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Monitoring of Sea Ice and Monitoring of Sea Ice and Ice SheetsIce Sheets
Monitoring of Sea Ice and Monitoring of Sea Ice and Ice SheetsIce Sheets
Kaycee ColemanKaycee Coleman
Importance of Importance of Monitoring Monitoring
Sea IceSea IceQuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
•Fisheries•Ships•Offshore Operations•Climate Change
http://technology.jpl.nasa.gov/research/ResearchTopics/topicdetails/?ID=42
http://www.flightsafrica.co.uk/blog_images/cruise_ship_iceburg.jpg
Some HistoryFor over 100 year sea ice has
been monitored from stations and ships
Until the 1980’s the main method of keeping track of sea ice was by using Aircraft Surveys
Over the last three decades they have used satellites
International Ice Patrol (IIP) is a branch of the United States Coast Guard, they use flight data and satellite data to warm mariners about icebergs
Radarsat-1http://www.icebergfinder.com/technology.aspx
Satellite-based synthetic aperture radar (SAR). With SAR the distance ot the target is usually about 800km, but reflections can come from anything.
Icebergs are harder to find because they absorb a lot of the energy being sent out which makes they easier to distinguish from ships from a processed image because they appear duller
Launched in 1995 Trade off between resolution and area
(highest resolution is 8 meters and the smallest image area of 50 km x 50 km)
Radarsat-2Radarsat-2http://www.radarsat2.info/application/
ice/index.asp
Launched Dec. 14, 2007 Frequencies: C Band SAR Antenna-
Transmit & Receive Channel: 5405 MHz (assigned bandwidth 100,540 kHz). X Band Downlink Channel 1-8105 MHz (assigned bandwidth 61,230 kHz). And X Band Downlink Channel 2-8230 MHz (assigned bandwidth 61,230 kHz)
Obrit: polar, sun-synchronous orbit Period: 101 minutes. Improved ice edge detection, ice
type discrimination and ice topography and structure information due to multi-polarization options
Swath Width increased from Radarsat-1
Radarsat-2Radarsat-2http://www.radarsat2.info/application/ice/eoadp2_img.asp
Useful for sea and river ice By merging three-channel (HH+VV+HV) they are able to see sea ice, open water, and land HV:HH ratio provides a relative measure of volume scattering (HV) vs. surface scattering (HH)
HH EnhancedIce Type
HV EnhancedIce Edges
H/A/Entropy/anistropy/ alpha angle. Result of five iterations
ENVISAThttp://envisat.esa.int/category/index.cfm?fcategoryid=87
Launched March 2002 by the European Space Agency (ESA)
Maps the extent of ice cover It is an advanced polar-orbiting satellite that
specializes in measurements of the atmosphere, ocean, land, and ice.
Iceberg detection by ASAR (advanced synthetic aperture radar), which uses different polarizations and a form of electromagnetic radiation. ASAR uses C band
Has a resolution of 25 meters and coverage area of 100 km by 100 km
The Polar Platform (PPF) started in 1990. They first started off with The Polar Orbiting Earth Mission (POEM-1) but this was eventually broken up in 1993 into ENVISAT to look at the environment and METOP-1 to monitor the meteorology.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
ENVISAThttp://envisat.esa.int/category/index.cfm?fcategoryid=61
Sun-synchronous polar orbit, 800km altitude, repeat cycle 35 days, 98.55° inclination
Since it has wide swath instruments it can provide complete coverage of the globe in 1-3 days!
Two X-bands, and Two Ka-bands operating independently so can be used simultaneously.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
ENVISAT Alternating Polarization
https://bora.uib.no/bitstream/1956/1135/1/MRS_Chapter8-proof.pdf
Like Radarsat-2, it has dual polarization combinations of HH, VV, and HV. The cross-polarization can be limiting for ice with low backscatter (like new thin ice in open water).
The co-polarization ratio (VV/HH) are best for discriminating ice from open water. This is also good for detection of ridges, and to determine level ice from deformed ice.
ASAR Stripmap (Image) Mode
ASAR Wide Swath Mode (VV or HH)
Alternating Polarization (VV or HH)
http://www.eurimage.com/products/envisat.html
ASAR
GOMOS RA-2
MERIS
MIPAS
MWR LR SCIA AATSR
DORIS
Sea Ice Mappin
g
X X X (X)
Sea Ice Motion
X X XSea Ice Process
es
X
Ship Routing
XTemp. XSnow Cover
X X XTopogr. X X X X
Ice Sheet
Dynamic
X X X (X)
ICE ICE http://envisat.esa.int/category/index.cfm?fcategoryid=88
GRACE
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/mission/flight_config.html
GRACEGRACEGravity Recovery and Climate ExperimentGravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
Tellus- monitors the change in the mass of hydrologic components (the properties/movement of Earth’s water). Most corrections are already applied and it has user friendly grids
Monitor mass loss of ice sheets such as in Greenland and Antarctica.
Looks at exchange of water between ice sheets, glaciers, and the oceans
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
http://grace.jpl.nasa.gov/
The Future of Ice The Future of Ice Monitoring….Monitoring….
Cryosat-2Cryosat-2NASA Ice BridgeNASA Ice Bridge
The Future of Ice The Future of Ice Monitoring….Monitoring….
Cryosat-2Cryosat-2NASA Ice BridgeNASA Ice Bridge
Cryosat-2http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Cryosat/SEMZT6W0EZF_0.html
Also part of ESA’s Earth Observation Program
Cryosat was lost before its initial contact in 2005
Target launch will be Feb. 28 2010 (it was suppose to be December of this year)
Cryosat-2 will observe ice thickness and how it is changing, which is not something that is currently done. So this research will be a break through in the study of global warming.
Cryosat-2 will help explain the melting of polar ice in correlation with rising sea surface heights.
Ice on land (Ice sheets) can be up to 5km while ice in the ocean could only be a few meters.
Cryosat-2http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Cryosat/SEMFJ4908BE_0.html#subhead1
Will have an unusually high polar orbit (2 degrees short of true North). This will maximize its coverage of the poles
One of the main instruments onboard is a Synthetic Aperture Interferometric Radar Altimeter (SIRAL). This is the first sensor of its kind that is specially made for ice.
NASA ICE Bridgehttp://antarcticsun.usap.gov/science/contenthandler.cfm?id=1932
NASA ICE Bridgehttp://antarcticsun.usap.gov/science/contenthandler.cfm?id=1932
ICESat stands for Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite
ICESat-II won’t launch until 2014 at the earliest
Operation Ice bridge is a 6 year mission to make up for lost time and information
NASA outfitted a DC-8 jetliner with various sensors including ones that were not on the original ICESat. The jet flies out of Punta Arenas Chile crossing West Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula. It will crisscross ice shelves, sea ice, glaciers and the massive western ice sheet collecting critical data for researchers. http://www.i-cool.org/?cat=21
Questions?Questions?Thank YouThank You
Questions?Questions?Thank YouThank You
References:Tina Haskins < http://www.i-cool.org/?cat=21> http://technology.jpl.nasa.gov/research/ResearchTopics/topicdetails/?ID=42http://www.flightsafrica.co.uk/blog_images/cruise_ship_iceburg.jpg
http://www.icebergfinder.com/technology.aspx
http://www.radarsat2.info/application/ice/index
http://envisat.esa.int/category/index.cfm?fcategoryid=87
https://bora.uib.no/bitstream/1956/1135/1/MRS_Chapter8-proof.pdfhttp://www.eurimage.com/products/envisat.html
http://envisat.esa.int/category/index.cfm?fcategoryid=88http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/mission/flight_config.htmlhttp://grace.jpl.nasa.gov/http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Cryosat/SEMZT6W0EZF_0.htmlhttp://antarcticsun.usap.gov/science/contenthandler.cfm?id=1932
References:Tina Haskins < http://www.i-cool.org/?cat=21> http://technology.jpl.nasa.gov/research/ResearchTopics/topicdetails/?ID=42http://www.flightsafrica.co.uk/blog_images/cruise_ship_iceburg.jpg
http://www.icebergfinder.com/technology.aspx
http://www.radarsat2.info/application/ice/index
http://envisat.esa.int/category/index.cfm?fcategoryid=87
https://bora.uib.no/bitstream/1956/1135/1/MRS_Chapter8-proof.pdfhttp://www.eurimage.com/products/envisat.html
http://envisat.esa.int/category/index.cfm?fcategoryid=88http://www.csr.utexas.edu/grace/mission/flight_config.htmlhttp://grace.jpl.nasa.gov/http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Cryosat/SEMZT6W0EZF_0.htmlhttp://antarcticsun.usap.gov/science/contenthandler.cfm?id=1932
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