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8/4/2019 Myers 8th Ed. Ch 2 Notes
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PSYCHOLOGY
(8th Edition)David Myers
PowerPoint Slides
Aneeq AhmadHenderson State University
Worth Publishers, © 2006
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Neuroscience andBehavior
Chapter 2
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Neuroscience and Behavior
Neural Communication
The Nervous System
The Endocrine System
The Brain
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History of Mind
In 1800, Franz Gall
suggested thatbumps of the skull
represented mentalabilities. His theory,
though incorrect,neverthelessproposed that
different mentalabilities were
Phrenology
Bettman/Corbis
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The Nervous System
It starts with an individual nerve cell called a NEURON.
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Neural Communication
We are a biopsychosocial system.
Cellular Level
(Interconnected
Neurons)
Organ Level
(Brain)
System Level
(Information
Processing)
Individual Level
(Human Being)
Group Level
(Family)
Ethnic Level
(Culture)
Community Level
(Society)
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Neuron
A nerve cell, or a neuron, consists of manydifferent parts.
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Parts of a Neuron
Cell Body: Life support center of the neuron.
Dendrites: Branching extensions at the cell body.
Receive messages from other neurons.
Axon: Long single extension of a neuron, coveredwith myelin [MY-uh-lin] sheath to insulate andspeed up messages through neurons.
Terminal Branches of axon: Branched endings of an axon that transmit messages to other neurons.
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How does a Neuron fire?
• Resting Potential: slightlynegative charge.
• Reach the threshold when
enough neurotransmittersreach dendrites.
• Go into Action Potential.
• All-or-none response.
• Transfer of ions acrossaxon’s membrane causeselectrical charge.
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Action Potential-SodiumPotassium Pump
-A neural impulse.
generated bythe movement of
positivelycharged atomsin and out
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Depolarization &Hyperpolarization
•Depolarization: Depolarization occurswhen positive ions enter the neuron,making it more prone to firing an actionpotential.
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Threshold
• Threshold: Each neuron receivesdepolarizing and hyperpolarizing currentsfrom many neurons.
–When the depolarizing current (positive ions)minus the hyperpolarizing current (negativeions) exceed minimum intensity (threshold) theneuron fires an action potential.
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Refractory Period & Pumps
Sodium-Potassium Pumps: Sodium-potassium pumps pump positive ions out
from the inside of the neuron, makingthem ready for another action potential.
Refractory Period: After a neuron fires anaction potential it pauses for a short
period to recharge itself to fire again.
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Action Potential Properties
All-or-None Response: When thedepolarizing current exceeds the
threshold, a neuron will fire. If thedepolarizing current fails to exceed the
threshold, a neuron will not fire
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Synapse (http://
outreach.mcb.harvard.edu/animations/actionpotential.swf )
Synapse [SIN-aps] a junction between theaxon tip of the sending neuron and thedendrite or cell body of the receiving
neuron. This tiny gap is called the synapticgap or cleft.
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Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters(chemicals) released
from the sending
neuron travel acrossthe synapse and bindto receptor sites on
the receiving neuron,
thereby influencing itto generate an action
potential.
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Reuptake
•Neurotransmitters inthe synapse arereabsorbed into the
sending neuronsthrough the process of reuptake.
• This process appliesthe brakes onneurotransmitteraction.
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How Neurotransmitters InfluenceUs?
Serotonin pathwaysare involved withmood regulation.
From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989
University of California Press
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Dopamine Pathways
Dopaminepathways areinvolved with
diseases such as
schizophrenia andParkinson’s disease.
From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989
University of California Press
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Neurotransmitters
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Acetylcholine (ACH)
• Deals with motormovement andmemory.– Too much and you
will….– Too little and you
will…
• Lack of ACH hasbeen linked toAlzheimer’s disease.
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Dopamine
• Deals with motormovement andalertness.
• Lack of dopamine hasbeen linked toParkinson’s disease.
• Too much has beenlinked to
schizophrenia.
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Serotonin
• Involved in moodcontrol.
• Lack of serotoninhas been linked toclinical depression.
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Endorphins
• Involved in paincontrol.
• Many of our mostaddictive drugs dealwith endorphins.
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Lock & Key Mechanism
Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the receiving neuron in a key-lock
mechanism.
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Agonists
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Antagonists
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Types of Neurons
• Efferent (Motor)Neurons
• Interneurons
• Afferent (Sensory)Neurons
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The Nervous System
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Central Nervous System
The Spinal Cord and Reflexes
Simple Reflex
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Central Nervous System
The Brain and Neural Networks
Complex Neural Network
Interconnected neurons form networks inthe brain. Theses networks are complex
and modify with growth and experience.
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Central Nervous System
•The Brain
and spinalcord
•CNS
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Peripheral Nervous System
• All nerves that arenot encased in bone.
• Everything but thebrain and spinal cord.
• Is divided into twocategories….somatic and autonomic.
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Somatic Nervous System
• Controls voluntarymuscle movement.
• Uses motor(efferent) neurons.
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Autonomic Nervous System
• Controls theautomatic functionsof the body.
• Divided into twocategories…the
sympathetic and theparasympathetic
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Sympathetic Nervous System
• Fight or FlightResponse.
• Automaticallyaccelerates heartrate, breathing,
dilates pupils, slowsdown digestion.
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
• Automatically slowsthe body down aftera stressful event.
• Heart rate andbreathing slow down,
pupils constrict anddigestion speeds up.
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Reflexes
• Normally, sensory(afferent) neuronstake info up through
spine to the brain.
• Some reactions
occur when sensoryneurons reach justthe spinal cord.
• Survival adaptation.
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The Endocrine System
•EndocrineSystem = Post
•Nervous System
= Text Messaging
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Hormones
Hormones and Neurotransmitters arechemically similar; HORMONES last
longer
Epinephrine : adrenaline
Norepinephrine : noradrenalin
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Pituitary Gland
Is called the “master gland.” The anteriorpituitary lobe releases hormones that
regulate other glands. The posterior lobe
regulates water and salt balance.
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LesionsCutting into the brain and looking for change.
Brain tumors also lesion brain tissue.
h
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Less Invasive ways to study theBrain
• Electroencephalogram(EEG)
• Computerized Axial
Tomography (CAT)• Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI)
• Positron EmissionTomography (PET)
• Functional MRI
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Older Brain Structures
•Act with out conscious effort
• It is responsible for automaticsurvival functions.
•Evolutionary Trend?
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Brain Stem
• The Brainstem is the oldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinalcord swells and enters the skull
– Feeds cognitive regions (“ThinkingCap”)
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Brain Stem
• The Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] is the baseof the brainstem thatcontrols heartbeat
and breathing.
•Reticular Formation
plays an importantrole in controllingarousal.
• “Tic-Toc”
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Pons
• Connects hindbrain,midbrain andforebrain together.
• Involved in facialexpressions.
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Brain Stem
• The Thalamus[THAL-uh-muss] isthe brain’s sensory
switchboard, locatedon top of thebrainstem.
– It directs messages
– Receives smell?
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• The “little brain”
helps coordinatevoluntarymovements andbalance.
•Active duringclassicalconditioning,learning, and
informationprocessing
•
Habitual/Involuntaryres onses
Cerebellum
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Midbrain
• Involved with Hormones, memory, andsensory inputs
• LOCATION LOCATION LOCATION
– Thalamus
– Cerebellum – Limbic System
– Hypothalamus
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• The Limbic System associated withemotions such asfear, aggression and
drives for food andsex.
• Only in mammals
• Reptiles andamphibians rely
on pre-set genetic
The Limbic System
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Hypothalamus
• Fighting, feeling,feeding
• Mating- SexualArousal (libido)
• Endocrine System
• Survival-Pleasure
Connection???
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•Rats cross anelectrified grid forself-stimulation
when electrodesare placed in thereward(hypothalamus)center
Reward Center
SanjivTalwa r,S
UNYDownstate
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Hippocampus and Amygdala
• Hippocampus isinvolved in long termmemory processing.
• Amygdala is vital for
our basic emotions.
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The peripheral nervous system
consists of:
A. association areas.
B. the spinal cord.C. the reticular formation.
D. sensory and motor neurons.
After suffering an accidental brain
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After suffering an accidental brain
injury, Kira has difficulty walking in a
smooth and coordinated manner. Itis most probable that she has
suffered damage to her:A. amygdala.
B. angular gyrus.
C. cerebellum.
D. corpus callosum.
Which region of the brain
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Which region of the brain
appears to have the oldest
evolutionary history?
A. frontal lobes
B. limbic system
C. brainstem
D. corpus callosum
What disease is related to
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What disease is related to
degeneration of the neuron’s
myelin sheath?
A. Parkinson’s disease
B. multiple sclerosis
C. Alzheimer’s disease
D. schizophrenia
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The Cerebral Cortex
The intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells thatcovers the cerebral hemispheres. It is the body’s
ultimate control and information processing center.
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Structure of the Cortex
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Frontal Lobe
• Deals with planning,maintaining emotionalcontrol and abstract
thought.
• Contains Broca’s Area.
• Broca’s Aphasia.
• Contains Motor
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Parietal Lobes
• Deciphers SensoryStimuli
• LOCATION,LOCATION,LOCATION
• Contains the somato-sensory cortex.
• Rest are associationareas
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Temporal Lobes
• Process soundsensed by ears.
• Contains Wernicke’sarea.
• Wernicke’s Aphasia.
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Occipital Lobes
• In the back of ourhead.
• Handles visual inputfrom eyes.
• Right half of eachretina goes to leftoccipital lobe andvice versa.
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Functions of the Cortex
The Motor Cortex is the area at the rear of the frontal lobes that control voluntarymovements. The Sensory Cortex (parietal
cortex) receives information from skin
surface and sense organs.
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Auditory Function
The functional MRI
scan shows theauditory cortex is
active in patients whohallucinate.
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Language
Aphasia is an impairment of language,usually caused by left hemisphere damageeither to Broca’s area (impaired speaking) or
to Wernicke’s area (impaired
understanding).
F ll i i d t hi
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Following massive damage to his
frontal lobes, Phineas Gage was
most strikingly debilitated by:
A. irritability.
B. memory loss.
C. auditory hallucinations.
D. a reward deficiency syndrome.
A visit to a phrenologist would
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A visit to a phrenologist would
have resulted in an analysis of
the person’s:
A. heart beats.
B. skull bumps.
C. neurotransmitter function.
D. endocrine system.
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Jack accidentally touches a hot
stove. Such a strong stimulus:
A. increases the intensity of a neuron’s action
potential.
B. affects the speed that a neuron fires.
C. triggers more neurons to fire.
D. does not affect how often a neuron fires.
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More intelligent animals have increased“uncommitted” or association areas of
the cortex.
Association Areas
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The brain is sculpted by our genes but alsoby our experiences.
Plasticity refers to the brain’s ability tomodify itself after some type of injury or
illness.
The Brain’s Plasticity
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Hemispheres
• Divided into a left andright hemisphere.
• Contralateral controlled-
left controls right sideof body and vice versa.
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Splitting the Brain
A procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the
connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpuscallosum) between them.
Corpus Callosum
MartinM.R
other
Courtesyof
TerenceWil liam
s,UniversityofIow
a
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Split Brain Patients
With the corpus callosum severed, objects(apple) presented in the right visual field canbe named. Objects (pencil) in the left visual
field cannot.
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Divided Consciousness
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Critical Thinking Questions
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A new superhero emerges on the scene. This superhero is
able to stay awake and vigilant for extended amounts of time.
He helps the intelligence community by being able to stay in
surveillance for extended amounts of time without losing
concentration and can always be paying attention to what is
happening. A study of this superhero’s brain might show that
the ____________ is more advanced and developed than a
non-superhero’s.
A. frontal lobe
B. amygdalaC. reticular formation
D. occipital lobe
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You are a neurologist in a large hospital. The wife of
a construction worker visits you and describes that
her husband has experienced a serious injury to his
frontal lobe. She is perplexed by his behavior.
Which of the following would you tell her is “normal
behavior” for a person with frontal lobe damage?
A. not much decline in memory or intelligence
B. poor judgmentC. irritability and other personality changes
D. ALL of these are commonly seen in frontal lobe
damage
Whi h f th f ll i ti iti
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Which of the following activities
is NOT primarily a function of the left hemisphere?
A. listening to a piano concertoB. reading your psychology book
C. reading junk mail
D. listening to a poetry reading
As Allison reaches for a box in her garage out
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As Allison reaches for a box in her garage, out
jumps a big spider. Her heart immediately
begins to race as she withdraws her hand, butsoon she realizes that the spider is harmless,
and she begins to calm down. Which part of
her nervous system is responsible for brining
her back to a normal state of arousal?
A. sympathetic nervous system
B. somatic nervous systemC. parasympathetic nervous system
D. skeletal nervous system
If Dr Barnes wanted to cause a cat
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If Dr. Barnes wanted to cause a cat
to take on an attack posture, which
of the cat’s brain structures shouldhe electrically stimulate?
A. amygdalaB. hypothalamus
C. hippocampus
D. cerebellum
A split-brain patient’s right
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A split brain patient s right
hemisphere is presented with a
key. How is he most likely torespond?
A. say the word “key”B. select a key from a group of objects presented to his
left hand
C. select a key from a group of objects presented to his
right hand
D. he will not be able to say “key” or to pick out a key
from a group of objects with either hand
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