View
216
Download
1
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
MentalHealthandStressCHAPTER2
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
1
PositivePsychologyandCharacterStrengthsInrecentyears,psychologistshavebecomemoreinterestedinpositivepsychology◦ Focusonpositiveemotions,characteristics,strengths,andconditionsthatcreatehappiness
◦ Sixvirtuesthat“enablehumanthriving”◦ Wisdom◦ Courage◦ Humanity◦ Justice◦ Temperance◦ Transcendence
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
2
CharacteristicsofMentallyHealthyPeople
•Possesshighself-esteem•Acceptimperfectionsinthemselvesandothers•Altruistic•Haveasenseofcontrolovertheirlives•Demonstratesocialcompetenceinrelationships•Abletorelyonothers•Notoverwhelmedbyemotions•Trytomaintainapositiveoutlookonlife•Capableofintimacy;nofearofcommitment•Showcreativity•Persevereandtakeonchallenges•Takereasonablerisksinordertogrow•Canbouncebackfromadversity
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
3
TheSelf-ActualizedPersonSelf-actualization:thestateattainedwhenapersonhasreachedhisorherfullpotential
ProposedbyMaslowasthelevelatwhichpeopleachievetranscendence◦ Stateofwell-beingthatcomesfromfindingpurposeandmeaninginlife
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
4
Maslow’sHierarchyofNeeds
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
5
Optimism,Self-Efficacy,andResilienceOptimism:tendencytoseeproblemsastemporaryandspecificratherthanpermanentandgeneral
Self-efficacy:ageneralsensethatyouhavesomecontroloveryourlife
Resilience:theabilitytobouncebackfromadverseevents
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
6
HappinessandPositivePsychologyHappinessinvolvesthreecomponents:◦ Positiveemotionandpleasure(savoringsensoryexperiences)◦ Engagement(depthofinvolvementwithfamily,work,romance,andhobbies)
◦ Meaning(usingpersonalstrengthstoservesomelargerend)
Engagementandmeaningarethemostimportantingivingpeoplesatisfactionandhappiness
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
7
EmotionalIntelligencePsychologistDanielGolemanexpandedconceptofintelligencebyincludingtheideaofemotionalintelligence◦ Insistsqualitiessuchasself-awareness,self-discipline,persistence,andempathyaremoreimportantthanIQ
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
8
EmotionalIntelligencePeoplewhoareemotionallyintelligentcan:◦ Recognize,name,andunderstandtheiremotions◦ Managetheiremotionsandcontroltheirmoods◦ Motivatethemselves◦ Recognizeandrespondtoemotionsinothers◦ Besociallycompetent
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
9
BereavementandHealthyGrievingGrievingisanaturalresponsetolossandisoftenexpressedbyamultitudeoffeelings,includingsadness,loneliness,anger,andguilt
Suchintenseemotionalfeelingscanhaveanegativeimpactonone’soverallhealth
Thereisnorightorwrongwaytogrieveandnospecifictimetable
Seekingsupportandkeepingajournalcanbepartofthehealingprocess
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
10
FacingDeathKübler-Ross,1969:stagespeoplegothroughwhenintheprocessofdying◦ (1)Denialandisolation;(2)anger;(3)bargaining;(4)depression;(5)acceptance
◦ Stagesarenotlinear;peopleexperiencethemindifferentordersormayrevisitstages
Moremodernapproachesfocusonwaystolive withillnessratherthanpreparefordeath
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
11
TheBrain’sRoleinMentalHealthandIllness
•Thebrainisthecentralcontrolstationforhumanintelligence,feeling,andcreativity– Thebrainandnervoussystemmediateallbehavior,bothnormalandabnormal
•Sincethe1980s,knowledgeofthestructureandfunctionofthebrainhasincreaseddramatically
•Advancesinimagingtechnologies(CATscans,PETscans,MRIs,fMRIs)haveallowedformanynewdiscoveries
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
12
TheDevelopingBrainBytheageof6,95%ofthebrainisformed
Agrowthspurtinadolescenceoccursinthefrontalcortex,wherethe“executivefunctions”ofplanning,organization,andrationalthinkingarecontrolled
Bytheearlytomid20s,amorematureadultbrainresults
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
13
MentalIllnessandtheBrainMentalillnessesarediseasesthataffectthebrain• Cognitivedisordersarecausedbyapathologyofthebrainandarerare• Mentaldisordersaremorecommonlycausedbycomplexinteractions
◦ Biological,psychological,social,andculturalfactors◦ Somehaveageneticcomponent
Imbalancesofneurotransmittersseemtobeparticularlyimportantinavarietyofmentaldisorders
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
14
MentalDisordersandTreatmentMentaldisorder:apatternofbehaviorassociatedwithdistress(pain)ordisabilityorwithsignificantlyincreasedriskofsuffering,death,pain,disability,orlossoffreedom◦ Amentaldisorderisdifferentfromapsychologicalproblemthatcanbeconsiderednormal,anditcanbediagnosedfromasetofsymptoms
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
15
MoodDisordersKnownasdepressiveoraffectivedisorders
Amongthemostcommonmentaldisordersaroundtheworld
Morethan20millionadultsintheUnitedStatessufferfromadepressiveillness,affectingmorewomenthanmen
Examplesinclude:◦ Majordepressivedisorder(depression)◦ Bipolardisorder(manicepisodes)
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
16
AnxietyDisordersAlongwithdepression,anxietydisordersarethemostcommonmentaldisorders◦ Affectmorethan40millionAmericans18andolder
◦ Panicattack:apprehensionorintensefearintheabsenceofdanger◦ Panicdisorder:recurrentunexpectedpanicattacks◦ Specificphobia:intensefearofasituationorobject,invokingimmediateanxiety◦ Socialphobia:intensefearofsocialorperformancesituations◦ Generalizedanxietydisorder:worryaboutroutinematters◦ Obsessive-compulsivedisorder:persistent,intrusivethoughts,impulses,orimages
thatcauseintenseanxietyordistress
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
17
AddictionContinued,compulsivebehaviordespiteseriousnegativeconsequencesPhysiologicaldependencereducessensitivitytosubstance’seffectsWithdrawalsymptomsoccurwhensubstanceusestopsEvenwithoutphysiologicaldependence,psychologicaldependencecanoccurUsuallyassociatedwithsubstanceuse,butconceptofaddictionnowextendedtootherareasofcompulsivebehaviors
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
18
SchizophreniaandOtherPsychoticDisordersDisorderscharacterizedbydelusions,hallucinations,disorganizedspeechorbehavior,andothersignsthatanindividualhaslosttouchwithreality
Schizophreniahasastronggeneticcomponent
Inmostcases,symptomsofthediseasecanbecontrolledwithmedication
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
19
MentalDisordersandSuicideSuicideisthesecond-leadingcauseofdeathamongcollegestudents
About7%ofcollege-agedstudentsseriouslyconsideredsuicidein2012,andalmost1%attemptedtokillthemselves
WomeninU.S.societyaremorelikelytoattemptsuicide,butmenarefourtimesmorelikelytosucceed
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
20
MentalDisordersandSuicideWhatleadsapersontosuicide?◦ Asmanyas90%ofthosewhocommitsuicidearesufferingfromamentaldisorder—oftendepression
◦ Thesymptomlinkingdepressionandsuicideisafeelingofhopelessness◦ Depressionandalcoholismmaybeinvolvedintwo-thirdsofsuicides◦ Substanceabuseanddepressioncanbelethal◦ Sometimesthereisnoapparentprecipitatingeventorproblem
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
21
MentalDisordersandSuicideBehavioralsignsthatmayindicateapersonisthinkingaboutsuicide:◦ Commentsaboutdeathandthreatsofsuicide◦ Increasingsocialwithdrawalandisolation◦ Intensifiedmoodiness◦ Increaseinrisk-takingbehaviors◦ Suddenimprovementinmood,accompaniedbycertainbehaviors,suchasgivingawaypossessions
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
22
MentalDisordersandSuicideHowtohelp:◦ Thedangerofaskingifsomeoneisthinkingaboutsuicide(“plantingtheseed”)isamyth
◦ Encouragethepersontotalk◦ Encouragethepersontogethelpthroughasuicidehotlineorcounseling◦ Donotkeepthesituationasecret◦ Donotleaveasuicidalpersonalone
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
23
Self-InjuryIntentionalinjurytoone’sownbody,knownsometimesasself-harm,self-mutilation,orself-injuriousbehavior
Behaviorsincludecutting,burning,scratching,branding,picking,hair-pulling,andhead-banging
Individualsoftenhaveahistoryofphysicaland/orsexualabuseaswellascoexistingproblemssuchassubstanceabuseoraneatingdisorder
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
24
TreatmentsforMentalDisordersPsychotherapy◦ Morethan250differentmodelsofpsychotherapy◦ Basedonthedevelopmentofpositiveinterpersonalrelationshipbetweenaclientandatherapist
Medications◦ Antipsychotics◦ Antidepressants◦ Anxiolytics(anti-anxiety)◦ Usehasincreaseddramaticallyinrecentyears
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
25
WhatIsStress?Stress:thegeneralstateofthebody,mind,andemotionswhenanenvironmentalstressorhastriggeredthestressresponse
Stressors:eventsoragentsintheenvironmentthatcancausestress• Whenyouappraiseaneventaspositive,youexperienceeustress,orpositivestress
• Whenyouappraiseitasnegative,youexperiencedistress
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
26
TheStressResponseAstressresponse (orfight-or-flightresponse)isaseriesofphysiologicalchangesthatoccurinthebody
Allanimals,includinghumans,havetheabilitytorespondtoemergenciestheyperceiveasdangerous
Theautonomicnervoussystem istriggeredviathesympatheticbranchtoactivatethebody’sorganstorespondtothepossiblethreat;ithastwobranches:◦ Parasympatheticbranch:initiatesstressresponse◦ Sympatheticbranch:turnsoffstressresponseandreturnsthebodytonormal
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
27
TheStressResponse:ChangesintheBody
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
28
TheRelaxationResponseHomeostasis isastateofstabilityandbalanceinwhichbodyfunctionsaremaintainedwithinanormalrange
Therelaxationresponseisaseriesofphysiologicalchangesthatcalmthebodysystemsandreturnthemtonormalfunctioning
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
29
AcuteStressandChronicStress
Yourbodycandealwithshort-termacutestress,aslongasyourecoverafterwards
Whenstressisconstant,itbecomesdamagingtothebody
Manypeopleliveinastateofchronicstress,whichisastressresponsecontinuingwithoutarelaxationandincreasesthelikelihoodofillnessordisease
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
30
TheGeneralAdaptationSyndromeHansSelye developedtheGeneralAdaptationSyndrome asanexplanationofthephysiologicalchangesobservedduringastressresponse
Theprocesshasthreestages:◦ Alarm◦ Resistance◦ Exhaustion
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
31
PhysicalEffectsofChronicStressStressplaysaroleinillnessanddiseaseinavarietyofways◦ Immunesystem
◦ Bothbriefandlong-termstressorsdecreaseimmunefunction
◦ Cardiovascularsystem◦ Long-termstressresponsecancausevariousformsofheartdisease
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
32
PhysicalEffectsofChronicStressStressplaysaroleinillnessanddiseaseinavarietyofways◦ Gastrointestinalsystem
◦ Commonformsofstomachailmentscanberelatedtostress
◦ Mentalhealth◦ Formsofacuteandchronicstresscancontributetothedevelopmentofpsychologicalillnesses
◦ Acutestressdisorder◦ Post-traumaticstressdisorder(PTSD)◦ Adjustmentdisorder
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
33
MediatorsoftheStressResponseDifferentpeopleresponddifferentlytostressors
Factorsthataffecttheseresponsescouldbepastexperiencesandoveralllevelofwellness
Othercriticalareasinclude:◦ Personalitytraits◦ Habitualwaysofthinking◦ Inbornoracquiredattitudestowardthedemandsoflife
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
34
PersonalityFactorsTypeAbehaviorpattern◦ Impulsive,achievementoriented,andhighlycompetitive◦ Primecandidatesforstress-relatedillnesses,andincreasedriskforanumberofotherdiseases
TypeBbehaviorpattern◦ Moreeasygoingandlessreadilyfrustrated◦ Lesssusceptibletocoronaryheartdisease
Recentadditionalpersonalitytypes◦ TypeCpersonalitytypes:introverted,detail-oriented,reservedpeople
◦ TypeDpersonalitytypes:notveryexpressive,andholdinnegativeemotions
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
35
CognitiveFactors,andResilienceandHardinessCognitivefactors:youroutlookandbeliefsaboutlifeaffecthowyoudealwithstressorsinyourlife
Resilience:stress-resistantpeopleseemtofocusonimmediateissuesandexplaintheirstrugglesinpositiveandhelpfulways
Hardiness:characterizedbyatendencytoviewlifeeventsaschallengesratherthanthreats
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
36
SourcesofStressLifeevents
Dailyhassles◦ Collegestress◦ Jobpressure
◦ Burnout◦ Moneyandfinancialworries
Familyandinterpersonalstress
Timepressure,overload,andtechnology
Anger
Trauma
Societalissues
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
37
HealthyandUnhealthyWaystoManageStressUnhealthywaystomanagestressincludetheuseoftobacco,theuseandabuseofdrugsandalcohol,andtheuseoffoodtomanagefeelings
Needtoexperimentwithactivestressmanagementtechniques
Whatworksforonepersonmaynotbehelpfulforanother
Practicestressmanagementonaregularbasis
Somestressfuleventsandsituationsareoverwhelming—don’thesitatetoseekcounseling
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
38
StressReductionStrategiesTimemanagement
Socialsupport
Ahealthylifestyle
Relaxationtechniques◦ Deepbreathing◦ Progressiverelaxation◦ Visualization(guidedimagery)◦ Mindfulness-basedmeditation◦ Yoga◦ T’ai chi◦ Biofeedback◦ Affirmations
COPYRIGHT © 2015 MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NO REPRODUCTION OR DISTRIBUTION WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF MCGRAW-HILL EDUCATION.
39
Recommended