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Berg)
Systems MicrobiologyMonday Sept 11 - Ch 4 & Ch 8.13 (Purcell &
Structure/Function/Motility •• GENERALGENERAL ASPECTsASPECTs of BEING SMALLof BEING SMALL
•• CELL MEMBRANES AND CELLCELL WALLSMEMBRANES AND CELL WALLS
•• FLAGELLA STRUCTURE/FUNCTIONFLAGELLA STRUCTURE/FUNCTION
•• CHEMOTAXISCHEMOTAXIS
FirstEukaryotes
LifeLife’’s History on Earths History on EarthProkaryote
World
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.00001
Time before Present (Ga)
P O2 (a
tm)
4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0
Multi-cell Life
Man
First Invertebrates
GREAT OXIDATION EVENT - 2.5 BILLION YEARS AGO
Photographs of various forms of life removed due to copyright restrictions.
BACTERIA ARCHAEA
EUCARYA
EURYARCHAEOTO
CRENARCHAEOTA
KORARCHAEOTA
Methan
ospiril
lum
Halofera
x
Ther
mop
lasm
a
Arc
haeo
glob
us
Met
hano
cocc
us v
anni
ellii
Euglena
Meth
anoco
ccus jam
eschii
Thermococcus
Methanobacterium
Methanothermus
Methanopynus
Flavo
bact
eriu
m
Plan
ctom
yces
Rhod
ocyc
lus
E.c
oli
Agrobacterium
Synechococcus
ChlamydiaChlorobiumLeptonema
ClostridiumBacillus
Heliobacterium
Arthrobacter
Thermomicrobium
Therm
us
Ther
mot
oga
Aquifex
Coprinus
Flex
ibac
ter
Desulfovibrio
Gloeobacter
HomoCryptomonas
ZeaAchiya
Costaria
Porphyra
Para
mec
ium
Bab
esia
Dic
tyos
robiu
mEnta
moe
baN
aegle
ria Trypanosom
a
Physarum EncephalitozoonValrim
orpha
Hexamita
Giardia
pJP 27
pJP7
8
marine SBARS
Pacificocean
Thermal spring
Environmentalsequences
pSL 12
pSL 4pSL 22
pSL 17
pSL 50
pJP 96Therm
ofilum
Ther
mopro
teus
Desulf
uroc
occu
s
Sulfo
lobu
s
Pyro
dies
ium
Root
Barns et al.,1996
Bootstrap %
Tritrichomonas
Figure by MIT OCW.
ENDOSYMBIONT HYPOTHESIS - Chloroplasts arose from a symbiotic partnership between an ancestral eukaryote and a cyanobacterium - Mitochondria arose from a symbiotic partnership between an ancestral eukaryote and an “alpha proteobacterium”
BACTERIA
Flavo
bacte
rium
Plan
ctom
yces
Rhod
ocyc
lus
E.co
li
Agrobacterium
Synechococcus
ChlamydiaChlorobiumLeptonema
ClostridiumBacillus
Heliobacterium
Arthrobacter
Thermomicrobium
Thermus
Ther
motog
a
Aquifex
Flex
ibac
ter
Desulfovibrio
Gloeobacter
Root
α proteobacteria
cyanobacteria
Figure by MIT OCW.
Life on Earth Today: TheLife on Earth Today: TheSolar energySolar energy
COCO22 ++ HH22OOcarbon watercarbon waterdioxidedioxide
ChemicalChemicalenergy orenergy or
heatheat
FoundationFoundationPhotosynthesisPhotosynthesisPlantsPlantsPhytoplanktonPhytoplankton
CC66HH1212OO66 ++ OO22organic oxygenorganic oxygencarboncarbon
N,P,S,FeN,P,S,Fe……..
RespirationRespirationAnimalsAnimalsBacteriaBacteria
Berg)
Systems MicrobiologyMonday Sept 11 - Ch 4 & Ch 8.13 (Purcell &
Structure/Function/Motility •• GENERALGENERAL ASPECTsASPECTs of BEING SMALLof BEING SMALL
•• CELL MEMBRANES AND CELLCELL WALLSMEMBRANES AND CELL WALLS
•• FLAGELLA STRUCTURE/FUNCTIONFLAGELLA STRUCTURE/FUNCTION
•• CHEMOTAXISCHEMOTAXIS
Images removed due to copyright restrictions. See Figures 4-11, 4-13, and 4-10a in Madigan, Michael, and John Martinko. Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006. ISBN: 0131443291.
“Prokaryote”
Eukaryote
Diagrams of Prokaryotic structure vs. Eukaryotic structure removed due to copyright restrictions. See Figures 2-1a and 2-1b in Madigan, Michael, and John Martinko. Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006. ISBN: 0131443291.
Hyperthermophiles
Giardia
Root of the tree
Flagellates
Eukaryotic"Crown species"
Plants
Fungi
AnimalsSlime molds
Hyperthermophiles Extreme halophiles
Methanogens
Chloroplast
Cyanobacteria
ProteobacteriaMitochondrion
Gram-positivebacteria
BACTERIA
PROKARYOTES
EUKARYA
EUKARYOTES
ARCHAEA
Figure by MIT OCW.
Table summary of the major differential features among Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya removed due to copyright restrictions. See Table 11-3 in Madigan, Michael, and John Martinko. Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006. ISBN: 0131443291.
BACTERIA ARCHAEA
EUCARYA
EURYARCHAEOTO
CRENARCHAEOTA
KORARCHAEOTA
Methan
ospiril
lum
Halofera
x
Ther
mop
lasm
a
Arc
haeo
glob
us
Met
hano
cocc
us v
anni
ellii
Euglena
Meth
anoco
ccus jam
eschii
Thermococcus
Methanobacterium
Methanothermus
Methanopynus
Flavo
bact
eriu
m
Plan
ctom
yces
Rhod
ocyc
lus
E.c
oli
Agrobacterium
Synechococcus
ChlamydiaChlorobiumLeptonema
ClostridiumBacillus
Heliobacterium
Arthrobacter
Thermomicrobium
Therm
us
Ther
mot
oga
Aquifex
Coprinus
Flex
ibac
ter
Desulfovibrio
Gloeobacter
HomoCryptomonas
ZeaAchiya
Costaria
Porphyra
Para
mec
ium
Bab
esia
Dic
tyos
robiu
mEnta
moe
baN
aegle
ria Trypanosom
a
Physarum EncephalitozoonValrim
orpha
Hexamita
Giardia
pJP 27
pJP7
8
marine SBARS
Pacificocean
Thermal spring
Environmentalsequences
pSL 12
pSL 4pSL 22
pSL 17
pSL 50
pJP 96Therm
ofilum
Ther
mopro
teus
Desulf
uroc
occu
s
Sulfo
lobu
s
Pyro
dies
ium
Root
Barns et al.,1996
Bootstrap %
Tritrichomonas
Figure by MIT OCW.
Diagrams of cell membranes removed due to copyright restrictions. See Figures 4-15b and 4-16 in Madigan, Michael, and John Martinko. Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006. ISBN: 0131443291.
Hyperthermophiles
Giardia
Root of the tree
Flagellates
Eukaryotic"Crown species"
Plants
Fungi
AnimalsSlime molds
Hyperthermophiles Extreme halophiles
Methanogens
Chloroplast
Cyanobacteria
ProteobacteriaMitochondrion
Gram-positivebacteria
BACTERIA
PROKARYOTES
EUKARYA
EUKARYOTES
ARCHAEA
Figure by MIT OCW.
Images of cell membranes removed due to copyright restrictions. See Figures 4-19, 4-20, 4-22, 4-23, 4-36, and Table 4-2 in Madigan, Michael, and John Martinko. Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006. ISBN: 0131443291.
Peptidoglycan
Gram-Negative
Periplasm
Outer membrane (lipopolysaccharide and protein)
Membrane
Figure by MIT OCW.
Images of cell membranes and peptidoglycan removed due to copyright restrictions. See Figures 4-27d, 4-29, 4-30, 4-35a, 4-31b, and 4-32 in Madigan, Michael, and John Martinko. Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006. ISBN:0131443291.
Images of flagella and pili removed due to copyright restrictions. See Figures 4-37, 4-54, and 4-38 in Madigan, Michael, and John Martinko. Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006. ISBN: 0131443291.
µm, http://www.rowland.harvard.edu/labs/bacteria/projects_filament.html, Howard Berg
Filaments in the bundle are usually normal, i.e., left-handed helices with pitch about 2.5 µm and diameter about 0.5 with the motors turning counterclockwise. During the tumble, one or more motors switch to clockwise, and their filaments leave the bundle and transform to semi-coiled, i.e., right handed helices with pitch about half of normal. Courtesy of Howard C. Berg. Used with permission.
Purcell, Life @ Low R
a
η
η
ρν
inertial forcesviscous forces ~~ aνρ
ηaνρ aν
V
Fluid viscosity
Fluid density
=
= 10-2 cm2sec for water
R =
Figure by MIT OCW.
Kinematic viscosity
The ‘clamshell hypothesis’ Purcell, Life @ Low R
Reciprocal motion doesn’t work at low Reynolds number !
So, what does work ?
The corkscrew Flexible oar
Figures by MIT OCW.
Purcell, Life @ Low R
Rman=104
Rgoldfish= 102
µν = 30 µ/sec
η = l centipaise ν = 10−2 cm2/secR = 3x10-5
coasting distance = 0.1 Acoasting time = 0.3 microsec.{ {
R =ανρ
η
ο
1
Figure by MIT OCW.
FlagellarFlagellar motormotorMotor is located in the membrane, 40 genes code for this protein complex
Membrane part resemble to Fo subunit of ATPase
S and M rings are separated from membrane by intramembrane proteins (mot A) A rod connects fillament to a ring
Ring M carries 100 mot B proteins
Motion of protons through motA and motB drives the rotation of rings and associated rod and fillament
Rotation is driven by proton gradient across the membrane not by ATP hydrolyses
Diagrams of the flagellar motor removed due to copyright restrictions .
+++- - -
++ +
+++ +
++-
-- -
--
---
+++- - -
++ +
+++ +
++-
-- -
--
---
Rod
MS Ring
C Ring
Mot Protein
H+
H+H+
Figure by MIT OCW.
V. parahaemolyticus
100,000 rpm, 60um/secSodium driven motor Polar flagella motor sensestorque, induces laf genes !
Photographs of flagella removed due to copyright restrictions.
Ann Rev Microbiol 57: 77-100 (2003) R. Macnab, How Bacteira Assemble Flagella
Images of flagella removed due to copyright restrictions.
Diagram of flagellar assembly removed due to copyright restrictions. See Figure 4-57 in Madigan, Michael, and John Martinko. Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006. ISBN: 0131443291.
Flagellar assembly
R. Macnab
Motor Switch
Proximal Rod Distal Rod
FliF
FlhAFlhBFliOFliPFliQFliRFliHFliIFliJFlgJ
FliK
OM
CMP
OM
CMP
MS Ring Export Apparatus
Sec-Mediated Export
P Ring L Ring Full-Length Hook Nascent Filament
"Full-Length"Filament
Pre Type III ExportType III Export
Type III Export
Figure by MIT OCW.
Howard Berg http://www.rowland.harvard.edu/labs/bacteria/projects_filament.html
Courtesy of Howard C. Berg. Used with permission.
Diagram of flagellar motion removed due to copyright restrictions. See Figure 4-58 in Madigan, Michael, and John Martinko. Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006. ISBN: 0131443291.
Bundled flagella(Counter-clockwise rotation)
Flagella bundled(Counter-clockwise rotation)
Tumble-flagella pushed apart (Clockwise rotation)
Figure by MIT OCW.
µm, http://www.rowland.harvard.edu/labs/bacteria/projects_filament.html, Howard Berg
Filaments in the bundle are usually normal, i.e., left-handed helices with pitch about 2.5 µm and diameter about 0.5 with the motors turning counterclockwise. During the tumble, one or more motors switch to clockwise, and their filaments leave the bundle and transform to semi-coiled, i.e., right handed helices with pitch about half of normal. Courtesy of Howard C. Berg. Used with permission.
Diagram removed due to copyright restrictions. See Figure 4-62 in Madigan, Michael, and John Martinko. Brock Biology of Microorganisms. 11th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006. ISBN: 0131443291.
Movement
Movement Movement(random reorientation)
Counter-clockwiserotation
Counter-clockwiserotation
Helical bundle
Tumbling-random reorientation Clockwise rotation
Clockwise rotation
a) Peritrichous Flagella
b) Monotrichous Flagellum
Figure by MIT OCW.
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