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Modern Philosophy. Part Three. Historical Background The Enlightenment. Introduction The Age of Enlightenment Philosophy & Science Four Pillars of the Enlightenment Nature Reason Education & Experience Progress. Newton Background. Background Newton Hero Science - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Modern PhilosophyPART THREE
Historical BackgroundThe Enlightenment
Introduction The Age of Enlightenment Philosophy & Science
Four Pillars of the Enlightenment Nature Reason Education & Experience Progress
Newton Background
Background Newton Hero
Science The end of Aristotelian science Empirical Rejection of speculative theory
Newton Impact
Newtonian Model for Philosophy Philosophers Influenced by Newton Julien La Metrie Influence on Epistemology & Philosophy of Mind
Newtonian Science & Religion Reaction Newton & Religion God in the Gaps
The Rise of Disbelief
Theism Reduced Theism Deism The Skeptics Naturalistic Atheism
The French
The Philosophes Philosophes Social Criticism Influences Encyclopedie
John LockeBackground
Background Early years & education Public life Revolution Works The End
Locke’s Project Age of enlightenment Motivation & task
Methodology Ideas Historically plain method
John LockeEmpirical Epistemology Critique of Innate Ideas
Goals Innate Ideas Universal Agreement Universal Knowledge Moral Principles
John LockeEmpirical Epistemology Theory of Simple Ideas
Origin of Knowledge Newtonian Influence Simple Ideas Type of simple ideas: Ideas of Sensation Type of simple ideas: Ideas of Reflection Only two sources of ideas.
John LockeEmpirical Epistemology Theory of Complex Ideas
Origin of Complex Ideas Classification of Complex Ideas Compounding Abstracting & Abstract Ideas
Primary & Secondary Qualities Qualities Primary Qualities Secondary Qualities Powers Locke’s general reasoning for the distinction
John LockeEmpirical Epistemology Representative Realism & Judgment
Representative Realism Judgment The Mohneaux Problem
Degrees of Knowledge Knowledge Intuitive knowledge Demonstrative knowledge Sensitive Knowledge Certainty
John LockeEmpirical Epistemology Refutation of Skepticism
The Skeptic Locke’s Humorous Reply First confirmation: production of ideas Second confirmation: unavoidable Third confirmation: pain & measurement Fourth confirmation: Sense support each other Adequate Practical approach
John LockeMetaphysics: Personal Identity Substance
Idea of substance Locke’s elephant story Ideas of material substance & spiritual substance
The Identity of Living Things Living creatures
Man Identity of Man What is Man?
John LockeMetaphysics: Personal Identity Consciousness & Personal Identity
Person Consciousness
Consciousness makes Personal Identity Forgetting Clothing analogy & hand argument
Personal Identity & Immaterial Substance Is it the same person through change of substance? Two distinct persons & one immaterial substance? Example: Nestor
John LockeMetaphysics: Personal Identity Memory & Personal Identity
Resurrection The Prince & the Cobbler Language
Self Depends on Consciousness Consciousness The Little Finger
John LockeMetaphysics: Personal Identity Reward & Punishment
PI and Justice The Little Finger Personal Identity Objection & Reply
A Problem about Punishment Drunk, Asleep & Judgment Day
Odd Cases Two & One
John LockeMoral Theory
Morality Moral Ideas Pleasure & Pain Law Three Kinds of Law
Locke’s rationalist account of ethics Moral demonstration Locke’s empirical account of ethics Locke’s mixed bag
John LockePhilosophy of Religion
Empirical Ideas of God Introduction Source of the idea of God Rejection of the perfection argument
Proving God’s existence Proving
Deism Deism Locke’s view Impact
John LockePolitical Philosophy
Background Background
The State of Nature The state Locke’s assumptions Differences from Hobbes’ state of nature The qualities of the state of nature
John LockePolitical Philosophy
Natural Laws & Rights Natural law theory Common property The basis of property & Locke’s proviso Limits of property Right of punishment & reparation Right of self defense Slavery
John LockePolitical Philosophy
Social Contract Motivation1: the state of nature lacks established,
settled, known law Motivation 2: the state of nature lacks a known
and indifferent judge Motivation 3: in the state of nature there is a lack
of power to enforce sentences The contract & consent Majority rule Express & tacit consent
John LockePolitical Philosophy
Limits of government Powers given up in society Limits of power Extent of the legislative power Natural law remains Branches of government
Tyranny & Resistance Tyranny Resistance
John LockeProblems & Impact
Innate Ideas Straw man? Intellect
Representative realism Problem of the external world Locke’s proposed solution Problem
Tyranny of the majority Majority rule
John LockeProblems & Impact
Impact & Significance Politics Philosophy
George BerkeleyBackground
There was a young man who said, "God Must think it exceedingly odd
If he finds that this tree Continues to be, When there's no one about in the quad."
Dear Sir, your astonishment's odd I'm always about in the quad,
And that's why the tree Continues to be, Since observed by,
Yours faithfully, God
George BerkeleyBackground
Background Life Impact on American Education
George BerkeleyOpposing Skepticism & Atheism
Berkeley’s Project Treatise Three Dialogues Newtonian Science Matter Idealism Against skepticism The philosopher of common sense
George BerkeleyEmpirical Reformation
Locke to the logical conclusion Locke
Theory of Ideas Ideas
Criticism of Abstract Ideas Locke’s theory of abstract ideas Berkeley’s criticism General ideas Language problem Rejection of abstract ideas: rejection of matter
George BerkeleyEmpirical Reformation
Arguments from Mental Dependency Meaning Argument Idea argument Objection & reply
Argument from Pain & Pleasure The argument Heat & pain Objection & reply
George BerkeleyEmpirical Reformation
Arguments from Perceptual Relativity Hot & Cold Argument Taste & Odor Argument Sound Color Results
George BerkeleyEmpirical Reformation
Primary & Secondary Qualities Arguments Primary & Secondary Qualities Contradiction argument Inseparability Argument Extension Argument Objection: extension & matter in general Number Argument Dream Argument Distance Argument
George BerkeleyEmpirical Reformation
Imagination Argument Imagination Argument
Criticism of Representational Realism Locke Objection Primary & secondary qualities
George BerkeleyMetaphysics
The World Objection: banishing the real Reply Dreams vs. Reality Existence Samuel Johnson Seeming Absurdity
George BerkeleyMetaphysics
Cause of Ideas Goal Ideas cannot Cause Ideas Material Substance Substance
Spirit & Ideas Spirit There can be no idea of soul or spirit The active mind Ideas of sense
George BerkeleyMetaphysics
Proof of God’s Existence Knowledge of other spirits Argument from design God: another proof & cause
God the Perceiver Perceiver
Refutation of Deism Deism Refutation
George BerkeleyMetaphysics
Problem with God The Problem Hylas’ Dilemma Berkeley’s Reply Hylas’ Reply
George BerkeleyScience & Laws of Nature
Science in an Immaterial World Berkeley’s View The Laws of Nature Causation Science & Religion Scriptural Argument Time & Space
George BerkeleyProblems & Impact
Trilemma Trilemma Solipsism Representative Realism Pantheism
Other Problems Perceiving & Conceiving Notion Common Sense Hume Theists
George BerkeleyProblems & Impact
Impact Impact
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