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Mrs. Williams
Peacekeeping (Treaty of Locarno and League of Nations
continued)
Mandate system for League Of NationsWilson’s fourteen points addressed the issue of
distributing colonial powers, the implementation of a mandate system was established to help this delicate subject
This distribution would be handled by the League in order to utilize the well-being of the people living in the territories (self-determination)
3-tier system of readiness was establishedA-Irag, Syria, Palestine then B-African (German)
coloniesC-Pacific Islands
Allocations of the mandates went to Britain and France, Italy received nothing and Germany remained unacknowledged
Absence of PowersThe absence of three powers created serious
consequences for the League and lack of support for the Versailles Treaty
Collective Security depended on collective actionThe Treaty of Rapallo (Germany and USSR)
allowed Germany access to weapons and build factories unknown by the League inspectors
The Treaty of Locarno resolved Franco-German relations and provided hope for lasting peace
Britain was deterred by the lack of American support => Britain pulled support for the Anglo-American guarantee
FranceFrance needed reassurance that Germany was
not and would never be a threat to them Cancellation of the Anglo-American agreement
caused the French premier, Raymond Poincare’, to demand that the League “police the Versailles agreement”
Britain wanted to rebuild Germany to benefit trade and economy while France wanted to bully them into further weakness
With the absence of Russia, Germany, US, and doubts of Britain, other countries considered leaving the League
Collective SecurityThe basis for the League of Nations in which all
the members protected one anotherCollective security was a more abstract terms
and not all nations sees a crisis from the same perspective and can provide the same economic or military support
Draft Treaty of Mutual Assistance (1923) required all members to come to the aid of victims
The League was effective against medium powers but not against strong aggressors (Ruhr invasion by France, Manchuria, Abyssinia)
Versailles FailuresVersailles not only failed to correct the problems
at the conclusion of WWI but created another conflict, reparations
Negative relationships were created between the debtors and the U.S.
This negativity contributed to the Ruhr Crisis and the conflict between France and Britain
Keynes felt that the U.S. was only punishing themselves by creating reparations
Germany asked for revisions of the treaty many times
The Ruhr was the center of German heavy industry and the production path to support reparation payments
Problems with Peace AttemptsAnglo-American Guarantee (1919)Alliance
between U.S. and Britain (to appease France) that if Germany attacked they would support one another
U.S. elected President Harding (1921) with his campaign “return to normalcy” it was a plan to return to isolation (reason for keeping U.S. out of League)
Britain believed that Germany was treated too harshly and believed that Germany would ally herself with Russia
Ruhr CrisisRuhr Crisis was an invasion and occupation of the
Ruhr area of Germany by France in 1923After the collapse of the Anglo-American guarantee
France was concerned about Germany’s power1921 US and Britain were turning towards
isolationismFrance wanted to use the German reparation
payments under the Treaty of Versailles to further weaken Germany and strengthen France by using $ to pay back their debts
France (controlled by a new premier Raymond Poincare’) felt that they had to FORCE Germany to follow through
Ruhr CrisisGermany missed a
delivery/payment and France declared her in default so Belgium and French troops invaded the Ruhr
Located near Rhine river
Who would Germany turn to?
How would he/she solve this conflict?
French CollectionsFrance decided to collect war reparations
themselves by taking the output of all the mines and factories in the Ruhr area
Workers began to strike and sabotage the French, mines were flooded, ships and railroads were destroyed, lives were lost
Inflation ensued and the Weimar government began printing more money to resolve the crisis, paper money lost value
Middle class citizens suffered the most and this allowed for communist desires to erupt and extremist like Hitler to gain power
Gustav StresemanStreseman was appointed new Chancellor of
Germany (1923)Streseman claimed that Germany would comply
with the Versailles treaty, appeasing the FrenchFrance was ready at this point to come to an
agreement with GermanyThe Policy of Fulfillment helped mend her
reputationGermany was the economic engine of Europe
and the economic downfall of Germany added to the stress already placed on the European economy (leads to the Great Depression)
Charles Dawes and Dawes PlanDawes created the idea that Germany
could reschedule reparation paymentsThe US would loan $ for the rebuilding of
the German governmentAmerican capital would support German
business and bankingGermany’s agreement to the terms of the
Versailles treaty was known as the Policy of Fulfillment, this policy remained in place until Hitler took power
Lorcano Treaty 1925French premier Aristide Brian accepted the treaty
with Britain, Germany and BelgiumGermany accepted its borders with France and
BelgiumGermany would join the League of NationsGermany’s eastern borders were open for
discussion and western borders were fixed (Poland, Czechoslavakia)
The treaty established a sense of “euphoria” and the allies removed their remaining troops from the Rhine area, removed Germany’s arms, 1930 Germany became an independent state (Lorcano Spring=optimism)
Kellog-Briand PactSigned in 1928 by 65 countries to renounce
war as international policy and implemented in 1929
Signed because of the success of Lorcano and to display the hopes for a new era
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