hospitals, dams and reservoirs as
well as 200 new towns.
Muslim Culture
Muslim culture never absorbed (monotheism v polytheism)
Very different cultures Results
○ Muslims destroyed Hindu temples○ Required believers to follow the Koran○ Cattle was a source of food for Muslims○ Many Hindus converted in the North but not in
south
Mughal Empire Babur 1526 helped unite the India and
brought the two cultures together. Grandson Akbar promoted religious
tolerance. He appointed Hindus to government jobs Married a Hindu princess Abolished the Jizya (non-Muslim tax) Blended art and architecture of Hindu and
Islam Became very wealthy empire
Mughal
Akbar’s grandson Shah Jahan 1628 until 1658 Mughal Empire Ruler
Had the Taj Mahal built
Europeans Arrive
Portuguese established trading posts Missionaries converted Indians to
Christianity Soon the Dutch and English began
trading with the Indians English wanted to keep trade peaceful
and simple
Letter from Mughal to England Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my
general command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend; that in what place soever they choose to live, they may have free liberty without any restraint; and at what port soever they shall arrive, that neither Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet; and in what city soever they shall have residence, I have commanded all my governors and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires; to sell, buy, and to transport into their country at their pleasure. For confirmation of our love and friendship, I desire your Majesty to command your merchants to bring in their ships of all sorts of rarities and rich goods fit for my palace; and that you be pleased to send me your royal letters by every opportunity, that I may rejoice in your health and prosperous affairs; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal.
1600 East India Company Built several trading posts in India Gold and silver was traded for cotton, silk, tea and
spices The Mughal rulers did not like the Europeans at
first. Britain and France took advantage of the decline
of the Mughal empire and began fighting for control of the fragmented kingdoms throughout India
Britain won out and gained complete control of IndiaRobert Clive (member of the East India Company)
○ Victories as a military leader
East India Company Rule British encouraged the internal fighting and used it
to keep control. (No Unity)
Eventually the company got the rights to collect taxes and rule by establish local governments and rewriting laws that helped establish their rule.
Often established relations with local rulers to maintain controlWarren Hastings: India’s 1st Governor-GeneralLord Wellesley: 5th Governor-General
○ Both men increased control of India by Britain
Early Rebellions Angered at:
○ Britain’s taxes ○ Efforts to convert to Christianity○ British outlaw of Hindu practices
The Sepoy Rebellion (1857)○ Sepoys --Indian troops who were a part of the British
army, were upset about their rifles being greased with beef and pork fat. (Sacred)
○ Also new law required Sepoys to fight for Britain in foreign lands (leaving was against religion)
Left a lasting distrust between India and British
1858 India Becomes Official Colony
1878 Queen Victoria became Empress of India.
India ruled through appointed officials
British took control of the courts
British Rule Built Infrastructure (Roads, telegraph systems,
railroads, ports, etc.) to help them rule the empire Economy changed from a manufacturing to a cash
crop (beneficial to the colonizing country) tea, cotton, pepper and coffee
Improved healthcare and sanitation increased population
Built schools and colleges ○ English helped unify India○ Taught political ideas of liberty and democracy
British Infrastructure
Nationalism
Indian National Congress (INC)Called for gradual change at first then began
more fierce struggle after WWIMohandas Gandhi took leadership of (INC) Britain began turning over a bit of controlGandhi promoted peaceful revolutionPeaceful gathering 379 Indians killed at
peaceful gathering in Amritsar Massacre
Gandhi’s Principles Studied law in England Practiced law in South Africa focusing on
nonviolent resistance to end injustice (satyagraha)
Wanted to awaken the world to the wrongdoings of the British
Follower called him Mahatma (great soul) Turn away from western ideas turn toward
traditional Emphasized self-discipline, love for all, non-
violence, civil justice
Do Now
How did Gandhi’s education influence his “agenda”
Traditional Ways
Strikes, protests, boycotts Campaign of civil disobedience 1920s
The Salt March 1930Protested tax on saltWent on 200 mile march to make salt from
seawater50000 arrested for breaking law (only
allowed to buy taxed salt)
Salt March
WWII
Indians refused to support war unless granted independence
Britain refused “Quit India”= Non-Cooperation and Civil
disobedience toward the British Arrests for more than 20000 Indians
Nationalism Wins Out
Nationalisms strength in India coupled with the fact that most British no longer agreed with the colonization of territory, Britain moved India towards independence
Britain was also weakened by their participation in the war.
Muslim-Hindu Conflict
To prevent a civil war in India, Britain formed two nations, Pakistan and India, and passed the independence act giving India their independence
Fighting exploded between the Muslims and Hindus. ½ million people died.
Hindus migrated into India and Muslims into Pakistan (15 million)
Eventually East Pakistan becomes Bangladesh in 1971
Gandhi’s Reaction
Gandhi refused to celebrate the independence because of the violence
He help prayer meetings, reading from the Koran, the Bible and the Bhagavad-Gita
A Hindu extremist was upset by Gandhi’s reaction attended a prayer meeting, bowed at Gandhi’s feet, rose and shot Gandhi.
The New India A constitution was written
○ Democratic Republic○ Equality, justice, and liberty
Federal government with a central government and 25 state and 7 territory governments.
President appoints state governors Parliament is elected and leading party appoints a
prime minister. The real head of the government. (president is a figure head)
2 Houses (bicameral legislature)Council of State– Elected by the legislatureHouse of the People– People elect the members
All citizens over 18 have the right to vote
Issues Government trying to prevent untouchables– Upper casts
upset○ Law forbidding ○ Providing government jobs
Cultural groups trying to gain independence– Separatist violence
Sikh separatism– Punjab (state) majority. No such luck Muslim-Hindu conflict continues (100 million Muslims still
inhabit india. Kashmir Conflict Nuclear Conflict Religious Conflicts
Economy and Industry
Mixed Economy Transition from cash crop to industry Farming has been improved
○ Building of wells, canals and dams○ Success– Flood prevention and food output○ Green Revolution– New seeds and farming
methods to improve output
Land reform- Take from large land and sell to small farmers
Life in India Villages
General ○ ½ with electricity○ Few have running
water○ Oxen pulled plows○ Becoming advanced
slowly ○ Improving healthcare
Education○ At independence only
10% literacy○ ½ children attended
school○ Now = 61% literacy
rateFamily
○ 95% all marriages are arranged
○ Move toward nuclear family
○ Women subordinate
Education and Literacy
Inequality
Boys receive better healthcare, education and even diets
Untouchables still struggle yet some progress has been made
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