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Module PS5 Rev 1
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Substation Engineering
J.D.PARMAR
NIHAR RAJ
24th & 25th August 2007
jagatkishore.d.parmar@in.abb.com
nihar.raj@in.abb.com
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Substations
Introduction Various Switching Configuration Interlocking & Protection
philosophy Basics of layout engineering Substation design calculation Equipment & accessories Interface requirement of control,
protection & SCADA Statutory requirements & Safety
in substation
Content
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Substations
Introduction
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Substations
What is Substation ? Substation is an Electrical installation
where power is controlled for transmission & distribution purpose.
Substations can be categorized as: Power evacuation substation
Substation part of Transmission system
Substation part of Distribution system
Introduction
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Substations
Introduction : The Electric UtilityIntroduction : The Electric Utility
Power Evacuation Substation
Transmission Substation
Switching Substation
Distribution Substation
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Substations
Located adjacent to the Power Plant Preferred voltage level
420 kV 245 kV 123,145 kV 72.5, 66 kV
Evacuation voltage level depends on Quantum of power to be evacuated (size of
power plant) Distance of Transmission Gird network voltage of surrounding
transmission system Normally built by
Utilities (e.g. NTPC, NHPC, Captive Power Plant by industries)
Independent Power Producer (IPP)
Introduction : Power Evacuation substation
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Substations
Location is decided based on Transmission Grid Network
Preferred voltage level 420kV
245kV
145kV
Transmission voltage depends on Quantum of power to be received / transmitted
Length of transmission line
Normally built by Utilities (e.g. Power Grid, State Electricity
Boards)
Introduction : Transmission substation
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Substations
Location is near the load Preferred voltage level
245kV
145kV
72.5/36 kV
Station voltage level depends on Demand of power
Utility norms of distribution Normally built by
Utilities (e.g. State Electricity Broads)
Industries
Introduction : Distribution substation
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Substations
SwitchingConfiguration
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Substations Switching Configuration
What is Busbar configuration ? Busbar configuration or Bus switching scheme
is the circuit adopted for substation based on following: System reliability Operational flexibility Ease of maintenance Limitation of fault level Simplicity of protection system Ease of extension Avaibility of land Cost
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Substations
With Sectionaliser
Switching Configuration : Single Bus Scheme
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Substations
Without Sectionaliser
With Sectionaliser
Switching Configuration : Single Bus Scheme
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Substations Switching Configuration: Single Bus Scheme
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Substations Switching Configuration: Single Bus Scheme
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Substations Switching Configuration : Bus Sectionalizer
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Substations Switching Configuration: Single Bus Scheme
Application Industrial stations with voltage level
generally up to 145kV
Also used for 245kV station with 2/3 bays
Features Simple system
Ease of Operation & maintenance Single level bus layout Easily expandable
Very simple Control & Protection philosophy
Large saving in space
No redundancy
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Substations
Double Bus with two Main & without
Transfer
Double Bus with one Main & one Transfer
Double Bus with one Main & one Main cum Transfer
Switching Configuration: Double Bus Scheme
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Substations Switching Configuration : One Main & Transfer
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Substations Switching Configuration : One Main & Transfer
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Substations Switching Configuration : One Main & Transfer
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Substations Switching Configuration : Main & Main cum transfer
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Substations Switching Configuration : Main & Main cum transfer
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Substations Switching Configuration : Main & Main cum transfer
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Substations Switching Configuration : Double Main
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Substations Switching Configuration : Double Main
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Substations Switching Configuration : Double Main with bypass
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Substations Switching Configuration : Double Main with bypass
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Substations
Bus Coupler Bay
Switching Configuration:Application of Transfer Bus
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Substations Switching Configuration : One Main & Transfer
Application Normally this is used for most industrial
stations and some time small power evacuation system
Features Simpler system
Better availability as additional bus is provided
Breaker can be taken out for maintenance where transfer bus feature is provided
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Substations
Three Bus with Main I & II and separate Transfer Bus
Main-1
Main-2
Transfer
Switching Configuration: Three Bus Scheme
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Substations
Main-1
Main-2
Transfer
Switching Configuration: Three Bus Scheme
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Substations Switching Configuration : Three Bus
Main Bus#1 Main Bus#2 Transfer Bus
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Substations Switching Configuration : Three Bus
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Substations Switching Configuration : Three Bus (Bus Coupler)
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Substations Switching Configuration : Three Bus (Bus Transfer)
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Substations
Application Power evacuation station
Interconnecting substation for transmission lines
Heavy Industrial stations viz. Steel, Aluminium, Petro-chemicals
Features Independent two buses sharing the feeder
Better load management
Better reliability
One transfer bay is in-built for redundancy of one bay
Complex Control & Protection system
Switching Configuration: Three Bus Scheme
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Substations
Main-1Main-2
Switching Configuration: One & Half CB Scheme
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Substations
Main-1Main-2
Switching Configuration: One & Half CB Scheme
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Substations Various Busbar Configuration : One & Half CB Scheme
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Substations
Application Mostly this configuration is adopted where high
reliability is required
Power evacuation station for big power plant
Interconnecting transmission substations with 420/245kV level
Features Very high reliability
Costly because of increase no. of Circuit Breaker
Complex Control & Protection philosophy
Switching Configuration: One & Half CB Scheme
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Substations Switching Configuration : Application
Power Generating Stations Double Bus Scheme Three Bus scheme
Two main & one transfer
One & Half CB Scheme Transmission Stations
Double Bus scheme Main & Main cum transfer
Three Bus scheme Two main & one transfer
One & Half CB Scheme
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Substations Switching Configuration : Application
Distribution Stations Single Bus scheme Single Bus with sectionalizer Double Bus scheme
Main & transfer
Double Main & Transfer (Industrial customer)
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Substations
EngineeringCalculations
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Substations Engineering Calculations
Purpose of doing engineering calculation To establish & validate design To Optimize To give complete error free solution to
customer. To ensure safety
Of Persons Of Animals Of equipments
To ensure correct Power system operation
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Substations Engineering Calculations
Reference Used by ABB for doing Calculations IEC Standards IEEE Standards IS Standards CBIP International papers
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Substations Engineering Calculations
Different types of calculations done in switchyard engineering1. Short Circuit Force Calculation for Flexible conductor2. Short Circuit force calculations for Rigid conductor 3. Cantilever strength check for bus support insulators4. Wind Pressure calculation5. Temperature rise calculation for Flexible conductor6. Temperature rise calculation for Rigid conductor7. Earthing Calculation8. Shielding Calculation9. Sag Tension Calculation10. Battery sizing calculation
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Substations
ELECTRICAL CONNECTION
FLEXIBLE RIGID
TENSILE FORCE ( Ft)
DROP FORCE ( Fs)
PINCH FORCE ( Fpi)
FORCE AT RIGID END(Fda)
FORCE AT FLEXIBLE END(Fdb)
Engineering Calculations : EDF
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Substations Inputs for Calculation
Short Circuit Force for Flexible conductor
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Substations Engineering Calculations : EDF
PURPOSE :- TO FIND OUT THE MAXIMUM SHORT CIRCUIT
FORCE COMING ON THE EQUIPMENT TERMINAL.
TO FIND OUT THE CANTELIVER STRENGTH OF THE BUS POST INSULATOR.
TO EVALUATE THE FORCES FOR DESIGN OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURE.
FACTORS/INPUTS ON WHICH EDF DEPENDS:- TYPE OF CONDUCTOR ( FLEXIBLE OR RIGID
CONDUCTOR)
SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT.
FAULT CLEARANCE TIME.
SPAN LENGTH.
PHASE DISTANCE.
NUMBER OF CONDUCTOR PER PHASE.
STATIC TENSION.
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Substations Engineering Calculations : Earthing
PURPOSE :- TO FIND OUT THE MAXIMUM STEP AND
TOUCH POTENTIAL COMING IN A SUBSTATION.
TO ACHIEVE SAFE VALUES OF STEP AND TOUCH POTENTIAL WRT TO THE CALCULATED VALUES.
TO ACHIEVE SAFE VALUES OF GPR BY RESTRICTING THE REDUCING THE VALUE OF GROUND RESISTANCE.
FACTORS/INPUTS ON WHICH EARTHING DEPENDS:- SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT.
FAULT CLEARANCE TIME.
SOIL RESISTIVITY.
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Substations Engineering Calculations : DSLP
PURPOSE :- TO PROTECT SUBSTATION FROM
LIGHTNING STROKE BY PROBABLISTIC METHOD.
FACTORS/INPUTS ON WHICH DSLP DEPENDS:- HEIGHT OF LIGHTNING MAST/SHIELD WIRE.
HEIGHT OF THE EQUIPMENT TO BE PROTECTED.
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Substations
What are the methods for D.S.L.P. design? As per "High Voltage Engineering" by Razevig with help of LM
As per IS:2309 which is also using LM and spikes
As per electro-geometry method by using combination of LM and shield wire.
Protective Zone by LMShield wire
Lightning Mast
Typical DSLP Layout
Engineering Calculations : DSLP
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Substations Inputs for Calculation
Shielding Calculation
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Substations
Substation Engineering CalculationEngineering Calculations : DSLP
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Substations Engineering Calculations : Sag Tension
PURPOSE :- TO STRING THE CONDUCTOR AT MAIN BUS LEVEL
AND JACK BUS LEVEL. TO MAINTAIN NECESSARY ELECTRICAL
CLEARANCES. FOR PANTOGRAPH ISOLATORS TO ACHIEVE A
PROPER CONTACT AREA BETWEEN THE HANGER AND THE PANTOGRAPH ARM.
FACTORS/INPUTS ON WHICH SAG TENSION DEPENDS:- STATIC TENSION SPAN OF CONDUCTOR, TYPE & NUMBER OF
CONDUCTOR. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM TEMPERATURE. WIND PRESSURE. WEIGHT OF STRING HARDWARE, INSULATOR
STRING, SPACERS.
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Substations Inputs for Calculation
Sag Tension Calculation
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Substations Engineering Calculations : Wind Pressure
PURPOSE :-
TO EVALUATE THE WIND PRESSURE AT VARIOUS LEVELS.
WIND PRESSURE FORMS INPUT FOR STRUCTURE AND CIVIL DESIGN.
WIND PRESSURE CALCULATION IS ALSO USED FOR DETERMINING CANTELIVER STRENGTH OF ALL INSULATORS (ALONG WITH EDF FORCES)
STANDARDS USED ARE IS:802 AND IS:875
FACTORS/INPUTS ON WHICH WIND PRESSURE CAL DEPENDS:- WIND ZONE IN WHICH A SUBSTATION IS
SITUATED.
TOPOGRAPHY NEAR THE SUBSTATION.
LOCATION OF CLIFF, VALLEY OR MOUNTAIN NEAR A SUBSTATION.
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Substations Engineering Calculations : Temperature Rise
PURPOSE :-
To determine thermal sizing of conductors ( Flexible Conductor / AL.Tube)
FACTORS/INPUTS ON WHICH TEMPERATURE RISE CAL DEPENDS:- Continuous current.
Short Circuit Current.
SOLAR HEAT GAIN.
RADIATION LOSS.
CONVECTION HEAT LOSS.
FAULT DURATION TIME.
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE.
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Substations Inputs for Calculation
Temperature rise calculation for Flexible Conductor
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Substations Inputs for Calculation
Temperature rise calculation for Rigid Conductor
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Substations Engineering Calculations : Temperature Rise
PERMISSIBLE VALUES OF OPERATING TEMPERATURE :- Maximum allowed temperature rise under
normal condition. ACSR Conductor = 75deg C (As per CBIP
Manual) Al. Tube = 85 deg C ( BS:159)
Maximum allowed temperature under short circuit condition. ACSR Conductor = 650 deg C ( As per CBIP
paper) Al tube = 200 deg C ( As per IEEE:605)
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Substations
Layout Engineering
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Substations Layout Engineering
What is Substation Layout ?
Substation Layout is the conception which transforms to reality through engineering, execution & commissioning.
Layout Engineering . . . . is the basic document to be sent to Customer /
Consultants for approval
forms the basis of entire project scope
forms basis for engineering estimates
form input for civil & structure design
basic document for statutory approval
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Substations
TYPICAL SUBSTATION PLAN LAYOUT
Incoming Line Bay Single Bus Bar Outgoing
Transformer Bay
Layout Engineering : Plan View
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Substations Layout Engineering
Following details form the input for layout engineering: Bay & Busbar configuration
Bay width & depth, Height of busbar, Distance to fence, Building and total dimensions.
Statutory clearances (Phase to Phase, Phase to Earth, Sectional clearance)
Lightning Mast, Gantries (Column & Beam), String Insulators, Busbar, Equipment etc.
Position of various drive box, junction box, Marshalling box.
Maintenance aspect for Transformer, Reactor, CB.
Illumination requirement.
Calculations like EDF ( deciding max safe span length& location of BPI) , DSLP (locating LM).
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Substations Layout Engineering
Bay Width will depend on . Phase to Phase & Phase to Earth clearances Sectional Clearances Tower width Swing of conductor Bird clearances Cable trench routing Maintainability of equipment Tandem Isolator arrangement
Distances in between equipment will depend on.. Phase to Phase & Phase to Earth clearances Sectional Clearances
Position of switch cubicle, junction box, drive box etc.
Maintainability of equipment
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Substations Layout Engineering
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Substations
Standard bay width & clearancesSystem Voltage
Phase to Phase Distance
Phase to Earth Distance
Bay width Sectional Clearance
kV mm mm mm mm66 2000 2000 8000 3000
132 2700 2500 9400 3500
132 (Standard)
3000 3000 12000 3500
220 (standard)
4500 4000 17000 4500
220 (Industry)
4500 4500 18000 4500
220 (IPP) 5000 4000 18000 4500
400 7000 6500 27000 6000
Layout Engineering
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Substations Layout Engineering
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Substations
Equipment &Accessories
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Substations
Substation
Main Equipment
Engineered items
Auxiliary Equipment
Civil
Auxiliary System
Structure
Main Equipment
Equipment & Accessories
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Substations
Main Equipment Circuit Breaker Instrument Transformer (CT/CVT) Surge Arrester Isolator Transformer & Reactor Bus Support Insulator Line Traps Control & Protection system Power Line Carrier Communication system
Equipment & Accessories
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Substations
72.5 kV EDF Breaker
420 kV ELF SP Breaker
72.5 kV EDI Breaker
245 kV ELF SP Breaker
420kV, 50kA type ELF SP 6-2
245kV, 40kA type ELF SP 4-1
245 kV, 40 kA type LTB E1
145kV, 40kA type LTBD1
72.5kV, 31.5kA type ED
245 kV LTB E1 Breaker
Equipment & Accessories
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Substations
Outdoor live tank vacuum & SF6 circuit breakers 3.3kV to 40.5kV Spring and magnetic actuator mechanism (12/15kV)
Single pole vacuum circuit breakers and interrupters with magnetic actuators for 25kV AC railway traction applications
Equipment & Accessories
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Substations
PRODUCT RANGEDead Tank Current Transformers 66-420 kVCapacitor Voltage Transformers 72.5-420 kVCoupling Capacitors 72.5-420 kVGrading Capacitors Up to 280 kV
Equipment & Accessories
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Substations
Types of Isolator
Center Break
Double Break
Vertical Break-knee type
Voltage 11kV - 800kV Op. Mech. Motor / Manual Current 100-3150A STC 40kA Earth Switch 1, 2, Independent Orientation Series / Parallel / Tandem
Equipment & Accessories
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Substations
Power transformers / Converter Transformer/ Traction Transformer Used of conversion of energy from one
voltage to another voltage level Costliest equipment in substation Single phase & three phase installation For major substations tertiary being
loaded for feeding auxiliary power to substation
Oil & paper as insulating material prevails Use of High Temperature
Superconducting (HTS) material FEM based tools for design analysis
Equipment & Accessories
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Substations
Bus Support Insulators are used for supporting the busbars
Important selection parameters Voltage level
Canteliver strength
Creepage distance
Top & Bottom PCD
Compressive strength
Torsional strength
Equipment & Accessories
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Substations
Line traps are used for Power system communication
It blocks high frequency carrier signals Important selection parameters
Voltage level
mH rating
Continuous current rating
Short Circuit current rating
Type of mounting Pedestal Suspension
Equipment & Accessories
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Substations
Control & Protection System Used for controlling flow of power Advent of 61850 based relays Mounting of panels in outdoor AC
Kiosk New trend started by PGCIL First Kiosk drawing conceptualised by
ABB DESIGN
Equipment & Accessories
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Substations
Substation
Main Equipment
Engineered items
Auxiliary Equipment
Civil
Auxiliary System
Structure
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Substations
Engineered Items Busbar Materials
Strung bus conductor (ACSR) Rigid bus conductor (AL Tube) Clamps & Connectors String Insulator & Hardware
Earthing Materials Main earthing materials (Rod or Flat) Earth Pits
Cables & accessories LT Power & Control cable HT Power Cable Cable terminations, gland, lugs, ties, marker
etc. Cable supporting materials
Equipment & Accessories
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Substations
Types of Busbar
Rigid bus comprising of AL tube
Strung bus comprising of A C S R / A A A
conductor
Types of Support
Bus post insulator for rigid bus
String Insulator for strung bus
Component & Accessories
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Substations Equipment & Accessories
Expansion type terminal Connector
Tee - Connector
Terminal Connector
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Substations Equipment & Accessories
Bus Support Insulator Clamp
Tee Connector
PG Clamp
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Substations Equipment & Accessories
Hardware Material
Double Tension String Hardware
Tension Clamp & Arcing Horn
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Substations Equipment & Accessories
Drop Clamp & Through Clamp
Single Suspension String Hardware(Drop type & Through type)
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Substations
Substation
Main Equipment
Engineered items
Auxiliary Equipment
Civil
Auxiliary System
Structure
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Substations
Auxiliary Equipment LTAC Switchgear Panel DC Distribution Board Battery & Batter Charger DC Distribution Board Auxiliary LT Transformer Lighting Transformer Main Lighting distribution transformer Emergency lighting distribution transformer Diesel Generator UPS
Equipment & Accessories
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Substations Equipment & Accessories : LT AC Distribution
50V BATTERY CHARGER
FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
415V ACDB-2A
415V MAIN SWDB-1A
LIGHTING DB-3A
EMERGENCY LIGHTING DB-
4A
100KVA LIGHTING TRAFO.
VENTILATION DB-5A
220V BATTERY CHARGER
630KVA AUX. TRAFO. 1000KVA AUX. TRAFO.
250KVA DG SET
415V AC AUXILIARY
SYSTEM
33KV FORM TERTIARY OF 315MVA TARNSFORMER
11KV FROM S.E.B.
Typical AC System SLD
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Substations Equipment & Accessories : AC & DC Board
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Substations
DC Auxiliary System Auxiliary system which provides reliable DC source for
control & protection circuit of substation equipment. DC system backed up by Battery ensures higher level of security over AC auxiliary system
Typical DC Load in substation Protection & interlocks
Switchgear control
Remote control & Indication
Annunciation system
Control & instrumentation
Power line carrier ( PLCC )
Emergency DC Lighting
Electric clocks
Communication systems
Data acquisition & logging system
Equipment & Accessories : DC System
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Substations Equipment & Accessories : DC System
Tubular Battery Battery is simple construction Life is 10 years. Most Economical
Plante Battery 40% better performance Longer Life (20 years) Almost 2.5-3 times Costlier than Tubular battery
Maintenance Free Does not require any topping up of water Less hazardous and no special room required Needs control environment at 270C Cost is 2 times of Tubular battery
Ni-Cd Battery Longer life span (25 years) More stable & reliable performance Less hazardous and corrosion free Cost is 4 times of tubular battery
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Substations
Inputs for Battery Sizing
Instantaneous or Momentary Load
Circuit Breaker Trip / Close, Protective Relays
Continuous Load
Annunciation system, DC supervision, Indication
Lamps, Auxiliary Relays, Semaphores
Emergency Loads
Emergency lighting
Equipment & Accessories : DC System
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Substations Equipment & Accessories : DC System
BATTERY SIZINGMaximum allowable battery voltage(V) = 254Minimum allowable battery voltage(V) = 199Float voltage (minimum)(V) = 2Float voltage (maximum)(V) = 2.28Minimum allowable cell voltage(V) = 1.80No. of cells = min.allowable battery voltage/end of discharge cell voltage = 199/1.8= 110.56
No of cells selected = 111
Minimum Battery voltage at end of discharge= 111*1.8V= 199.8Maximum Battery voltage = 111*2.28V= 253.08Nominal battery Voltage = 111*2.0V= 222
Electrolyte temperature = 19 Deg. Celsius
Sr. No. System/Loads 0-1min. 1-179min. 179-180min.
1 Sub Total for 400kV Swgr. System (sheet 4 of 13) 61.995 1.995 1.9952 Sub Total for 33kV swgr system (sheet 6 of 13) 6.205 0.295 1.2053 Sub Total for 415V main system (sheet 8 of 13) 8.102 1.157 1.1574 Sub total for 415V valve cooling (sheet 11 of 13) 5.041 2.586 2.5865 Sub total for 415V DG swgr (sheet 11 of 13) 1.511 0.193 0.1936 Sub total for 415V fire fighting system (sheet 11 of 13) 0.155 0.155 0.155 LOAD CYCLE :7 Sub total for 415V water system (sheet 11 of 13) 0.123 0.123 0.1238 Sub total for 415V AC/vent. system (sheet 11 of 13) 2.743 0.107 0.1079 0-1min. 120.114
10 Em. Lighting Load (sheet 13 of 13) 18.182 18.182 18.182 1-179min. 39.53211 Sub Total for MACH2 system (sheet 12 of 13) 14.545 14.545 14.545 179-180min. 40.44112 Sub Total for Key interlock system(sheet 12 of 13) 13 Sub total for emergency swgr (sheet 9 of 13) 1.511 0.193 0.193
Total (=1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13) = 120.114 39.532 40.441
PERIOD LOAD (AMP.)
BATTERY LOADING DIAGRAM
179-180min.1-179min.0-1min.
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
TIME
LOA
D IN
AM
PS
0-1min.
1-179min.
179-180min.
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Substations Equipment & Accessories : DC System
Period Load (Amperes) Change in load (Amperes) Duration of Period (minutes)
Time to End of Section (minutes)
K Factor
Required section size
(Curve) Pos. Value Neg. Value
(CA) (K)(IF CA>0,
POS=CA*K)(IF CA
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Substations Equipment & Accessories : DC System
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-Substations
Substation
Main Equipment
Engineered items
Auxiliary Equipment
Civil
Auxiliary System
Structure
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Auxiliary System Illumination system
Indoor (Control Room, FFPH, Kiosk)
Outdoor
Fire fighting system HVWS system
Nitrogen injection
Air conditioning system
Equipment & Accessories
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Fire Fighting System Fire fighting
Fire Water Storage Tank Fire Water Pumping System Hydrant System High Velocity Water Spray System Portable Fire Extinguishers CO2 Gas Extinguishers
Fire detection Thermal Heat Detectors Ionization Smoke Detectors Photoelectric Smoke Detectors Response Indicators Manual Call Points Hooters Fire Alarm Panel
Equipment & Accessories
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Equipment & Accessories : P & I Diagram
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Equipment & Accessories : Fire Fighting Building
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-Substations
Equipment & Accessories : Fire Fighting Building
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-Substations
Equipment & Accessories : Hydrant System
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-Substations
Equipment & Accessories : HVWS System
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-Substations
Equipment & Accessories : HVWS System
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-Substations
Equipment & Accessories : N2 Injection
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-Substations
Separate AC System for Control room / Other areas
Ventilation System Other Areas, Valve Hall
AC System 100% Standby AC - Chilled Water System / Split Units Ventilation with Humidity Control
Equipment & Accessories: Air Conditioning System
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Lighting system for substation are considered as:
Normal AC to cater lighting requirement during normal operating condition
Emergency lighting on failure of normal AC lighting source
DC emergency for illuminating strategic locations
Lighting from DG system for bigger substations
Outdoor Lighting
Building Lighting Fire fighting building Control room building
Kiosk Lighting
Street Lighting
Equipment & Accessories : Illumination System
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Equipment & Accessories : Illumination System Illumination level required for substation is.
Lighting shall provide enough light depending on nature of work to be carried out. Operational lighting as per IS:3646 part-III.
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Outdoor Illumination System High Pressure Sodium Vapour (HPSV) luminaries
with various combination of rating with high beam & narrow beam used to achieve desired illumination
Ratings usually considered
2X400W HPSV, 1X400W HPSV for switchyard and outdoor equipment
2X250W HPSV, 1X250W HPSV for switchyard and outdoor equipment
1X150W HPSV for street lighting
High Pressure Mercury Vapour / Halogen luminaries are also taken if they specifically required by customer
Equipment & Accessories : Illumination System
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Indoor Illumination System Indoor illumination is achieved by various types of
luminaries according to the requirement and utility of various rooms.
Room with CP/RP, office, conference room with air conditioning and false ceiling are provided with recessed mounted 2X36W fluorescent lamp with mirror optic reflector.
For LT room, DG, Store etc. where no false ceiling or AC provided, industrial type 2x36W fluorescent lamp is used.
For cable cellar bulk head or industrial type 2x36W fluorescent lamp is used as per specification.
Battery room is provided with corrosion proof industrial type 2X36W fluorescent lamp.
For DC emergency bulk head incandescent lamps are used.
Equipment & Accessories : Illumination System
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-Substations
Interlocking &Protection Philosophy
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-Substations
Fundamental Concepts CIRCUIT BREAKER
Normally kept interlock free European practice is to prevent opening or
closing of circuit breaker when isolator is in intermediate position
CB is operated only when isolator is fully open or close
Isolator Isolator is allowed to operate (open offload)
when associate Circuit breaker is open Earth switch is closed
Isolator permitted to operate for bus transfer when voltage on both the sides are same
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Fundamental Concepts EARTH SWITCH
Earth switch is allowed to operate when adjacent isolators are open
Earth switch is used to earth the trap charges Nowadays, customer ask for same short
circuit rating of main blade & earth blade
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Interlocking : Single Bus scheme
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-Substations
Interlocking : Double Bus scheme
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Interlocking : Three Bus scheme
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-Substations
Interlocking : One & Half Breaker Scheme
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-Substations
Introduction to Protection General protection requirements
applicable to Transmission/distribution substations
Distribution plants/ MV switchgear
Brief on various type of protection Application guide
Protection Philosophy
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G M
Generation Transmission Distribution Load
Generation Transmission Distribution Consumption
Electric Power Systems
Protection Philosophy
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-Substations
Protection Philosophy
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-Substations
K
EC
Protect people and property around the power system
Protect equipment, lines etc.. in the power system
Separate the faulty part from the rest of the power system
The main task for Relay Protection
U I
Protection Philosophy
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Requirements on Protection System Speed
Thermal damage
Electro dynamic forces
Sensitivity High resistance faults
Reliability Dependability
Security
Protection Philosophy
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-Substations
Factors influencing reliability Choice of the protection system Principle of measuring Environment The maintenance Flexibility under different service conditions and
extension of the network
Protection Philosophy
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-Substations
Single failure criteria Fault clearance must be executed even in case
of a single fault in the clearance chain In the fault clearance system no part of the
clearance should have lower reliability Back-up clearance function must be there
Remote back up
Local back up
Protection Philosophy
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-Substations
Primary and backup protection zones
Remote back-up with time selectivity is most common at Medium and low voltage functions
Protection Philosophy
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-Substations
Remote back-up protection with time gradingProtection Philosophy
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-Substations
Redundant protection system Separate measuring cores Duplicate trip coils Separate dc distribution/ double battery system Physical separation of protection system Separate cable ways
Protection Philosophy
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DC supply
The protection system that gives back up for other protection should not be fed from the same DC supply
For example if line and transformer protections are from same DC the backup function of the transformer will not be able to operate for a failure to clear the fault on the line by the primary protection
Protection Philosophy
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-Substations
Principle of breaker failure protectionProtection Philosophy
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-Substations
Duplication of breaker fail protection Often 2 out of 2 connection of current and time
is used to obtain high security For numerical relays this is not necessary Duplication of breaker fail protection gives high
reliability but lower security. Considering probability of failures only one
breaker failure relay is used
Protection Philosophy
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-Substations
Disturbance Registration and Fault Signaling Alarm system
DC system for alarm independent of distribution
Supervision of alarm voltage
Disturbance recorder & Event logger Analysis of print out will help discover inoperative
relays , incorrect settings and badly chosen measuring principle
Protection Philosophy
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-Substations
General protection requirements applicable to
Transmission/distribution substations
Distribution plants/ MV switchgear
Protection Philosophy
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-Substations
General protection requirements applicable to
Transmission/distribution substationsThis depends on following
1. Voltage level
2. Type of feeders
3. Application specific criticality
Protection Philosophy
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-Substations
Protection Philosophy normally followed at EHV level EHV/HV : 800KV ,400KV,220KV,132KV
Common protection
Busbar protection:
It is mandatory to provide bus bar protection up to 220KV level. Depending on criticality of installation and philosophy of each industry, it is optional to provide bus bar protection at 132KV level
Generally Low impedance type up to 400KV and high impedance /low impedance type for 220KV and 132KV
Duplicate protection (without Check zone) for each of the main buses for 800KV and 400KV stations
For 220KV/132KV ,one protection for each bus.
Protection Philosophy
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Common protection contd
Local breaker back up protection. This protection is primarily provided to isolate
the system in case the circuit breaker fails to operate.
This protection isolates all the feeders which can feed the fault.
Mandatory from 220KV substation and above.
Protection Philosophy
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-Substations
Protection Philosophy
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-Substations
Protection Philosophy
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-Substations
Feeder wise Protection EHV : 800kv ,400kv ,220KV
Line Protection Main-1,Main-2 protection connected to
separate CT cores Both protections should have different
make/operating principle. Normally up to 400 KV, distance
protection is provided. For 220KV,distance for main-1 protection
and either distance or directional earth fault for main -2 protection is provided
Protection Philosophy
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Transformer Protection Main-1,Main-2 protection connected to
separate CT cores Differential protection is provided for main-1 Restricted e/f is provided as main-2 Over fluxing protection Gas detector relay ( Buchholz) Over current protection Pressure relay for tap changer Oil level monitor
General protection requirements contd
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Transformer Protection Contd Gas detector relay ( Buchholz) Over load protection
Thermal relays
Temperature monitoring relays
Ground fault protection Differential protection Inter turn faults
Protection Philosophy
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Capacitor Bank faults Terminal shunt faults Capacitor unit failures Capacitor unit over voltages Capacitor rack arc-over
Protection Philosophy
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Capacitor Bank Protection Contd Short -circuit protection (3I >>) Ground-fault protection (I ) Overload protection (3I/U >) Under current protection (I/U
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Conditions as per IEC 60871-1 Capacitors should be able to withstand 10%
over voltage The capacitors should tolerate 30% over
current ( r.m.s. value) arising from over voltage and harmonics. Depending on the capacitance deviations, which may be not more than 1.15 Cn, the maximum current may be up to 1.15 x 1.3 = 1.5 In
Capacitors may not be reconnected until they have discharged to 10% of their rated voltage.
Protection Philosophy
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Unbalance relay detects :- Detects asymmetry due to
Blown internal fuses
Short circuits across bushings
Short circuits between capacitor units /racks
If capacitor value decrease below 5/6 of nominal value bank must be taken out of service
Faulty elements taken out by fuses cause increase in voltage level
Capacitors can withstand 110% of rated voltage
Protection Philosophy
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-Substations
Unbalance Protection Schemes :- Provide early unbalance alarm signal to
indicate the operation of fuses (internally or externally fused capacitors) or failure of capacitor elements (fuse less capacitors)
Trip the bank for unbalances that are large enough to indicate that continuing operation may result in damage to remaining good capacitors or elements from over voltage
Many schemes available for detecting unbalances Most installations will require an individual
engineering analysis to determine the most appropriate detection scheme
Protection Philosophy
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-Substations
General SafetyCriteria
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-Substations
General Safety Requirement Rule No. 34 Accessibility of Bare
conductors in buildings Ensure they are inaccessibile Provide necessary switches in accessible
position for rendering them dead whenever required.
Take safety measures as recommended necessary by inspector.
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General Safety Requirement Rule No. 35 Danger Notices
Applicable for Medium, high and extra-high voltage installations.
Insists on danger sign depicted by skull and bones as per IS:2551
To be installed on every Motor, generator, transformer & other electrical
plant and equipment together with apparatus used for controlling or regulating the same.
All supports of extra high voltage, O/H lines which can be easily climbed upon w/o aid of ladder of special appliance
If installation not possible, then Dangerword should be affixed as near as possible, voltage printed on equipment.
For enclosed equipment, it should be affixed to said enclosure
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General Safety Requirement Rule No. 36 Handling of electric supply-lines
and apparatus Before handling any conductor adequate
precaution to be taken to see that conductor is de-energized.
Accidental induction from adjacent live conductors to impose no danger to work person.
Before working on any live electric supply-line or apparatus, proper authorization from Inspector to be taken.
Every telecommunication line on high voltage supports are deemed to be considered as high voltage lines.
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General Safety Requirement Rule No. 41 Distinction of different circuits
Different circuits shall be distinguished by means of permanent nature.
Applicable for every generating station, sub-station, junction box or pillar in which there are any circuits or apparatus (whether intended for opeartion at different / same voltage.
Rule No. 41-A Distinction of the installations having more than one feed Applicable for every installation including
substation, double-pole structure, four pole structure of any other structure having more than one feed.
Indication should be of permanent nature.
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General Safety Requirement Rule No. 64 (2- e) Provision of Baffle Walls
A substation or switchstation with apparatus having more than 2000 liters of oil whether indoor / outdoor Baffle walls of 4 hours fire rating shall be
provided Between Single phase banks On the consumer premises Where adequate clearances between units
are not met.
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General Safety Requirement Rule No. 64 (2- e) Provision of Soak Pit
Oil soak pit to be provided > 9000 litres of oil Suitable Oil tank, chamber, receptacle to be
provided. Special precaution to be taken to prevent
ignition of oil from any cause & provision shall be made for extinguishing any fire that may occur.
Spare oil shall not be stored in any such sub station or switch station.
Dry type transformers to be provided for basement & residential areas
All transformers & switchgear to be maintained as per manufacturers instructions proper record to be maintained
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General Safety Requirement Rule No. 64 (3) Over voltage Protection
All EHV apparatus shall be protected against switching and lightning overvoltages
Proper insulation co-ordination should be ensured to protect and maintain the stability of interconnected units of the power system
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General Safety Requirement Rule No. 64 A Additional Provision
Interlocks Isolator should not be operated until adjacent
CBs are in open condition. Earth switches should not be closed until
Isolators are in Open condition When two supplies are not intended to be
operated in parallel, CBs shall be interlocked to prevent inadvertent paralleling
When parallel operation of transformer takes place, primary CB will trip incase of tripping of secondary CB
All gates & doors to be interlocked to avoid any person coming in proximity of live parts
Neutral switching to be adopted for two or more generators operating in parallel
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General Safety Requirement Rule No. 64 A Additional Provision
Protection Over-current, Earth fault & Earth leakage
protection to be provided where ever required Gas Pressure type, winding & Oil temperature
protection to give alarm & tripping for all transformers 1000kVA & above
Differential protection to be provided for 10MVA & above.
All generators 1MVA & above shall be protected by REF, protection should also be given for earth fault & leakage
Busbar protection with LBB MUST for all substations with voltage of 220kV & above
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that enable utility and industry customersto improve their performance
while lowering environmental impact
Substation EngineeringContentSlide 3IntroductionIntroduction : The Electric UtilityIntroduction : Power Evacuation substationIntroduction : Transmission substationIntroduction : Distribution substationSlide 9Switching ConfigurationSwitching Configuration : Single Bus SchemeSlide 12Switching Configuration: Single Bus SchemeSlide 14Switching Configuration : Bus SectionalizerSlide 16Switching Configuration: Double Bus SchemeSwitching Configuration : One Main & TransferSlide 19Slide 20Switching Configuration : Main & Main cum transferSlide 22Slide 23Switching Configuration : Double MainSlide 25Switching Configuration : Double Main with bypassSlide 27Switching Configuration:Application of Transfer BusSlide 29Switching Configuration: Three Bus SchemeSlide 31Switching Configuration : Three BusSlide 33Switching Configuration : Three Bus (Bus Coupler)Switching Configuration : Three Bus (Bus Transfer)Slide 36Switching Configuration: One & Half CB SchemeSlide 38Various Busbar Configuration : One & Half CB SchemeSlide 40Switching Configuration : ApplicationSlide 42Slide 43Engineering CalculationsSlide 45Slide 46Engineering Calculations : EDFInputs for CalculationSlide 49Engineering Calculations : EarthingEngineering Calculations : DSLPSlide 52Slide 53Slide 54Engineering Calculations : Sag TensionSlide 56Engineering Calculations : Wind PressureEngineering Calculations : Temperature RiseSlide 59Slide 60Slide 61Slide 62Layout EngineeringLayout Engineering : Plan ViewSlide 66Slide 67Slide 68Slide 69Slide 70Slide 71Equipment & AccessoriesSlide 73Slide 74Slide 75Slide 76Slide 78Slide 79Slide 80Slide 81Slide 82Slide 83Slide 84Component & AccessoriesSlide 86Slide 87Slide 88Slide 89Slide 90Slide 91Equipment & Accessories : LT AC DistributionEquipment & Accessories : AC & DC BoardEquipment & Accessories : DC SystemSlide 95Slide 96Slide 97Slide 98Slide 99Slide 100Slide 101Slide 102Equipment & Accessories : P & I DiagramEquipment & Accessories : Fire Fighting BuildingSlide 105Equipment & Accessories : Hydrant SystemEquipment & Accessories : HVWS SystemSlide 108Equipment & Accessories : N2 InjectionEquipment & Accessories: Air Conditioning SystemEquipment & Accessories : Illumination SystemSlide 112Slide 113Slide 114Slide 115Fundamental ConceptsSlide 117Interlocking : Single Bus schemeInterlocking : Double Bus schemeInterlocking : Three Bus schemeInterlocking : One & Half Breaker SchemeProtection PhilosophySlide 123Slide 124Slide 125Requirements on Protection SystemFactors influencing reliabilitySingle failure criteriaSlide 129Slide 130Redundant protection systemDC supplySlide 133Duplication of breaker fail protectionDisturbance Registration and Fault SignalingSlide 136Slide 137Slide 139Slide 140Slide 141Slide 142Slide 143General protection requirements contdSlide 145Slide 146Slide 147Slide 148Slide 149Slide 150Slide 151General Safety RequirementSlide 153Slide 154Slide 155Slide 156Slide 157Slide 158Slide 159Slide 160Slide 161
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