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MODERN EUROPE
(1945 - 2013)
The Cold War (1945 - 1991)
State Of Tension And Hostility Without Actual Armed
Conflict
America Vs. Soviet Union
Democracy (Free Elections) Communist Party Rule
Capitalism - Private Enterprise Command Economy (Gov. Control)
Support Freedom And Democracy Spread Communist Revolution
US vs. USSR
Tension Started To Emerge Between America And The Soviet Union At The Yalta Peace Conference (February 1945)
Germany Would Be Divided Into 4 Occupation Zones Between USSR, U.S. Great Britain And France
In 1949 Germany Was Divided Into West (Democratic) And East (Communist)
Former Nazis Were Brought To Trial At Nuremberg And All Of Germany Underwent A Denazification Process
The United Nations
The United Nations Was Founded As A Worldwide Peace-Keeping Force
U.N. Also Tries To Solve Problems Of Disease, Hunger And Illiteracy
U.N. Security Council Is In Charge Of Keeping Peace (15 Nations - 10 Rotate)
United States
France
Great Britain
Russia (Soviet Union)
China
The Soviet Union
The Soviet Union Helped Establish Communist
Governments In Eastern Europe
Satellite States = Albania, Bulgaria, Romania,
Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, And East
Germany (States Where Policies Are Dictated By
Another Country)
“Satellite State Song”
Winston Churchill Said An "Iron Curtain" Had
Descended Across Europe
The Truman Doctrine
In 1947 America Adopted The Truman Doctrine = A Policy To Resist Communist Expansion Around The World (Containment)
Money Is The Best Weapon Against Communism
Truman Doctrine
1. Helped Greece And Turkey Against Communist Pressures By Giving Them $400 Million In Economic And Military Aid
2. The Marshall Plan Helped To Rebuild Western Europe By Giving These Nations $13 Billion
Satellite States Were Offered $13 Billion But They Said No
The Berlin Airlift and Wall
In 1948 The Soviet Union Blockaded West Berlin
America Responded With A Massive Airlift To Save
The City (Supply Planes)
The Soviet Union Starts To Build The Berlin Wall To
Separate East And West
Military Alliances Formed
1. N.A.T.O. - U.S., Canada And 10 European
Democracies (1949)
2. Warsaw Pact - The Soviets And Their Satellite
States (1953)
The Bomb and Arms Race
In 1949 The Soviet Union Tested Their First Atomic Bomb
The World's Largest Arms Race In History Began
In 1952 America Invents The Hydrogen Bomb, The Soviets Test One In 1953
Both America And The Soviet Union Practiced A Policy Of M.A.D. = Mutually Assured Destruction
Cold War Turns Hot
1. Korean War (1950 - 1953)
2. Cuban Missile Crisis (Oct. 1962)
3. Vietnam War (1965 - 1973)
Western Europe
Nations Of Western Europe Experienced An "Economic Miracle" As They Rebuild Their Economies After WWII
West Germany Became A Strong And Prosperous Nation
(1958 - 1969) - Charles De Gaulle Helped France Become Strong And Prosperous
In 1966 He Took France Out Of NATO
Moved France To A More Socialist Economy
Socialism
Socialism = The Government Controls Or Runs Key Businesses/Industries; People Voted for This (Democracy)
Most Countries In Europe Have Socialist Economies
Socialist States = Welfare States
Europe Today Is Linked Together By The EEC = European Economic Community (EU)
The Soviet Union And Eastern Europe
After The Death Of Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev Ruled The Soviet Union (1953 - 1964)
1. Criticized Many Of Joseph Stalin's Policies (De-Stalinization)
2. The Soviets Put The First Satellite Into Orbit Called Sputnik In 1957
3. Khrushchev Became The First Soviet Leader To Visit The U.S. In 1959
The Soviet Union And Eastern Europe
4. Cold War Heated Up
1960 - U-2 Spy Planes Shot
Down Over The Soviet Union
1961 - The Berlin Wall Was
Completed
1961 - Bay Of Pigs Invasion
1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis
5. Khrushchev Speech To
The United Nations "We
Will Bury You"
Every 12 Years A Revolt Against
Communism
In 1956 Hungary Called For Free Elections And Tried To Withdraw From The Warsaw Pact Soviet Troops Crush The Hungarian Resistance With 100,000
In 1968 The Soviet Union Invaded Czechoslovakia To Crush "Communism With A Human Face"
The Soviet Leader Leonid Brezhnev Stated "Whenever Communism Is Threatened, The Soviet Union Will Intervene" = Brezhnev Doctrine
Satellite States Trying to Leave Soviet
Orbit
In 1980 Lech Walesa Led The Polish Labor Union
Solidarity on A Series Of Strikes To Protest Living
And Working Conditions In Poland
In 1979 The Soviet Union Invaded Afghanistan To
Put Down An Anti-Communist Uprising
Mikhail Gorbachev
Mikhail Gorbachev Became The Leader Of The Soviet Union And Ruled From 1985 - 1991
Gorbachev's Reforms
1. Perestroika - Introduced More Freedom To The Economy
2. Glasnost - "Openness" As Freedom Of Speech And Expression Were Encouraged
The Fall of Communism in Europe
In 1989 Solidarity Reemerged Under Lech Walesa And Came To Power In Poland
Poland Became The First Country To Reject Communism
Berlin Wall came Down November 1989
By 1990 Germany Was Reunified
By 1990 All Of Eastern Europe Had Rejected Communism = Velvet Revolution
The Velvet Revolution (People Power)
Fall of Communism in the Soviet Union
In The August Coup Of 1991 Gorbachev Was
Driven From Power And Eventually Boris Yeltsin
Established Democracy
Fall of Communism in the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union’s republics
broke up into Individual
Countries with Russia being
the Largest
Russia has struggled to
make the Transition to
Democracy
Vladimir Putin = President
Of Russia Today (Now
Prime Minister)
Fall of Communism in Yugoslavia
In 1990 The Former Country Of Yugoslavia Broke
Up Into Smaller Nations Based On Nationalism And
There Has Been Fighting There Ever Since
Bosnian Serbs vs. Bosnian Muslims (1994)
Kosovo (1999)
Random Modern Europe Notes
Treaty of Maastricht(1991)- has a lot to do with the
European Union and the Euro Dollar.
Vietnam= Battle of Dien Bien Phu (1954)
Arab-Israeli Conflict
1. Balfour Declaration (1917)
2. British Rule of Palestine
3. 1956 Suez Crisis
The “Americanization” of Europe
Random Modern Europe Notes
Existentialism= Depressing and Cynical
1. Being and
Nothingness
2. No Exit
1. The Stranger
2. The Myth of Sisyphus
Jean Paul Satre Albert Camus
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