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Methods for long term
monitoring of Rhodolith beds
Rafael Riosmena-Rodríguez
Programa de Investigación en Botánica Marina,
Departamento de Biología Marina, UABCS
Timothy M. Lenton, Hywel T.P. Williams, 2013. On the origin of planetary-scale tipping points, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, Volume 28; 380-382,
International legal instruments commonly used to
protect, manage and use the environment
Ramsar sites
Fisheries reserves
IUCN NaturalProtected Areas
UNESCO site
European Water Directive
Geoparks
Rhodolith/mäerl beds are living and
dead aggregations of non-geniculate
coralline algae that cover dense and
extensive benthic areas in recent
oceans and are widely represented in
fossil deposits
Rhodolith bed definition
Importance of episodic events like hurricanes???
Aerial/satellite images, sonar bottom profiling, and current/light meters & sediment traps
within and at margins of rhodolith beds
Bed
Sand
► What boundary conditions determine lateral
distribution?
Need bed maps and long term measurements of
water motion, sedimentation and light (?) (extension
of Mitchell & Collins)
Hertzinger et al 2006
Hinojosa-Arengo et al 2014
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1.9
9
2.9
9
3.9
9
4.9
9
7.9
9
8.9
9
9.9
9
11
12
13
1.0
0
2.0
0
3.0
0
4.0
0
6.0
0
8.0
0
3.0
1
5.0
1
6.0
1
8.0
2
Tiempo (meses/años)
Med
ia (
Desv.
Std
.)
Arena
Rodolos10.9
9
11.9
9
12.9
9
Tiempo (mesas/anos)
1999 2000
Canal de San Lorenzo
Knowns - how they are: world-wide distribution, “soft” substrate,
moderate water motion, low sedimentation, depth: light & water motion-sedimentation,
foundation species for a diverse associated flora & fauna
Knowns - what they do: grow slow, important carbonate producers, net
consumers of O2, net producers of dissolved inorganic N, provide heterogeneous
habitat & settlement substrate
Species richness of
each trophic group
Complexity
0
2
4 cm
Predators
Suspension feeders
Detritivores
Micrograzers
P,S,D
Incrementando el espacio vital Grall et al. (2006)
J Exp Mar Biol
Ecol, 338, 1-15
Ecology of Rhodolith Bed Communities (Systems)
► Effects of epiphytes:
Negative: reduce light & survivorship, increase sedimentation?
Positive (facilitative): shade, food for fauna & nutrients for rhodoliths?
Over the last 20 years taxonomic
75 publictions of associated
species have shown the
relevance of the habitat in where
Amphipods, Tunicates, Sponges
are the most studied taxa.
Abundance
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
rhodolith bed sand flat
ab
un
dan
ce /
m 2
Richess
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
rhodolith bed sand flat
habitat
sp
ecie
s r
ich
ness
habitat
- Provide nutrients (Martin et al.)
Organic N Inorganic N
Are rhodoliths dependent on inorganic N
in the surrounding ocean?
► What is the relative importance of movement?
Riosmena
Shape &
branching
Prevent
anoxia &
remove
sediment
Fouling
Lithophyllum margaritae
Field movement rates and lengths of time buried?
Biology of Individuals
►How respond to and recover from disturbance (stress)?
Relationship to cell biology & physiology
Observations:
- recovery after bleaching
- pigment may be concentrated on
surface away from stress
- grow & reproduce while buried
in course sediment
- anoxia kills (Hall-Spencer et al., Wilson et al.)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
L. margaritae N. trichotomun
An
nu
al
Gro
wth
Rate
(m
m/y
r)
Species
surface
Steller
Lithophyllum margaritae
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
L. margaritae N. trichotomun
Pro
po
rtio
n M
ate
ria
l R
ep
rod
uc
tive
Species
sur…bur…
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Long
itud
(mm
)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Número de bandas
Lcal= 1.62 + 0.27 (X)
r2= 0.86
P=0.000
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Long
itud
(mm
)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Edad (años)
L = 5.68 + 0.46 (t) r2=0.86 p=0.000
Donde para L. muellerii
la tasa de crecimiento
promedio anual fue de
0.60 mm/año con
individuos de hasta 120
años de antigüedad.
(M. Rivera et al. 2004)
(Steller 2003)
New
growth
Tasa de Crecimiento
L. muellerii 0.6mm/yr
L. margaritae 5.6mm/yr
S. trichtomum 7-8mm/yr
L. margaritae
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
winter summer
season
gro
wth
ra
te (
mm
/ye
ar)
p<0.05
Tasa de crecimiento anual
5.62+1.19mm/year
Seasonal variation (2-4 cm tamańo)
Over the last decade approximately 130
papers related to rhodolith/mäerl ecosystem
has been published in a per
reviewed/indexed journals and is brining
the international attention to this
ecosystem.
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