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The designations employed and the presentation of material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the SWALIM Project concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
This document should be cited as follows: Ullah, Saleem and Gadain, Hussein 2016. National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) of Somalia, FAO-Somalia.
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Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... 6CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 12
1.1. Background to the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan: ............................. 121.2. Overview of the NBSAP development process in Somalia ........................................... 121.3. Structure of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan .................................. 161.4. Understanding biodiversity ............................................................................................ 171.5. Importance of biodiversity ............................................................................................. 171.6. Generic Profile of Somalia ............................................................................................. 19
CHAPTER 2: BIODIVERSITY OF SOMALIA ...................................................................... 252.1. Terrestrial Biodiversity of Somalia ................................................................................ 29
2.1.1 Acacia – Commiphora bushland .............................................................................. 29Current Status of biodiversity: .......................................................................................... 32
2.1.2. Juniperus excelsa forest in the mountainous belt of Golis ...................................... 33Current Status of biodiversity: .......................................................................................... 34Nature of Threats ................................................................................................................... 34
2.1.3 Evergreen and semi – evergreen bushland ............................................................... 352.1.4 Semi – desert grassland, bushed grassland and bushland ........................................ 35
Representative Biodiversity of the eco-region: ................................................................. 35Current Status of biodiversity: .......................................................................................... 36Nature of Threats ................................................................................................................... 36
2.1.5 Northern Zanzibar-Inhambane Coastal Forest Mosaic ecoregion ............................ 37Representative Biodiversity of the eco-region: ................................................................. 372.2 Aquatic biodiversity of Somalia ................................................................................. 40
2.2.1 Coastal biodiversity of Somalia ............................................................................... 402.2.2 Wetlands biodiversity .............................................................................................. 44
2.3 Drivers of biodiversity change in Somalia ...................................................................... 452.3.1 Habitat fragmentation/degradation ........................................................................... 452.3.2 Invasive species ........................................................................................................ 462.3.3 Over exploitation/over-use ....................................................................................... 472.3.4 Climate Change as driver of biodiversity loss: ........................................................ 512.3.5 Drivers of change for the coastal biodiversity: ........................................................ 52
CHAPTER 3: INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR BIODIVERSITY OF SOMALIA ... 543.1. Constitutional support to environment and biodiversity ................................................ 543.2. The policy and regulatory framework ............................................................................ 543.3. Institutional and human capacity .................................................................................... 553.4. Gaps and needs to strengthen biodiversity conservation ............................................... 57
3.4.1 Institutional & Capacity gaps: .................................................................................. 573.4.2 Absence of synergy among managing actors: .......................................................... 583.4.3 Baseline assessment: ................................................................................................ 583.4.4 Management gaps: .................................................................................................... 583.4.5 Sectoral versus integrated approaches: .................................................................... 593.4.6 Capacity gaps ........................................................................................................... 593.4.7 Investment gap: ........................................................................................................ 603.4.8 Scheduling gap: ........................................................................................................ 613.4.9 Security/access gaps: ................................................................................................ 61
CHAPTER 4: STRATEGY FOR MANAGMENET OF BIODIVERSITY ............................. 63
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4.1. Vision, Goal and Objective ......................................................................................... 634.2. Principles Underpinning the Strategy ............................................................................ 634.3. Strategic Approaches for the NBSAP ....................................................................... 644.4. Main priority areas ......................................................................................................... 654.5. The NBSAP targets ........................................................................................................ 65
Overall strategic framework of NBSAP Somalia ..................................................................... 665. IMPLEMENTATION PLANS ............................................................................................. 99
5.1. Capacity development for NBSAP implementation ...................................................... 99Capacity gaps ............................................................................................................ 100
Baseline assessment: .................................................................................................... 101Management gaps: .................................................................................................... 101Sectoral versus integrated approaches: ..................................................................... 101Gap in resource mobilization for NBSAP implementation: ..................................... 101Security/access gaps: ................................................................................................ 101
5.2. Communication and outreach strategy for the NBSAP: .............................................. 1015.3. Outline of the plan for resource mobilization for NBSAP implementation:................ 1035.4. National Coordination Structures ................................................................................. 1055.5. Clearing House Mechanism ......................................................................................... 1065.6. Monitoring and Evaluation ........................................................................................... 108
References: .............................................................................................................................. 110Annex 2: The inclusive process of NBSAP Somalia .......................................................... 114Annex 3: Terms of Reference of the National Steering Committee ................................... 123Annex 4: Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 and the Aichi Targets ...................... 127Annex 5: The IUCN Red List for Somalia .......................................................................... 130Annex 6: Local Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans for Somaliland and Puntland ...... 137Annex 7: Cohesive Management flow chart for Conservation and Sustainable use of biodiversity (non-wooded forest/landscape products) ........................................................ 149Annex 8: List of Environmental Agreements actions taken on by Somalia ....................... 152
Map 1: Administrative Map of Somalia, including distribution of settlements ........................ 21Map 2: Agro-ecological Map of Somalia .................................................................................. 23Map 3: Climatic Map of Somalia Map 4: Bathymetry of Somali Waters ......................... 25Map 5: Horn of Africa Biodiversity Hotspot ............................................................................ 28Map 6: Eco-regions of Somalia ................................................................................................. 30Map 7: Coastal zones of Somalia ............................................................................................. 42Map 8: Fishery Development Zones of Somalia ....................................................................... 43Map 9: Land degradation analysis ............................................................................................ 50Map 10: Security Risk per District ............................................................................................ 62Map 11: Proposed and existing Protected Areas of Somalia .................................................... 98
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
AOI Area of interest CBD Convention on Biodiversity CIFOR Centre for International Forestry Research CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CR Critically Endangered DD Data Deficient EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EGS Ecosystem Goods and Services EN Endangered FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization GDP Gross Domestic Products GEF Global Environmental Facility GHG Green House Gases GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources MAB Man and Biosphere MEA Multi-lateral Environmental Agreement MPA Marine Protected Areas NAP National Action Programme (of UNCCD) NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action (of UNFCCC) NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NCS National Conservation Strategy NGO Non Governmental Organization NRM Natural Resource Management NSC National Steering Committee NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ODA Overseas Development Assistance PA Protected Areas PIF Project Identification Form PTF Project Task Force REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation of Forests SDF Somaliland Development Fund SMART Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time-bound SWALIM Somalia Water and Land Information Management UNCCD United Nations Convention on Combating Desertification UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Education Scientific and Culture Organization UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNSC United Nations Security Council VU Vulnerable WRI World Resource Institute WWF World-Wide Fund for Nature
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Executive Summary
Context for this National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) is set by the key stakeholders with the following objectives:
i. creating a shared understanding of biodiversity among the stakeholders at the national and regional levels in Somalia; and
ii. aligning their understanding as well as commitment to biodiversity conservation with the overall Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020.
The CBD definition of biodiversity, “the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes which they are part of; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems” is adopted. The importance of biodiversity is encapsulated at Ecosystem Goods and Services (EGS) level, commencing from the provisional services to life supporting systems such as watersheds, etc. The link of overall Somali economy with biodiversity is explained as the direct and indirect contribution of biodiversity towards the economy goes beyond 80%. This can be justified while looking at the watershed and nutrient cycles support to agriculture and livestock sectors. The EGS also feed the energy requirements through elements such as charcoal, etc. Another contribution of the biodiversity is enhancing resilience on the face of disasters – natural and man made.
As a first step to achieve this NBSAP, the key stakeholders agreed to an inclusive process of taking on board the relevant actors both in Somalia and abroad. Series of focused group discussions, structured interviews, two training and six consultative workshops were held in Mogadishu and the zonal capitals of Somalia. In Nairobi, meetings were held with International Organizations such as UNDP, UNEP, WWF, IUCN, World Agroforestry Centre, CIFOR, etc. In order to infuse the contemporary global insight, the expertise of the Global NBSAP Forum was consistently attained. Beside extensive literature review, efforts were made to make use of the tacit indigenous knowledge of the Somali communities. Together with the Somali stakeholders, the draft NBSAP is refined through the substantial insight of CBD Secretariat, FAO Headquarters & Regional office, and the NBSAP Forum. The final validation workshop was held in Mogadishu in August 2015 which was chaired by the Deputy Prime Minister of Somalia together with State Minister for Environment and the FAO Representative for Somalia. This workshop was attended by representative of all the key stakeholders who unanimously validated this NBSAP. The project: (I would explain here briefly the work that has been done to achieve this NBSAP).
The status of biodiversity of Somalia was considered in the context of two larger biodiversity hotspots, predominantly Horn of Africa and a southern encroachment Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa Hotspot. This was further elaborated on the basis of six eco-regions of the country, five terrestrial regions and one aquatic/coastal region. The aquatic eco-region is confined to the coastal belt and coastal wetlands, as with very narrow continental shelf. Somalia’s deep seas are characterised by upwelling and migration phenomenon that naturally replenish the biodiversity beyond the coastal belt. The situation in each of these regions is analysed in the context of representative biodiversity, its current status and the prevailing threats. Although Somalia is famous for its species diversity and endemism with more than 5000 plant species and 1332 animal species, dominated by overall endemism in general and
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plants endemism in particular, nevertheless the level of degradation is clearly evident in all the five zones. Although data available is limited, and access to most of the biodiversity hotspots is restricted by security situation in the country, and a comprehensive biodiversity assessment is yet to be made, evidences collected suggest that considerable degradation of the biodiversity resources of Somalia is ongoing. Many of the potential flagship species are either locally extinct or otherwise threatened.
The key drivers behind this biodiversity degradation are clustered in a. direct human-led drivers and b. indirect drivers. The direct drivers are habitat degradation & fragmentation, unchecked hunting/poaching, overgrazing, deforestation for charcoal making & other uses, urbanization, agriculture expansion and mining. The indirect drivers include climate change & its associated extreme events of floods, droughts, storms, etc.; and invasive species, conflict and post conflict situation. The other indirect drivers are mostly elaborated in gaps and needs such the issue of limited capacity and finances.
Gaps and needs that limit the ability of Somali people and government to strengthen biodiversity conservation and sustainable use have been considered. These include weak institutional capacity and the absence of synergy among biodiversity managing actors. In most areas, a sectoral approach prevails over a holistic and more coherent approach that would generally be more effective. The lack of baseline assessments of biodiversity, including species that are directly used, is also to be included as a major gap as any effective management requires a sound baseline assessment. Although around forty terrestrial and Marine Protected Areas are considered for management revival, effective management is still to be put in place. Several institutional areas also need strengthening, among these policy and laws, staffing, skills, technology and networking need due attention. The reversal of the prevailing degradation process demands considerable finances, which are not available at the moment, thus such financial gap needs to be adequately filled through indigenous and ODA support. Last but not the least is the issue of insecurity, considering this as a leading challenge, a systematic approach needs to be developed to move ahead with the conservation activities despite the security issue. This can be done by working through the local communities on one hand and using remote sensing and GIS that may substitute the actual presence of international development partners to the maximum possible extent.
Keeping in view the status of biodiversity, the associated drivers of degradation and the gaps/needs in effective management a coherent coping mechanism is devised in the shape of strategic framework for biodiversity conservation and its sustainable use.
The Strategic Framework for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use: Through a consultative process, led by the Government, the strategic framework is formulated which consists of vision 2050, goal & objectives, 8 overarching principles, 14 strategic approaches that will guide the five main priority areas of Somalia National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. The priority areas are supported through 20 Aichi targets supported with 71 sub targets that will be achieved through 233 SMART indicators. Keeping in view the specific geo-political context of Somalia, a two-phased time frame is adopted with Phase I ending by 2020 and Phase II concludes by 2030.
Strategic framework in summary: The Somali people envisions that, “by 2050 their biodiversity is restored and conserved followed by its sustainable use”. The NBSAP provides
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a strategic framework that systematically translates this vision into actions leading to achieving it. NBSAP is based on the principles of empowerment of people with the rights and responsibilities to ensure that polluters pay, intergenerational equity is in place, indigenous knowledge is considered duly and the NBSAP objectives are mainstreamed through adequate policy, legislation and inclusive planning.
The Strategic Framework for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use in Somalia VISION: By 2050, Somalia’s biological diversity is appreciated, restored, conserved and its components are utilized in sustainable manner that contributes to the socio-economic development of the nation. MAIN PRIORITIES: In conformity with the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, five main priority areas were agreed that consist of: I). Creating understanding of the drivers of biodiversity degradation together with response measures; II). Reduce the direct pressures on Somali biodiversity; III). Safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity; IV). Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity with emphasis on sharing it with marginalized groups; and V). Enhanced participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building. The Programmatic approaches: a) developing conducive policy & legislative instruments, b) strengthening the stewardship role towards intergeneration equity, c) adapting both in-situ & ex-situ conservation measures, d) forging inter and cross-sectoral partnership for entrepreneurship, e) assessing resource baseline & establishing benchmarks, f) encouraging the integration of scientific & indigenous knowledge, g) mainstreaming of biodiversity conservation in overall development process, h) facilitating the resource mobilization through conventional & non-conventional sources, i) creating response mechanism against the drivers of degradation, j) raising mass-scale awareness through communication & outreach mechanism, k) promoting incentive measures and l) strengthening bi-lateral, regional and international cooperation. The summary of the priority areas its associated targets, sub targets and indicators are tabulated as follows:
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The National priority areas are to be attained through series of targets guided by the twenty Aichi Targets as follows:
I. Creating understanding of the drivers of biodiversity degradation together with response measures:
1. By 2022, People are amply aware through the formulation and implementation of knowledge-based communication and outreach strategy while using all the promising fora of professionals, local practitioners, media, academia, religious fora, etc. and through media including workshops, training, focused discussions, mass communication, etc.
2. By 2028, at the latest, biodiversity values have been integrated into national and zonal development plans (specifically 5 years plans) and other poverty reduction processes and are being incorporated (as appropriate) into national accounting and reporting systems.
3. Subsidies relevant to biodiversity are assessed, incentive management mechanism is in place and by 2030 harmful incentives are phased out whereas biodiversity friendly incentives are in place.
4. By 2020, ecosystem related sustainable production and consumption ensured through collaborative steps including stakeholders’ interface management, mobilizing finances, ensuing joint efforts of business enterprises and government towards value added & sustainable use of biodiversity products/services.
II. Reduce the direct pressures on Somali biodiversity through: 5. By 2025, the rate of loss of natural habitats is assessed and concrete steps are in
place to slow down the pace of degradation to half through two-fold measures of a). Addressing the drivers of degradation and b). Proactive efforts such as effective reviving of at least 30 protected areas (including marine protected areas) through concerted rehabilitation efforts.
6. By 2030, while focusing on 8 MPAs along the coast of the South-Central, Puntland and Somaliland, coastal resources such as crustaceans, mangroves, coral reefs, marine turtles, cetaceans, etc. are sustainably managed and the on-going degradation is reduced by 80% through integrated coastal resources management in general and community based interventions in particular. This also includes reducing illegal fishing and waste disposal by 80% and applying conservation measures which will encourage recovery plans for endangered and threatened aquatic species.
7. By 2030, areas under agriculture, aquaculture and forestry are managed sustainably by bringing significant areas under sustainable resource management in each of the five eco-regions through diversifying management practices including but not limited to integrated watershed management, climate smart agriculture, water harvesting, conserving indigenous genomes, REDD+ readiness in natural forests, promoting agroforestry in Juba & Shebelle
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areas, arresting invasive species to 50% and curbing 60% deforestation for charcoal making.
8. By 2025, marine and terrestrial pollution is properly assessed and abatement measures are in place. This includes bringing down the toxic disposal in marine water to levels that is safe for the ecosystem function and biodiversity productivity.
9. By 2027, the extent and nature of invasive species Prosopis, Cactus, Indian crow, etc. are assessed, species for eradication are prioritized; and at least 20% of them are eradicated and the control mechanism of 40% of the prioritized invasive species is in place.
10. By 2025, the multiple anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs and the Junipers forest of Golis range that are affected by climate change are diminished by 30%, through demonstrating integrated coastal areas management and sustainable forest management respectively; the anthropogenic pressures on other vulnerable ecosystems such as mangroves, southern coastal mosaic forest, etc. affected by climate change are diminished by 40%.
III. Safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity by: 11. By 2026, the areas of particular ecological importance (mainly Protected and
Marine Protected Areas) are prioritized and at least 33% of these areas are conserved and protected. In coastal/marine resources these includes mangroves, coral reefs, sea/migratory birds, crustaceans & pelagic fish, marine turtles’ nesting and feeding grounds, whereas among the terrestrial resources the 33 Protected Areas (both proposed and existing) are focused.
12. By 2018, the exact status of various key species is assessed in representative eco-regions with special focus on biodiversity hotspots and potential flagship species, the management plan and the implementation mechanism is in-place and by 2030 the endemic threatened fauna and flora species are protected through restoring 35% of forest canopy;
13. By 2022, improved management of medicinal and aromatic plant species such as Frankincense, Myrrh & other tree species including the Commiphora through reseeding, collection, processing and developing strategic marketing and protected pricing are in place and at least two sophisticated Gene & Seed banks are functional. Elaborate management plan for genetically diverse cultivated plants and farmed & domesticated animals of Juba – Shebelle basins is also in place.
IV. Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity with emphasize on sharing with and benefiting marginalized groups through:
14. By 2020, the mechanism for access to benefits sharing and equitable distribution of benefits and obligations is in place and by 2025, the distribution and accessibility of the ecosystems that provide essential services is improved by 35% from the current level, with particular focus on the vulnerable groups (poor, vulnerable, women, unemployed youth, indigenous groups, nomads).
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15. By 2020, for both terrestrial and coastal forests, sustainable forest management programme with focus on REDD+ readiness is in place; and for selected intensive agriculture areas, by 2018, climate smart agriculture programme is in place. By 2030, at least 33% of the degraded coastal forest restored with upto 40% of carbon sequestration and 30% of the terrestrial forest are conserved with 17-25% carbon sequestration.
16. By 2016, the Nagoya Protocol is ratified by Somalia and by 2018, access to genetic resources and its fair & equitable distribution is enforced.
V. Enhance participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building with the following:
17. By 2015, Somalia has developed, adopted as a policy instrument, and has commenced implementing an effective, participatory and updated national biodiversity strategy and action plan.
18. By 2017 the compatibility of biodiversity related traditional knowledge and its prospects for grafting with the government management & the prevailing knowledge stream is assessed; by 2018 the customary use of biological resources is assessed and the gaps through policy interventions. By 2020, the grafted biodiversity management knowledge and practices are mainstreamed in the demonstration projects and initiatives.
19. By 2016, the knowledge and technology gap assessment is accomplished and by 2017 select initiatives for technology transfer and knowledge enhancing are commenced and; by 2020 essential modern technology and knowledge are demonstrated with at least four initiatives in respective eco-zones.
20. By 2015, the resource requirement for sustainable biodiversity management is assessed and resource mobilization strategy from conventional and non-conventional sources is in place, the implementation of which is commenced in 2016 leading to doubling the resource base by 2020.
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This chapter deals with setting the context for the overall NBSAP process in Somalia including generating shared understanding of biodiversity and its value for the people of Somalia. The background to the NBSAP is explained in the context of its biodiversity in general and the country’s ratification of Convention on Biological Diversity in particular, along with other obligations and opportunities associated with signing of this convention. At the end of the chapter the outlay of the NBSAP is presented.
1.1. Background to the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan:
Somalia became the 193rd part to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) when it ratified it in September 2009. The notice of ratification was registered with the CBD Secretariat in December 2009. By ratifying the CBD, Somalia committed to attain the objectives of CBD in Somalia as well as to contribute to this beyond its political borders through ripple effects of interventions as well as through proactive participation in the international efforts towards conservation of biodiversity, the sustainable use of its elements and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources. After ratification, the Federal Government of Somalia committed to the conservation of its biodiversity and as a first step to this commitment requested GEF in November 2011 to finance the formulation of Somali National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan with the technical assistance of FAO. GEF approved the project (Enabling Activity) in March 2013, whereas due to the changes in Federal Government, the implementation could commence in July 2014. The NBSAP is thus the first effort in the history of Somalia to holistically and systematically look at the overall spectrum of biodiversity – ecosystems, species and genetic diversity. The formulation process comprise of situation analysis on one hand and formulating the strategic & action planning both however with keen follow-up of the CBD Strategic Plan 2011-2020 and its Aichi Targets. The major challenges include the lack of previous NBSAP, as the other countries have already adopted similar frameworks since more than ten years and are now aligning their NBSAPs with the CBD Strategic Plan and Aichi targets. The second challenge is handling the post conflict situation of Somalia, where access is difficult and perverse sensitivities associated with the conflict still prevails. Nevertheless through the consistent leadership of the Federal Government and the sincere efforts of the zonal environmental Ministries an inclusive and holistic approach, underlined as follows, for the formulation of NBSAP is adopted.
1.2. Overview of the NBSAP development process in Somalia
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To ensure quality of an inclusive participatory approach, the following process was adopted for the NBSAP development in Somalia:
Principles of the consultation process: In the first series of meetings between FAO and other relevant institutions, the NBSAP team developed clear understanding of the sensitivities of Somali context, where all the zones (South-Central, Puntland and Somaliland) have to be brought on board and all these zones have to be given due attention & opportunity in the consultation process. So the leading principles for consultation were as follows:
A balanced approach, instead of a top down approach, has to be adopted between the three zones and each one has to be given due importance in the course of consultation and validation, and
As a post conflict country, with smoldering remnants still existing, the NBSAP team must understand the sensitivity of the situation on one hand, while not compromising on the quality of the consultation process and the related outputs.
A grafted approach where based on the scientific knowledge derived from empirical evidences (both hands-on and remote sensing-based) and literature review will be integrated with the indigenous knowledge mostly available in tacit form. Based on this grafting of both the streams of the knowledge this NBSAP is developed.
The process as a whole is led by Federal Government of Somalia, coordinated by the State Minister of Environment/GEF Focal Point together with the Environment Ministries of the Interim Administrations/Zones.
While keeping in view the above mentioned principles the NBSAP process was derived to stay effective in attaining the stipulated objective in a principle-centred manner comprise of the following:
a. Focused Group Meetings
Focussed group meetings were identified as a consultation mechanism for consolidating the NBSAP process/road map. Series of meetings were held with UNDP due to its recent experience of accomplishing the NAPA process. UNEP was consulted for its overall experience of the Enabling Activities such as UNFCCC 2nd National Communication and UNCCD NAP Alignment which they are leading in Somalia. UNEP tossed the idea of Enabling Activity focussed group comprise of FAO, UNDP & UNEP to share the ideas and also join hands in implementing these projects in Somalia. IUCN East Africa Region Office was found a very useful institutions in terms of their biodiversity related experience of Somalia. They shared useful ideas of how to go ahead with the NBSAP process in Somalia and also provided substantial information and literature link on the biodiversity and environment of Somalia. Meetings were held with ICRAF & CIFOR and their knowledge on the transboundary initiatives between Somalia and Ethiopia as well as their land-use planning process was found quite relevant, and they shared their lessons in effectively handling consultations in complicated contexts such as Somalia.
The Somali Government was taken on board right from the beginning and focussed discussions were held with them about implementing NBSAP process. Such meetings included meetings with the sessions with Environment Directorate, Office of the Prime
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Minister, Federal Republic of Somalia; Ministry of Environment & Rural Development of Somaliland; and Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism, Puntland. The meetings were held under the chairpersonship of the senior officials/Ministers and the consultation mechanism and the overall road map were devised based on the collective wisdom. These meetings helped in finalizing the representation in the succeeding meetings and workshops of the NBSAP process.
b . Secondary data and literature review:
The literature review was done in a systematic manner, starting with early twentieth century down to date, with four distinctive periods of colonial era, post-colonial till the outbreak of civil war, the war/conflict period and the stabilization period. Literature is scantly available for a period of the active conflict (post 1991 to 2006), the anomaly of indigenous knowledge also coincides with this period as with the displacement phenomena the whole fabric of the tacit knowledge got disrupted. Important documents such as National Conservation Strategy (NCS) were developed to the stage of inception, however is yet to be produced as full-fledged Somalia’s NCS. Nevertheless, the literature gap was filled with structured interviews of key stakeholders and the consultation process.
c . Consultation process Beside partner organizations based in Nairobi, series of meetings and consultative workshops, together with field visit, were hold with key stakeholders in Mogadishu, Somaliland, Puntland and Interim Administration of South West at Baidoa. The overall process of consultation was coordinated by the Ministry of Environment, Federal Government of Somalia. In all the regions the process was led by the respective Ministries. These events were aimed at soliciting input on one hand and sensitizing/training the stakeholders on the other.
c (i): The LBSAPs as input in the NBSAP formulation process: through series of consultation workshops both in Puntland and Somaliland two Local Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans were developed for each of these zones. The LBSAPs are subsumed in the strategic framework of the NBSAP and thus the targets & indicators for these regions are derived from these LBSAPs. Beside the targets & indicators formulation, the process in the Puntland and Somaliland happened to be very useful in understanding the drivers of biodiversity degradation and the gap analysis. c (ii): Finalization of the lead & support sectors to achieve the targets: For the Administrations of Mogadishu, Puntland, South West, and Somaliland, the respective Ministries of Environment led the process of NBSAP. Among the key Ministries, Forestry, Livestock & Range, Fishery and Marine Resources, Agriculture, Water & Energy, Planning & International Cooperation and Ministry of Finance participated in all the consultation and NBSAP finalization. The other stakeholders include community representatives, private sector, NGOs, academia, media and research institutions participated. Nevertheless, during the finalization workshop in Mogadishu, the responsible sectors/ministries were further deliberated and agreed for each target and sub target.
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d. Global peer review through NBSAP forum
FAO is aware of the quality standards of NBSAP and therefore sought to be part of the development of contemporary NBSAPs around the world. FAO Somalia, therefore, engaged with NBSAP forum (with experts around the world coordinated by CBD, UNEP and UNDP) to interactively seek the guidance around the world and thus incessantly improving the Somalia’s NBSAP. In this regard the lessons of the conflict countries such as Afghanistan, Iraq, South Sudan, D.R. Congo, Mozambique, etc. were focused on one hand as well as the success stories of NBSAP reviewing countries on the other.
e . Remote Sensing and GIS based analysis and base-lining Among the leading challenges, was to come up with quality analysis of the biodiversity potential and the associated drivers of degradation in a reliable manner and shorter time. This gap was filled through FAO SWALIM project’s GIS & Remote Sensing and through systematic analysis of time-series satellite imageries, the status of the Somali eco- regions was assessed. Innovations such as NDVIs were pioneered in the NBSAP process for the first time and this analysis was used to examine the ongoing habitat degradation due to various factors such as deforestation, invasive species, agriculture/urban expansion, sheet/gully erosion, etc. The SWALIM facility was also used for developing series of maps for the NBSAP Somalia.
f . Complementarity drive with other GEF enabling agencies The GEF has approved multiple Enabling Activity Projects such as NAPA, NAP Alignment, Climate Change 2nd Communication Report, NBSAP, etc. to facilitate the implementation of UNFCCC, UNCCD and CBD in Somalia. UNDP, UNEP and FAO are the respective GEF implementing agencies and all these conventions are interdependent in nature, therefore these projects must exchange and learn from each other. We, FAO, UNDP and UNEP are therefore systematically exchanging to avoid duplication and ensure complementarity in process and final products.
g. Project Task Force (PTF)
FAO internal project steering mechanism, PTF comprise of representative of FAO Somalia Office, FAO Africa Regional Office at Addis Ababa and NBSAP/GEF focal point in FAO headquarters at Rome. PTF assess and guide the NBSAP progress and maintains the quality standard of the NBSAP process & product. PTF also works as the bridge between national, regional and global NBSAP related opportunities and challenges.
h. The National Steering Committee
This forum comprise of 12 members with balanced representation form the Somali government, civil society and international organizations. Although the NSC is the overall decision making body responsible for providing quality guidance and orientation during the NBSAP process, however this also functions as the critical mass for the promotion of
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biodiversity cause of Somalia. The NSC maintains the cohesiveness of this NBSAP process with the vision of the Convention on Biological Diversity and other related global agreements. The forum also works as advocacy and awareness raising team to promote the biodiversity concerns of Somalia among key national and global actors. The NSC guides the NBSAP managers to cross-fertilize the biodiversity related knowledge, learn from the best practices of other countries and also disseminate Somalia’s lesson learnt and challenges to global forums and relevant countries.
1.3. Structure of the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
This overall analysis & conclusion is based on the information and its synthesis obtained through the consultation mechanism described in preceding section. This portion of the assessment report outlines the overall situation of Somalia’s biodiversity including current status, change patterns & trends, drivers of biodiversity loss, the policy and regulatory framework Institutional & human capacity, and gaps and needs to strengthen biodiversity conservation and sustainable use in the country. This also reflects the value of biodiversity in relation to human well-being.
The first section comprise of introduction that deals with understanding biodiversity, the value of biodiversity, background of the Somalia’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, overview of the NBSAP development process and structure of this National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan.
The second section deals with the status and trends of Somalia’s biodiversity and biological resources. This is done with respect to terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity where as the latter comprise of both inland water bodies as well as coastal belt. The marine resources are confined to the coastal belt as the EEZ is not touched in detail.
The third section deals with the drivers of biodiversity loss in the country with a bit of historical perspective. Efforts are made to discuss these drivers along the important milestones of Somalia history such as the colonial period, from independence to collapse of the Siad Barre regime, from the beginning of the civil war till date. This continuum shall go on till 2020 - the deadline for meeting Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and the associated Aichi targets. Nevertheless, the last leg of this continuum (the strategic planning) will be captured in the final NBSAP and thus not forming part of this document.
The fourth section captures the policy and regulatory framework that govern the government-led biodiversity management in Somalia. This highlights the Federal Republic of Somalia’s constitutional & policy framework, along with the specific features as covered by the policy and regulatory framework of the two zones (Somaliland and Puntland). The latter part of this section highlights existing institutional and human capacity for the enactment/implementation of the policy & regulatory provisions.
The fifth section deals with the gaps & needs to strengthen biodiversity conservation and sustainable use in Somalia. A two dimensional framework is used for the gap and needs assessment that include the seven zones (comprise of both aquatic & terrestrial biodiversity)
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and the various sectors including forestry, wildlife, agriculture, fisheries (inland & marine), livestock and environment.
The last section deals with the strategic and action plan to cope with the biodiversity related challenges prevails in Somalia. This section comprise of the vision, goal & objective, principles, strategic approaches, main priority areas, the NBSAP targets and corresponding actions against the agreed targets.
Efforts are made to compile the rest of supporting documents and material in the annexes section. So this section contains all the contents that substantiate the analysis and strategic and action plan. Maps and tables are inserted in the relevant sections rather than in the annexes.
1.4. Understanding biodiversity
Although biodiversity is defined in many ways, here we refer to its definition by the CBD and IUCN, as this is in the context of conservation of biodiversity. The Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992, defines biodiversity as, “the variability among living organisms from all sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems”. IUCN defines Biodiversity as the variability among living organisms - animals, plants, their habitats and their genes - from all sources including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part. This includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems (https://www.iucn.org/iyb/about/ bio_glossary/). The description of biodiversity mostly follows the hierarchical approach of ecosystem, species and genes. Thus the ecosystem diversity refers to the variety of habitats that occurs within a large landscape, ranging from biome (the largest ecological unit) to microhabitat. The species diversity refers to the variety of species within a given geographical area. Whereas, the genetic diversity refers to the variation within single species i.e. between populations of single species and between individuals of single population within the same species. For enhanced understanding of biodiversity, two sets of glossaries developed by CBD and IUCN – The World Conservation Union are attached as annex I with this document.
1.5. Importance of biodiversity
Somalia lies in the Horn of Africa biodiversity hotspot, one of only two hotspots (the other being Succulent Karoo in SW Africa) that are entirely arid. By virtue of centred at the arid Horn, this biodiversity hotspot is thus centred at Somalia. Despite its arid nature, the hotspot has evolved significant endemism. Although the entire hotspot covers 1.5 million km2, most of the plants actually inhabits in small proportion of the hot spot. The estimated 5,000 vascular
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plant species, with over half endemic species, of the hotspot are concentrated in fewer areas and Somalia is among those concentrations of plant endemism. The dominant vegetation type is Acacia – Commiphora bushland, which provided for thousands years frankincense (from Boswellia sacra and B. frereana in Somalia) and myrrh (from the widespread Commiphor myrrha and C. guidottii) to Africa and Middle eastern countries as far as Egypt. In the entire Horn of Africa biodiversity hotspot, Somalia hosts the Yeheb nut (Cordeauxia edulus, VU), an evergreen shrub or small tree with yellow flowers and edible, highly nourishing seeds. Hundreds of new species have been discovered in Somalia alone in the last 20 years, most notable among them the Somali cyclamen (Cyclamen somalense). Known only from a small area in northern Somalia, the plant was a surprising discovery in tropical Africa, as the genus Cyclamen is otherwise found only in the Mediterranean region. Somalia is famous for bird endemism in the region, as 7 out of 24 endemic bird species are found only in Somalia. Warsangli linnet (Carduelis johannis, EN) is among the most notable endemic bird species in the hotspot and is found only in northern Somalia. The mammalian endemism is relatively low and the most notable endemics are several antelope species, including the beira, dibatag, Speke’s gazelle and silver dikdik. Somalia also hosts the famous Somali wild ass and the desert warthog. Among the wild cats, Cheetah was observed during the NBSAP formulation process in Sool region of northern Somalia. The Horn of Africa’s highest levels of endemism occur among reptiles, with more than 90 species found nowhere else. The hotspot’s six endemic reptile genera include Haackgreerius, a monotypic genus of skink found in Somalia, and Aeluroglena, which is represented by a single species of snake, A. cucullata (Conservation International, 2008). Despite its reasonable richness the biodiversity in Somalia is threatened by the habitat degradation due to deforestation, over grazing, agriculture expansion, and host of other man-made and natural factors. In order to effectively manage this distinct but threaten biodiversity, Somalia needs concerted efforts to conserve and restore its biodiversity through the road-map which the Somali people elaborated in this NBSAP. The concept of Ecosystem Goods and Services (EGS) explains the significance of biodiversity in holistic terms. The CBD reflects on the importance of biodiversity through EGS that include provisioning services such as food and water; regulating services such as flood and disease control; cultural services such as spiritual, traditional, recreational, and cultural benefits; and supporting services such as nutrient cycling that maintain the conditions for life on Earth. EGS such as watershed protection, pest control, nutrient cycling and pollination sustain productivity in agricultural ecosystems, the major food and fiber provider for human on earth. The ecosystem functions serve as life support phenomena and the role of biodiversity related to cultural and religious spheres of life explains how biodiversity influences human life in totality. When impaired or degraded, extreme poverty and hunger are more difficult to address and to overcome. In the long term, the loss of biodiversity that results in a reduction of crop and livestock genetic diversity and in the decreased availability of wild biological resources, threatens food security for the whole population (http://www.cbd.int/development/about/important.shtml). The importance of biodiversity goes beyond the consumptive aspects such as its use for food, medicine, source of energy, etc. and thus influences all the aspects of human life. While reflecting on the importance of biodiversity, IUCN – The World Conservation Union signifies the nexus of biodiversity with food and energy security. The species and habitat diversity
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reduces the vulnerability to natural hazards such as fires and flooding. This diversity has outstanding role in regulating watershed services both at the catchment and command levels. Life in Somalia has a strong association with the biodiversity – the goods and services emanated from the ecosystem. Commencing from the provisioning services include but not limited to traditional medicines, food (in various forms including agri-based and from the wild both aquatic & terrestrial) and water (generation, cleaning and replenishment). Keeping in view the rather predominant pastoral and agri-based economy of Somalia, EGS significantly provides the regulating services such as flood, drought, pest and disease control. Biodiversity can play a dominant role in off-setting the effects of climate change, examples include restoration of mangroves & corals for artisanal fishery. East African country such as Tanzania & Kenya has greatly benefited from the cultural services of biodiversity including but not limited to spiritual, recreational and cultural aspects. Somalia, with conservation efforts, can substantially benefit from the cultural services of biodiversity. Keeping in view the significance of livestock and free-gazing for Somali economy, the EGS supporting services of nutrient cycling and watershed maintenance becomes as important as circulatory function for human life. Other essential services such as pollination and pest control can’t be imagined without ample biodiversity in a given landscape. The biodiversity of Somalia is an important factor of resilience on the face of various natural and man-made disasters in the country. Examples are the local gene pool of the agriculture crops and livestock that is evolved to absorb natural disasters such as droughts, floods, famine, etc. whereas when the conflicts lead to choking of the supply lines and money based economy for almost two decades, the EGS still supplied the essential survival provisions to the country. According to the World Bank, livestock is the mainstay of the economy and 60% of the population derives a livelihood from pastoralism-based livestock production. The export of livestock and meat generates 80% of foreign exchange earning (http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/somalia/overview). This pastoralist based livestock derives its existence from the semi-arid ecosystems of the country and thus depends on the biodiversity. Beside the livestock, agriculture sector is the main stay and this sector counts on biodiversity both in terms of its gene-pool to stay resilient on the face of rotational disasters of flood and drought. Agriculture sector on the other hand derives its existence from the ecosystem in-terms of its water & nutrient requirements. The energy requirement of this pre-dominantly rural society is also met by the ecosystem – mainly through charcoal. So the nexus of biodiversity with the socio-economic and bio-physical aspects of Somali life can be profoundly observed in all possible details.
1.6. Generic Profile of Somalia
A detailed profile of Somalia is presented in Annex 1 that comprises of series of maps and elaborates description. Somalia in snapshot (refer to Map 1) is described as the eastern most country of Africa, has total area of 637,657 Km2, with longest coastline (3,025 Km) in
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continental Africa, and borders Djibouti (58km), Ethiopia (1,600 Km) and Kenya (682 Km). Its land area is 98.4% (627,337 Km2) and water area 1.6% (10,320 Km2). Somalia is characterised by hot, arid and semi-arid climate, with two wet seasons (April to June, and October to November) of approximately 500 mm in the northern highlands, 50-150mm along coast, and 300-500 mm in the southwest. With the global climate change, local climate extremes such as drought, floods, storms, etc. are likely to increase in frequency and ferocity. Topographically the country comprise of highlands in the north with the rest of the country mainly plateaus and plains, coastal plains, Juba and Shebelle the main and only permanent rivers, nevertheless these rivers remain mostly subterranean before entering the Indian ocean. Irrigated agriculture is on around 1% area (6,234 Km2), rain-fed agriculture is around 7% (23,446 Km2), natural vegetation from closed to sparse is 83% (528,400 Km2), bare areas 11.7 % (74,819 Km2), water bodies 1.6% (10,320 Km2) and built areas only 0.1% (650 Km2) (FAO, SWALIM, 2013). Administratively Somalia is divided in 18 regions.
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Two classes of woody vegetation found with total area 83% but sparse in nature. Area under natural woody vegetation closed to open is 52.7% with 336,612 Km2 and natural woody vegetation sparse or herbaceous is 30% with 191,751 Km2. Nevertheless the dense forest vegetation is confined to the patches in the Golis Mountains in the north and the coastal mosaic forests of the southeast. This however shall not exceed than 3% of the total area of the country. The woody vegetation is dominated by Acacia and Commiphora shrub and woodlands. Extensive areas of riverine forests have been cleared for agriculture, and localized dryland forests are clearance for charcoal. Mist forests in north only true forests, however are under the threat of degradation and deforestation. Increased pressures on forests for charcoal – especially for urban areas – huge demand, also export trade. Somalia is part of the Conservation International Horn of Africa Hotspot which has over 60 endemic genera, over 2,750 endemic species and 24 important bird areas. Some part of the country falls in Somalia-Masai region of plant endemism (Savannah and shrub lands) and a smaller area in the south comprise of the Zanzibar-Inhambane region. The coastal and marine belt is characterised by fringing reefs and coral patches in Gulf of Aden, with smaller area under mangroves concentrated in three sites along the coast of the Gulf. On Somalia Indian Ocean Coast, fringing and back reef lagoons from the Kenya border to Kismayu are found, with the largest concentration of Mangroves near Kismayu. From Kismayu onwards there are no reefs, because of nutrient rich deep water upwelling, which supply very important offshore fisheries (tuna). Artisanal fishing at low level, not a widespread tradition, but pressure has increased due to displacement of people from inland to coast. Traditional shark and ray fishing is done on Gulf of Aden coast for the salted/dry local (regional) market, however is currently shifted to shark fin export to Asia. Illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing by foreign vessels is now a critical issue. Renewable internal freshwater resources in the country are on the decline (589 m3 in 2005-2009 to 572 m3 in 2010-2014; World Bank, 2014), with skewed distribution regionally – most availability in the Juba and Shebelle basins. Water is the critical resource that ultimately determining livelihoods. Historically water management integrated with livestock management, however currently much unplanned water is supplied for construction that increases pressures on rangelands. Irrigation for agriculture use to account for over 90% of water use. There are about 16 people per km2 and an annual growth rate of 2.8%, the population is estimated at 10,496 million (2013; World Bank, 2014), with 52 % female and 47 % male consists of approximately 64% rural and 36% urban. Poverty level is high with nearly 80% of rural population living in poverty (less than $2 per day), while a total 53.4% live in extreme poverty (less than $1 per day). Six major clans with four are mainly pastoralist and two agriculturalists concentrated in Juba and Shebelle areas; there is lack of clarity of land tenure and security of rights to the land. The country is sparsely populated (refer to map 1), however with concentration found in the lower Shebelle, Banadir, Juba areas in the South, whereas around Hargeysa in the North West. This distribution of population provides substantial unoccupied land for the wildlife and natural ecosystems to thrive in this rather arid environment. Main food crops are sorghum, millet, maize, rice. Main cash crops were bananas, sugar, cotton. Crops are limited mainly to irrigated areas, but an increase in high risk opportunistic rain fed cultivation removes land from livestock based systems. The Government emphasis
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is on cultivation based agriculture as main vehicle for livelihood improvement with indigenous crop varieties (sorghum, cowpeas), around 14% of the population are engaged in farming, with average 0.2 ha per person (World Bank, 2012)
Map 2: Agro-ecological Map of Somalia
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Economics and livelihoods: Livestock the main economic base for the country. Many natural products sold – especially Frankincense (used to be 4th largest foreign currency earner) and for Myrrh Somalia used to be worlds largest producer. Industry at the moment is small scale and mainly service sector, however there is potential for processing and value adding on natural resources and biodiversity products. Huge potential exists for Somali industrial fisheries and new artisanal fisheries development if IUU is adequately addressed. The GNI per capita has grown substantially from $7,303 in 2005 to 10,679 in 2013 (World Bank, 2014). There are large remittances (estimated at between $300-$500 million per annum), while donor support is estimated at about $115 million per annum (2000 figures) Social Services such as health and education indicators are among the poorest in Africa with high mortality rates (115 deaths per 1000 births) and estimated life expectancy at birth is 47. Infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies and birth related problems are major health risks, and water borne diseases are on the increase. HIV/AIDS prevalence estimated at 0.4 1% (2013; World Bank). Primary school enrolment is only 20.8% for boys and 16.9% for girls. The overall adult literacy rate is of 25% for males, and 12% for females with the literacy in rural areas being very low. In addition to low education levels, there are been a great brain drain to other countries. Though over half the population, women have insignificant voice. But many civil society groups negotiating for greater equity in decision making, nevertheless, with increased democracy the role of women has substantially improved.
Natural disasters such as Tsunami is best known, however effects of droughts and floods are far more serious. From 1961-2004, 18 floods killed 2,600 people, and 12 droughts killed 19,600 people (IUCN, 2006). With land conversion for irrigated agriculture, deforestation for charcoal and urban expansion, effects of drought is exacerbated. Massive coral bleaching occurred worldwide in 1998 due to climate change and resulted in widespread coral mortality, which is likely to have impacted Southern Somalia and Gulf of Aden coast.
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Map 3: Climatic Map of Somalia Map 4: Bathymetry of Somali Waters
CHAPTER 2: BIODIVERSITY OF SOMALIA
Global biodiversity richest places are concentrated in 34 hotspots of biological diversity. Somalia lies in the Horn of Africa biodiversity hotspot. This arid biome is a renowned source of biological resources. Along with the Succulent Karoo of the south-western Africa, the Horn of Africa is one of only two biodiversity hotspots, that is entirely arid. In the ancient times its fame was associated with frankincense, myrrh and other natural commodities to be taken back North along incense route through the Arabian deserts.
The dominant vegetation type is Acacia-Commiphora vegetation which is a dense bushland of 3 to 5 m tall with scattered emergent trees up to 9 m. Most of the characteristic species of the main canopy are multiple-stemmed bushes or small bushy trees that are branched near the base. Main species Acacia bussei, Acacia mellifera, Acacia nilotica, Balanites rotundifolia, Boscia coriacea, Boswellia sacra and B. frereana, Commiphora myrrha, Commiphora africana, etc. This area is home to a number of endemic and threatened antelopes, notably threatened species like the beira (Dorcatragus megalotis), the dibatag (Ammodorcas clarkei), and Speke’s gazelle (Gazella spekei). This hotspot also holds more endemic reptiles than any other region in Africa. Other distinctive endemics include the Somali wild ass (Equus africanus somaliensis) and the sacred baboon (Papjo hamadyas).
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According to Conservation International the Horn of Africa is also one of the most degraded hotspots, beside others such as Madagascar lowland forests (Conservation International, 2015), Succulent Karoo (Conservation International, 2014), etc. in the world, with only about 5 percent of its original habitat remaining. Overgrazing is the most destructive force, but charcoal harvesting along with insufficient management efforts by the unstable government control have also been major problems, Conservation International, 2008. Table 1: Biodiversity comparison among East African Countries
Mammals Birds Plants
Country Area Km2 Endemic Total Endemic Total Endemic Total
% of land transformed from natural habitat to other land-uses
Response to degradation in terms of % of land protected
Burundi 27830 0 107 0 451 not known 2500 37 5 Djibouti 23200 0 61 1 126 6 826 1 1
Eritrea 117600 0 112 0 319 not known not
known 19 4 Ethiopia 1104300 31 277 28 626 1000 6603 39 5 Kenya 580370 23 359 9 844 265 6506 13 6 Rwanda 26340 0 151 0 513 26 2288 52 8 Somalia 637660 12 171 11 422 500 3028 6 0 Uganda 241040 6 345 3 830 not known 4900 36 7 All countries 2758340 72 52 1797 24 4
Source: UNEP, 2006. Africa Environment Outlook 2
Surrounded by the Horn of Africa zone, Somalia southeast has an important extension of the Zanzibar- Inhambane forest (described in section 2.1.5) that forms the coastal mosaic belt with unique biodiversity extending from the South. Within this context, the endemisms of Somalia’s biodiversity are given in the following table: Table 2: Endemisms of Somalia’s biodiversity (http://www.cepf.net/resources/hotspots/africa/Pages/Horn-of-Africa.aspx)
* Flora of Somalia, vol. 3
Taxonomic group
Species present in Somalia
Endemic Species
Percentage Endemism
Plants 3165* 800 25 Mammals 220 20 9.1 Birds 697** 24 3.4 Reptiles 285 93 32.6 Amphibians 30 6 20 Freshwater Fishes 100 10 10
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** Birdlife international report the number of bird species as 566 with 9 endemic (http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/country/somalia).
The Data Gap: During the course of consultations and literature review carried out for the preparation of this NBSAP, the absence of data as well as mismatching figures from different sources were repeatedly confronted. For example various sources present different figures for birds, such as the Birdlife International mention of a total figure of 566 with 9 endemic birds and 17 as globally threatened birds. The other sources mentioned above give different count. The major deviation was observed in the number of elephants with a high figure of 6000 brought down to 70 in southern Somalia.
The status and trends of Somalia’s biodiversity and biological resources
Arid and semi-arid conditions prevail in Somalia since ages. This “stability” helped biodiversity evolving in harmony for and adapt to this apparently less-hospitable semi-desert environment. Beside its harsh climate and xeric vegetation, the country is still home to high level of endemism that is rooted in its remarkable location where the two global zones of endemism (Horn of Africa Biodiversity Hotspot and Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa Hotspot, refer to Map 5) meet each other. Early colonial officials (such as R.E Drake Brockman, 1910) reported on the astonishing abundance and diversity of wildlife. Somalia at the time had a reputation of being one of the best wildlife havens in Africa. Till 1980s the country was reported to host around 3,023 species of higher plants and was thus considered as a centre of floral endemism (White, 1983).
Even as recently as the mid-1980s, the status of wildlife in Somalia was reported as being sparse and scattered due to a combination of livestock grazing and illegal hunting (IUCN/UNEP, 1986). As with the fauna depleted by poaching and land degradation, nevertheless, large concentrations of livestock together with the felling of trees for charcoal and firewood adversely affected species composition, ground cover and the structure of vegetation. Grazing pressure from livestock and soil erosion are now a serious problem and, together with periodic droughts, have had a devastating effect on the vegetation and soils.
Somalia has the most extensive and least spoiled coastline in Africa. Important coral reefs, seabird colonies and turtle nesting beaches are currently unprotected. At the end of the last century there were believed to be large dugong populations and extensive sea grass beds in near shore waters. Important seabird nesting sites include Mait Island, Zeila Island, and islets off Mogadishu. According to IUCN – The World Conservation Union, the area has distinct and abundant biodiversity, including 87 species of corals, 140 species of reef fish and the cetaceans includes delphinids such as common dolphin (Delphinus delphis), Spinner Dolphin (Stenella longirostris), Spotted Dolphin (S. attenuate), etc. The birds’ diversity and presence is also of peculiar nature. Together with this features, the presence of mangroves and sea weeds make these areas suitable for managing as Marine Protected Areas (IUCN – 1999). However the lack of adequate management on one hand and excessive and illegal use of the marine and
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coastal resources has impacted the aquatic biodiversity which still has the potential to replenish, notwithstanding requires immediate and appropriate measures.
Map 5: Horn of Africa Biodiversity Hotspot, with Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa Hotspot
The overall status of threatened species of Somalia as per the IUCN red-list is follows:
Table 3: Threatened species in Somalia
Mammals Birds Reptiles* Amphibians Fishes*
Mollusks* Other
Invertebrates* Plants* Total*
15 17 4 0 26 2 60 42 166
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Table 4: Overall status of threat plants and animals in Somalia
(source: www.iucnredlist.org)
IUCN Red List Categories: EX - Extinct, EW - Extinct in the Wild, CR - Critically Endangered, EN - Endangered, VU - Vulnerable, LR/cd - Lower Risk/conservation dependent, NT - Near Threatened (includes LR/nt - Lower Risk/near threatened), DD - Data Deficient, LC - Least Concern (includes LR/lc - Lower Risk, least concern).
The detailed examination of Somalia’s biodiversity is provided (done with the help of literature review as well extensive consultation with stakeholders, as detailed in Annex II) in the context of terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity as follows:
2.1. Terrestrial Biodiversity of Somalia
Rather than administrative or political boundaries, biodiversity follows the ecological regional boundaries therefore the terrestrial biodiversity of Somalia is examined in the context of its five eco-regions that the country shares with its neighbours on all three sides. The terrestrial biodiversity is transboundary in nature as are the ecoregions that the country possesses. The five ecoregions as agreed by multiple sources (such as White, 1983; A.D. Leslie, 1990 and WWF, 2014) are adopted for our terrestrial biodiversity analysis. Mangrove vegetation, is however, dealt in the section of aquatic biodiversity. Thus the terrestrial biodiversity is elaborated in the ecoregions mainly determined by the vegetation type, however explaining the fauna and flora both (delineated in map 6) with the following five eco-regions:
2.1.1. Acacia – Commiphora bushland 2.1.2. Juniperus excelsa forest in the mountainous belt of Golis 2.1.3 Evergreen and semi – evergreen bushland 2.1.4 Semi – desert grassland, bushed grassland and bushland.
a. Hobyo grasslands and shrublands b. The Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands
2.1.5 Zanzibar – Inhambane forest
2.1.1 Acacia – Commiphora bushland
Occupying largest part of Somalia, with very variable in structure and species, this lies within the Somali-Masai regional center of endemism, and Somali-Masai semi-desert grassland and shrubland. The predominant trees species in the ecoregion belong to the Acacia and Commiphora genera. In lower elevation, with less rainfall, the vegetation becomes semi-desert scrubland. Forest vegetation once abundant, is now largely been destroyed by human activity.
Somalia EX EW Sub total
CR EN VU Sub total
NT LR/cd DD LC Total
Animals 0 0 0 6 20 98 124 148 0 151 1,472 1,895
Plants 0 0 0 3 16 23 42 44 0 5 188 279
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The ecoregion represents ancient and stable habitat and therefore houses a high number of arid-adapted species, many of them endemic.
Map 6: Eco-regions of Somalia
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Representative Biodiversity of the eco-region:
Although 1,250 plants recorded from the region, however the extent of endemism is not known. Lying in the Horn of Africa, the region is notable for endemism of mammals in general and antelopes in particular. The examples are Dibatag (Ammodorcas clarkei, VU) found only in Somalia, Beira (Dorcatragus megalotis, VU), Hirola (Damaliscus hunteri, CR) and Speke's gazelle (Gazella spekei, VU). There are also a number of smaller mammals including four Gerbillus species, one Microdillus species, one white-toothed shrew (Crocidura greenwoodi, VU), and the walo (Ammodillus imbellis, VU), a gerbil known only from Somalia. The Somali warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus delamerei, VU) is also near endemic to this ecoregion.
Widely distributed but threatened ungulate species include dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas, VU) and Soemmering's gazelle (Gazella soemmeringi, VU). African wild ass (Equus africanus somaliensis, CR) inhabits this region, nevertheless the extent is not confirmed. The beisa oryx (Oryx gazella beisa) was formerly widespread throughout Somalia, however with excessive hunting had exterminated this antelope over much of its Somalian range by the 1980s but it is still distributed over a wide range in Ethiopia. The gerenuk (Litocranius walleri) also occurs and has a wider distribution, extending further south into Kenya. The greater and lesser kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros, Timberbis) once abundant in Somalia, now can be found in areas of Acacia-Commiphora woodland in the Ethiopian section of this ecoregion.
Elephants (Loxodonta africana, EN) and buffalo (Syncerus caffer) were previously widespread in the wetter portions of this ecoregion Lion (Panthera leo, VU), leopard (Pathera pardus, EN), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus, VU), and striped and spotted hyaenas (Hyaena hyaena and Crocuta crocuta) are the main large carnivores in this ecoregion, however the extent can’t be confirmed in Somalia. Including the endangered wild dog (Lycaon pictus) most of these species can be found in the Ethiopian section of this ecoregion.
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Cub of Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) in Garowe (Courtesy: von Klaus Lorenz)
Most of the endemic species of animal and plant are associated with dry habitats, but the riverine habitats along the Juba and Wabi Shebele support two strictly endemic birds, the Degodi lark (Mirafra degodiensis, VU) and the Bulo Burti bush-shrike (Laniarius liberatus, CR), qualifying as an Endemic Bird Area. The Abyssinian yellow-rumped seedeater (Serinus xanthopygius), the short-billed crombec (Sylvietta philippae, DD), and Sidamo bushlark (Heteromirafra sidamoensis, VU) are all restricted to this ecoregion as well, while the sombre chat (Cercomela dubia, DD), white-winged collared-dove (Streptopelia reichenowi), Salvadori’s weaver (Ploceus dicrocephalus), and the scaly babbler (Turdoides squamulatus) are considered near-endemic.
Current Status of biodiversity:
The habitats of the ecoregion are mainly dry woodlands and scrub, with a gradation to grasslands and deserts in the driest places. Most of these areas remain unfragmented and intact, as the human population is low and agriculture is concentrated along watercourses and close to the coastline. This ecoregion has been severely affected by political instability and war over the past few decades. Large mammal populations have been depleted throughout the ecoregion, especially in Somalia where there has been no federal government since 1991. Since then the conservation activities in the eco-region, like the other parts of the country, are almost dormant. For example Beisa oryx (Oryx gazel/abeisa), formerly widespread, but now reduced by poaching to a mere 1000 – 1200. The Alifuuto (Arbowerow) Nature Reserve, is found here, although there is no systematic information about the status of this site, the anecdotal information reveals a far from satisfactory status of this reserve.
Flagship species such as the elephant (Loxodonta africana), black rhino (Diceros bicornis), lion (Panthera leo) and Swayne's hartebeest (Alceaphus swaynei) is believed to be locally extinct, while the wild ass (Equus asinus somalicus), is also reduced to few dozen (Sommerlatte & Umar, 2000). The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), Grevy's zebra (Equus grevy) and three rare species of gerbil are also reduced to critical status. The Abyssinian genet (Genetta abyssinica) might occur in the north, and the rare golden rumped elephant shrew (Rhynchocyon chrysopygus) might occur in coastal forest in the extreme south, but their status and conservation requirements are not known (IUCN, 1990).
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A bustard from North-West Somalia (Courtesy: Ugo Leonardi, FAO, SWALIM)
Somalia is the most important country for bustards in the northern hemisphere, with restricted populations of Heuglin's bustard (Neotis heuglini), Hartlaub's bustard (Eupodotis hartaubii), and the little brown bustard (E. humilis). Larger species, namely the Arabian bustard (Ardeotis arabs) and Denham's bustard (Neotis denham), a declining species, are heavily hunted (IUCN, 1990).
Nature of Threats
Habitat degradation: Habitats have become degraded in many places through grazing by livestock and fuel wood collection, particularly close to villages and towns. Throughout this ecoregion, riverine vegetation is often extremely degraded. Some economically important species, such as the Yeheb nut (Cordeauxia edulis) may be declining due to overgrazing.
Climate change: There has been a long history of human habitation in the Horn of Africa. However, droughts dramatically decrease livestock numbers and allow native vegetation to recover. Native plants and animals are also adversely affected by drought, but not as severely as livestock (Kingdon, 1989).
Poaching: Following decades of political instability and warfare, status of most endemic/near-endemic large mammals has declined dramatically and their ranges are fragmented due to poaching in the eco-region. Conflict with farmers is a serious threat to the dwindling elephant population.
Essential conservation measures:
Improved management of existing/new protected areas and better law enforcement are the main conservation requirements. With the return of the stable government to Somalia, it will be essential to support the government to re-establish protected areas and safeguard the remaining populations of large mammals. Regional conservation planning should be encouraged but will obviously be difficult to achieve.
2.1.2. Juniperus excelsa forest in the mountainous belt of Golis
Mainly falls in the mountainous belt of Golis, this ecoregion stretches along the coast of Somalia, through both Somaliland and Puntland. It stretches from the Shimbiris Mountain (2,416 m – the highest point in Somalia) east of Hargeysa to Raas Caseyr, covering the tip of the Horn of Africa and continuing till the Somali coastal plain. The mean rainfall varies from 200 mm in low-lying areas annually to far greater at higher elevations, such as slopes near Maydh receives 700 mm annual, the highest for Somalia.
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Representative Biodiversity of the eco-region:
Due to the political instability in the country, this area remained less accessible for decades and therefore the status of biodiversity of the ecoregion is not updated. Much of the information that does exist is old and cannot be considered reliable. Nevertheless, it is recorded that there are over ten species of endemic plants represented here; for example, the monotypic genus Renschia, four endemic species of Helianthemum and one endemic species of Thamnosma. Both WWF and IUCN (Friis and Lovett, 1996) regard this as a center of endemism for plants, although the high mountain region is rich in endemism, however this is also found at lower elevations.
Among the mammals, the rare antelopes beira (Dorcatragus megalotis, VU) and Speke's gazelle (Gazella spekei, VU), the Salt’s dikdik (Madoqua saltiana) and Soemmerring's gazelle (Gazella soemmerringii, VU) are also found here. These are threatened and suffer from over-hunting and from grazing competition with livestock.The near-endemics small mammal species are Atelerix sclateri, Acomys louisae and Elephantulus revoili. The snakes Spalerosophis josephscorteccii and Leptotyphlops reticulatus and the lizard Pseuderemias savagei are among strict endemic reptiles, along with two other reptiles (Somali Snake (Aeluroglena cucullata) and Haackgreerius miopus) near-endemic to the ecoregion.
The Somali pigeon (Columba oliviae, DD), the Somali thrush (Turdus ludoviciae, CR), and the Warsangli linnet (Carduelis johannis, EN) are among the endemic birds to this area. The severely threatened Somali thrush and Warsangli linnet are confined to juniper forests at higher elevations.
Current Status of biodiversity:
There is no accurate information about the habitat within this ecoregion mainly due to the continued political difficulties in the country. It is known that these forests are degraded and gone through deforestation. At lesser habitable lower elevations the forest is better as at the lower reaches the habitat tends to be semi-deserts in many areas. Within the ecoregion few forest reserves exists, as the only protected areas, for example the Daloh Forest Reserve – area of montane Juniperus forest. Some other patches are considered to be on the higher elevation areas of the Surud-Ad-Al Madu and Mosca highlands. These areas have not been adequately managed for quite some time since the outbreak of civil unrest in the country.
Nature of Threats
The consultation workshops both in Puntland and Somaliland revealed that the major threats to the ecoregion is the cutting of Juniperus trees for timber & fuel wood, intensive grazing by goats and other livestock. Poaching of larger mammals is also a chronic problem. Due to the prolonged political instability in the ecoregion additional threats arise besides the chronic poaching led by the breakdown of management authorities. Notwithstanding the current initiatives set up to conserve forests and wildlife, these are not well documented.
Essential conservation measures:
The baseline assessment of this forest region’s biodiversity is essential for improved management. Various alternatives to cutting the tree and degrading the environment needs to
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be worked. The assessment should also include exploring the possibility for REDD and efforts needs to focus on REDD readiness for the country in general and this zone in particular. Other possible road map for the region could be preparing for UNESCO’s Man & Biosphere Reserves (MAB) initiative. The overall objectives of these interventions should be divert pressure from the forest stock and associated biodiversity and provide the inhabitants with rather better & environment friendly alternatives. The energy and fodder requirements should be fulfilled through other means such as alternative/renewable energy (solar, wind, micro-hydel, etc.) and rotation grazing, etc. respectively.
2.1.3 Evergreen and semi – evergreen bushland
This zone is an ecotone between the Acacia Commiphora bushland and Juniperus excels forest and is found in areas above 1500 meters and with rainfall exceeding 450 mm, this zone can also be found in gullies in lower altitude. The dominant species in this vegetation type is Buxus hilderbrandtii, Aloe eminens, Cussonia holstii, Dodonea viscosa, Euphorbia grandis, Pistacea aesthiopica, etc. At the higher elevation the species composition changes and fuses with the Juniper forest.
Representative Biodiversity of the eco-region:
As an ecotone of the two dominant eco-regions (Acacia Commiphora bushland and Juniperus excelsa) the biodiversity in general is transitional in nature and the overall context is dealt in the two regions.
2.1.4 Semi – desert grassland, bushed grassland and bushland
As this ecoregion follow the Somalia-Masai semi-desert grassland and shrubland vegetation zone with two distinct blends of, a. Hobyo grasslands and shrublands - narrow coastal strip along the coast of Indian Ocean stretching from the horn down to south of Mogadishu and b. northern coast of Somalia (Somaliland) and b. The Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands, stretches from the horn of Africa to the border with Djibouti. The details of both the zones are described as follows:
a. Hobyo grasslands and shrublands
Stretching down the southeast coast from the Horn of Africa, the Hobyo Grassland and Shrubland ecoregion consists of white and orange sand dunes dominated by perennial dune grasslands and sedges. The unpredictable rainfall and inaccessibility of the area have prevented thorough exploration, however around 1000 vascular plant species are likely to be found here, with high species endemism. This region also supports six endemic species of birds, mammals and reptiles. However, little is known of the current status of this coastal ecoregion, due to political instability.
Representative Biodiversity of the eco-region:
The zone is the extended part of the Somali-Masai region of endemism with principle shrubby species as Aerva javanica, Indigofera sparteola, Jatropha pelargoniifolia (glandulosa), Farsetia longisiliqua, etc. Buxus hildebrantii, Maytenus undata, Vepris eugeniifolia are found
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here in the mesic limestone gorges. Dirachma somalensis, one of two endangered species in the Dirachmaceae family, is its richest known locality. Other endemics include Amphiasma gracilicaulis and Lochia parvibracta. Plants have adapted to the climate in several ways, succulents are common and the Puntia genus is found in this ecoregion. Many of the endemics are cushion plants shaped by the sand-laden winds.
Two endemic mammals, the silver dik-dik (Madoqua piacentinii, VU) and the Somali golden mole (Chlorotalpa tytonis, CR), are also found here. Among the rather rare larger mammals include dibatag (Ammodorcas clarkei, VU), Soemmerrings gazelle (Gazella soemmerringii, VU), Salts dikdik (Madoqua saltiana) and Speke's gazelle (Gazella spekei, VU). These mammals have rather restricted range in the Horn of Africa. Among the endemic reptiles, Haackgreerius miopus and Latastia cherchii are found here; five other species of reptile that are nearly endemic are also found here.
Ash's lark (Mirafra ashi, EN) and the Obbia lark (Spizocorys obbiensis, DD) are the strictly endemic birds and are restricted to the coastal fixed-dune grasslands. The ecoregion is an Endemic Bird Area, of the Central Somali Coast. Although the level of endemism is quite high, the overall number of species in the ecoregion is relatively low.
Current Status of biodiversity:
Due to the long-standing and continued political instability in Somalia, it can’t be established that how much of the habitat remains intact and how much is fragmented in this ecoregion. The only official protected area is Lag Badana Bush-Bush National Park, but this is undoubtedly no longer functional.
Nature of Threats
Up-to-date information on the nature and extent of threats is not available. However this is known that the local people use the scrub and grasslands of the ecoregion for grazing and fuelwood collection. Due to displacement, as a result of political instability and clan warfare, of the people from the urban areas to the coastal belt has impacted this habitat. As a result the belt is subject to over use, and conservation measures are void at the moment.
b. The Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands This arid to semi-desert ecoregion bordering the coast in the north and Golis Mountains in the south in Northern Somalia (Somaliland), lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters (m) elevation. With many hills and massifs, range up to 1300 m, the region is extremely active tectonically, experiencing earthquakes and volcanoes. The climate is very hot and dry and rainfall is very low and becomes least near the coast. Soils developed over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. There are very few permanent watercourses.
Representative Biodiversity of the eco-region:
Due to political instability the current biodiversity status of the eco-region is not accurately assessed. However the following are known to exist in the region:
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Acacia mellifera and Rhigozum somalense dominate the basaltic lava fields while scattered Acacia tortilis, A. nubica, and Balanites aegyptiaca can be found in the sandy plains. Stands of Hyphaene thebaica occur in depressions and along wadis.
Among mammals, African wild ass (Equus africanus somalicus, CR) and Beira antelope (Dorcatragus megalotis, VU) occur in the region, Dorcas gazelles (Gazella dorcas,VU), Soemmerring's gazelles (Gazella soemmerringii, VU), Salt’s dikdik (Madoqua saltiana), and gerenuks (Litocranius walleri) all still occur. Beisa oryx (Oryx beisa) persist, but have been greatly reduced by hunting pressure. Among small mammals gerbil Gerbillus acticola is found here.
Among birds endemism is generally low, with strict endemics limited to Archer’s lark (Heteromirafra archeri, VU). The reptilian fauna is relatively rich, but there are very few amphibians, two geckos, Arnold’s leaf-toed gecko (Hemidactylus arnoldi) and a subspecies of the northern sand gecko (Tropiocolotes tripolitanus somalicus) are found here. Among the plants, dragon ombet (Dracaena ombet, EN) and Bankoualé palm (Livistona carinensis,VU) are notable.
Current Status of biodiversity:
With very low human population density (less than one person per km2 in some parts) the dominant ethnic group is pastoralist Somali clan, the Issas. But animal grazing is rampant and the conservation status of this ecoregion is not good, with few protected areas and lack of enforcement in existing ones. Although large blocks of "natural" habitat remain, much has been degraded through over-exploitation. Among the major threats are overgrazing, tree cutting for fuel & timber, clearance for agriculture along the watercourses is also a major problem. Most large mammal species have been severely reduced through hunting. Some species, such as giraffes (Giraffa camelopardis), are believed to be locally extinct.
2.1.5 Northern Zanzibar-Inhambane Coastal Forest Mosaic ecoregion
This is an extension of the northernmost ecoregion of the eastern and southern African coastal forest belt in Somalia and this northern margin forms an isolated forest outlier along the Juba Valley. This eco-region has great diversity of habitats contributes to the unique richness of the eco-region with high endemism among the plants in particular. Natural habitats, especially small forest patches, are highly threatened primarily from conversion to agricultural land, although various forms of extraction also pose significant threats. The region is characterised by the extreme variability in rainfall from year to year, with dry seasons that sometimes extend into droughts and rainy seasons that can cause severe flooding.
This ecoregion forms a part of White's (1983) Zanzibar-Inhambane regional mosaic and due to the exceptional level of plant endemism, this regional mosaic has recently been reclassified as the Swahili regional centre of endemism. Here the complex integration of moist and drier forests exists with features such as fire-climax savannah woodlands, seasonal and permanent swamps, and littoral habitat is emphasized.
Representative Biodiversity of the eco-region:
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Although the exact extent of the biodiversity in Somali part cant be assessed at the moment mainly due to the civil unrest in the area, nevertheless whole ecoregion (together with Kenya & Tanzania) supports a large number of endemic species, at a density among the highest in the world. The forest diversity in the overall region is very high and around 3,000 species in 750 genera are confined to forest habitats with trees account for the greatest proportion. Some of the more abundant trees are Afzelia quanzensis, Scorodophloeus fischeri, Dialium holtzii, Hymenaea verrucosa, Millettia struhlmanni, Berlinia orientalis, Cynometra spp., and Xylia africana. Lianas are also common, as are shrubs, herbs, grasses, sedges, ferns, and epiphytes.
The endemism is not concentrated only in the forest areas but also found in drier bushland and grassland habitats. Biologically, the drier forest types within this ecoregion are the most distinctive, with mono-specific genera and numerous endemic species, especially within the plants. An outstanding feature of the flora is the close relationship with certain forests in West Africa.
Among the endemic birds Yellow flycatcher (Erythrocercus holochlorus), Sokoke Pipit (Anthus sokokensis) (EN), Clarke's weaver (Ploceus golandi) (EN), and Mombasa Woodpecker (Campethera mombassica) are believed to be found here. Sokoke Scops Owl (Otus ireneae, EN), Fischer's turaco (Tauraco fischeri), plain-backed sunbird (Anthreptus pallidigaster, EN), spotted ground-thrush (Zoothera guttata, EN), east coast akalat (Sheppardia gunningi, VU) and the southern-banded snake eagle (Circaetus fasciolatus) are also supposed to be found here.
With pronounced endemism, around 158 species of mammals are found here, among which the most diverse mammal groups are bats (58 species), rodents (27+ species), carnivores (19 species), primates (14 species), and shrews (14 species). This high rate of species richness is due to the mixing of habitats in the ecoregion, and hence the large number of savannah, wetland and forest species which can be found in close proximity. Of the 94 reptile species occurring in the ecoregion, 47 are forest-dependent and 34 are strictly endemic.
Millipedes, molluscs, and butterflies also exhibit high diversity and moderate levels of endemism. There are 1,200 species of molluscs in the region, 125 of which are confined to forests. Of the regional total, 207 species are endemic, of which 86 species confined to forests. Butterflies are represented by 400 forest species, of which 75 are endemic.
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A young Martial Eagle found in Toghdeer, North-West Somalia (courtesy: Ugo Leonardi, FAO SWALIM)
Current Status of biodiversity:
The forest habitat in this ecoregion is highly fragmented, and the habitat is facing multiple threats including conversion to agriculture fields & habitation, quarries, poaching, deforestation for charcoal, land degradation, lack of alternatives for the locals, etc. Deforestation for charcoal is still going on and in 2013; tree loss estimation was calculated for 745 km2 area near Jilib where a tree loss of 124,060 trees, equal to 4.90% of the tree cover was found, F. Remobld et.al 2014. Representative mammal species such as the hirola (Beatragus hunteri), is now reduced to only to the Lag – Dere region along the Kenyan border, just due to over hunting elsewhere. Elephants, belonging to what may be a distinct small subspecies Loxodonta africana orleansi, still survive in the south, but poaching is extensive and their numbers is estimated as low as 70, Elephant Database 2013. The black
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rhinoceros has been poached almost to extinction, although it might survive in the Lag Badana area at the southernmost tip of the country (UNEP, 2006).
In other parts of the ecoregion there are number of conservation projects are going on, nevertheless on the contrary in Somali area of the ecoregion, there is no active conservation interventions taking place. The proposed National Parks of Lag Badana and Bushbush are essential for the conservation of this unique but extremely threatened biodiversity hotspot. The better conservation in the bordering countries in this zone is leading to the exodus of wildlife from the Somali area of the ecoregion.
2.2 Aquatic biodiversity of Somalia
The aquatic biodiversity of Somalia is looked in the context of coastal/marine environment and inland/onshore wetlands respectively. The very long coast with marine and coastal wetlands, inland wetlands, (lakes/reservoirs, rivers, inland flood plains, swamps) forms Somalia’s major ecological system in which biological resources thrive. Like the terrestrial biodiversity resources, exact and ample information is not easily available. Nevertheless on the basis of partial available information the aquatic biodiversity is elaborated in two sections covering coastal and terrestrial wetlands as follows:
2.2.1 Coastal biodiversity of Somalia
Somalia has 3300 Km2 coastline (UNEP, 2005), longest in mainland Africa, that offers extended range of opportunities and challenges related to biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of its products. Although Illegal, Unreported and Unregualted (IUU) has prevailed in the very extensive Somali Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), however given the consistent migration patterns and the upwelling process this goes through perpetual replenishment and thus the fishery resource remained intact. Beside, EEZ fishery is mainly tapped by International vessels with minor presence of local artisanal fisheries. Thus keeping in view the artisanal and communal nature of the coastal resource management, its intensive use and the complex & threatened nature; our analysis of the marine biodiversity is confined to the coastal belt rather than the overall EEZ.
The Somali coast is characterised with an extended range of biodiversity including six species of mangroves (Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata, Ceriops somalensis, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Sonneratia alba and Xylocarpus obovatus, FAO-SWALIM, 2010), at least 74 species of scleractinian coral, 11 species of alcyonacean (soft) coral and two species of fire coral; about 140 species of coral fish, various pelagic fishes, abundant cetaceans, large and diverse schools of dolphins (1 500 and 1 800 individuals), including large cetaceans baleen whales. The coast has several potential spots for migratory birds.
Coastal Zones of Somalia:
Keeping in view its distinctive characteristics, the Somali coastline can be divided into 5 zones (UNDP, 2011 & IUCN, 2006) as mentioned below (see Map 8: Coastal Zones of Somalia):
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Zone 1: From south to north, this commences from the coast of Kenya and ends at the south of Kismayu. This also includes the barrier islands. The zone possesses diverse and complex collection of mangroves, coral reefs, beds of sea-grass and lagoons.
Zone 2: This zone runs from Kismayu to Adale and is characterized by sand dunes and low cliffs. The coastline has a very narrow continental shelf and the coast undergo high energy waves. In some places fringing coral reefs are found in this zone.
Zone 3: This zone forms the longest section of the coast and runs from Adale to Ras Asyer at the Horn. Upwelling occurs and the area provides important fish nursery and rich fishery off the coast. This zone has sandy beaches, rocky reefs, cliffs and salt marshes & saline lagoons; this stretch is further divided into the following four sections:
Adale to Gara’ad, upwelling is dominant phenomena here. The section possesses sandy beaches and rocky reefs with profound coverage of algal coverage.
Gara’ad to Foar, upwelling is also common here, with small stretches of beaches the coast is dominated by rocky headlands and cliffs. Rocky reefs with algal coverage are a dominant feature of this section.
Foar-Hurdiya to the Hafun Complex, this region provide important fish nursery due to its shallow sandy bays, saline lagoons and salt marshes.
Hafun Peninsula to Ras Aseyr; in the southern part cliffs form the coastline whereas sand dunes forms the northern part. This is a high energy coastline where towards the north upwelling occurs with relatively lower energy.
Zone 4: Around the Horn of Africa, this is a unique section as here Gulf of Aden, the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea meet. Due to its biodiversity potential and its unique global position, this section has the potential to be developed into a biodiversity hotspot of international importance.
Zone 5: This belt covers the entire coastline of the Gulf of Aden and possesses sandy beaches, cliffs, rocky shores and coastal mountains. There are two sites of mangroves present in this zone. Some of the beaches are important bird and turtle nesting grounds such as Saad a Din, etc. Patches of corals and offshore islands with fringing coral reefs are also found here.
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Fishery Development Zones of Somalia:
From the fishery development perspective the Somali coast is divided into seven fishery development zones, Map 9 (source Ministry of Fishery and Marine Resources, Government of Somalia.
Map 8: Fishery Development Zones of Somalia
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2.2.2 Wetlands biodiversity Somalia’s wetlands are elaborated on the basis of Hughes and Hughes (1992) description together with Country Environmental Profile for Somalia (IUCN 2006), Marine Environment Diagnostic Assessment (UNDP 2011) and FAO – SWALIM water resources database. Keeping in view the dry nature of the country, rather a smaller area is under the perennial wetlands, most of which are in the south of the country. For watering livestock and sometime also as source of irrigation, around 240 reservoirs have been constructed in various parts of the country. Although the broader significance of these reservoirs for biodiversity is limited, however, at times they serve as resting points for birds, as well as feed the flora around. In the central districts no major wetlands exist except various sink holes, the only small only small lake of biodiversity significance lies at 4°15’N, 46°30’E (IUCN 2006) off which shelters the endemic blind fish Phreatichthys andruzzii. There are also several large pans towards the coast which seldom hold water and when they do it is only for brief periods. Following are the four categories of wetlands with biodiversity significance in Somalia:
a. Wetlands of the Shebelle – Juba Rivers:
The sub-coastal valley of River Shebelle is characterised by swamps and floodplains. Here along the three channels of the river, a swamp of 25 km wide and 150 km long covering around 3,000 km2 area exists with high potential significance for biodiversity. The Juba at the upper reaches in Somalia, has some swamps and floodplains along its deeply entrenched bed, however below this region there are no permanent swamps but a flood plain exists. There are nevertheless around 60 km2 of old river courses exists that flood seasonally. At the meeting point of Shebelle and Juba an extensive floodplain exists, followed by marshy land after which these rivers drain estuary at Jumba, where most of Somalia’s mangroves are found.
b. Wetlands of the Laag district Laag (Lag) is temporary large water course that drain into southern Somalia mainly from Kenya. The principle one is Laag Dheera with tributaries such as Laag Bor, Laag Kutulo, etc. they form the broad floodplains during rainy seasons. These laags have formed a floodplain covering a surface area of 330 km2. Most of the water from the Bor joins Laag Dheere resulting into a large pan. Laag Dheere has several permanent swamps along its course, covering a surface area of nearly 60 km2 in its upper reaches and 50 km2. This joins the Juba River 40 km before the estuary. Another large pan of 330 km2 surface area is situated on the plateau, 120 km north of the Bor and Dheere wetlands. The pan is flooded by over 20 small watercourses annually albeit for a short period.
c. Tidal wetlands
These wetlands are found in the Gulf of Aden, mainly in the west where 27 watercourses drains into the area between Saada Din Island and Saba Wanak. This area is basically a continuous salt-marsh developed on sediment washed down from the Ogo Mountains. Some of the tidal wetlands are also found in bays in the East of Somalia. On the Indian Ocean
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Coast two tidal wetlands are found (10°35’N, 51°06’E and 10°21’N, 50°57’E respectively). Further South tidal swamps exist between 1°57’N and 45°15’E. In the south near the Kenya border, tidal wetlands also occur along the coast.
d. Bullehs, Tugs and Dholos
A bulleh is a small endorheic depression which is filled by runoff after a storm. These have distinct soil types which retain moisture and as a result have richer vegetation than surrounding areas. Tugs are small temporary watercourses with low gradient. When in flood their waters spread over a wide area and cause broad alluvium deposits. Tugs often end in inland deltas which are known as dholos. These are often set in the valley of a larger watercourse or may spread over raised coral reefs along the coast. These systems also have dense vegetation.
2.3 Drivers of biodiversity change in Somalia
Changes in biodiversity and in ecosystems are almost always caused by multiple, interacting drivers. Changes are driven by combinations of drivers that work over time (such as climate change) or level of organization (such as local zoning laws versus international environmental treaties) and that happen intermittently (such as droughts, wars, and economic crises). The most common type of interaction is synergetic factor combinations: combined effects of multiple drivers that are amplified by reciprocal action and feedbacks, (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). The Somalia’s situation depicts the true picture of these synergistically interacting drivers. The drivers of biodiversity change in Somalia are follows:
For the direct drivers, beside the available literature & consultation with the key stakeholders, with the help of FAO-SWALIM and EU, seven areas were identified to assess the habitat degradation/fragmentation as a result of agriculture expansion, gully/sheet erosion, habitation expansion and deforestation (both generic and charcoal based). The analysis was based on the time series (2003-2014) available images on Google Earth. The extent of the covered examined areas by the Area of Interest (AOI) ranges from 17 to 400 km2 and in each area one typology of degradation was assessed during this period of over ten years, shortly described in one field of the data-base. These time series images of these seven sites (selected in three eco-regions (Juniperus excelsa forest, semi-desert grassland/bushland and Acacia-Commiphora bushland) are analysed through both visual analysis and NDVI based examination. The analysis is captured in the following description and statements that examine the direct drivers of biodiversity loss, the direct drivers are follows:
2.3.1 Habitat fragmentation/degradation
In Somalia the habitat fragmentation and degradation is shaped by various factors, however in particular by deforestation, erosion, gullies formation, encroachment for agriculture and infrastructure for communication & habitation. In the context of Somalia, the impact of fragmentation becomes significant as the biodiversity in general and the mammalian fauna in particular roams in a transboundary nature, the fragmentation setbacks this process. Species that are specialized to particular habitats and those whose dispersal abilities are weak suffer from fragmentation more than generalist species with good dispersal ability (WRI, 2005). This is true for the endemic species of Somalia such as Somali wild Ass and endemic angulates.
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Nevertheless species with good dispersal ability such as the larger cats have moved to the contiguous less-fragmented habitats in Kenya and Ethiopia. Although habitat degradation is pronounced in the form of gully formation and encroachment for settlement, (the FAO-SWALIM seven point analysis established the 22 km2 sample area near Qardho in Bari/Sool region of the semi-desert grass/bushland depicts accelerated gully formation juxtaposed with the encroachment of natural habitat for settlement – 9.28 N, 49.03E).
The habitat fragmentation & degradation is quite generic to Somalia, however the Southern Somalia is more affected due to encroachment for agriculture in the Shebelle & Juba basins and Cowpea belt of central eastern parts of the country. The deforestation for charcoal is another leading factor, that is reported since at least 1950s, nevertheless after the collapse of the Government in 1991, substantially enhanced and revolutionized since the beginning of the current millennium as this is now the main source of financing the ongoing militancy in the southern Somalia, (details of charcoal-led deforestation is in deforestation section).
The forests of the north can’t be accessed physically due to security situation, nevertheless on the basis of available time-series satellite images, no significant vegetation change can be observed.
Small fragments are therefore unfavorable for those species that require interior habitat, and they may lead to the extinction of those species, such as African Wild Ass – Equus africanus somalicus, Hirola antelope – Beatragus hunter, Archer’s Lark – Heteromirafra archeri and Somali Trush – Turdus ludoviciae. Fragmentation affects all biomes, but especially forests and major freshwater systems, (WRI, 2005); thus the forest of the South with species such as Acacia bussei, etc. are severe threat due to the fragmentation caused by revolutionized charcoal business. The freshwater wetlands in the Juba/Shebelle systems are the victims of fragmentation for agriculture expansion.
On the other hand, large concentrations of livestock together with the felling of trees for charcoal and firewood have had a profound impact on species composition, ground cover and the structure of vegetation (Sommerlatte and Umar, 2000). Grazing pressure and soil erosion are now a serious problem and, together with periodic droughts, have had a devastating effect on the vegetation and soils.
2.3.2 Invasive species
In freshwater habitats, the introduction of alien species is the second leading cause of species extinction, and on islands it is the main cause of extinction over the past 20 years, along with habitat destruction (WRI, 2005). Although not limited to, however the major invasive species in Somalia is Prosopis juliflora, together with Prosopis pallida and P. chilensis were initially introduced to East Africa for the stabilization of dune systems and for providing fuel wood after prolonged droughts in the 1970’s (Von Maydell 1986). In many areas the species have hybridized to an extent that the current varieties have lost most of their valuable woody attributes and aggressively outcompete native shrub and tree vegetation (Pasiecznik 2001). The recent study (unpublished) conducted by FAO-SWALIM, assesses the invasion of Prosopis in Somaliland and confirms that it is encroaching only productive areas under agriculture or forestry. In the desert or semi-desert areas its infestation is rather insignificant. The islands and mountain areas are also infested.
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The results also confirms that Prosopis is widely spread across Somaliland with a particularly high concentration in the Woqooyi Galbeed region. Also the pattern of invasion confirms that it invades first lowlands next to rivers and Wadis as well as peri-urban areas both inland and along the coast (FAO-SWALIM, Rembold, F. and Leonardi, 2014).
The other leading invasive species is Indian crow, and this in particular affect the avian biodiversity, not only due to competition for food but also the chicks and eggs of various birds form the feed of the Indian crow, the worst factor is its ever increasing number without much control mechanism available for both these leading invasive species. So far the available eradication measures are not cost-effective and in the rather limited financial and institutional capacity of the Government, this can be only be attempted in a project mode.
2.3.3 Over exploitation/over-use
a. Hunting/poaching:
Although referred with astonishing abundance and diversity of wildlife in early 1900s by hunters and colonial officers, Somalia at the time had a reputation of being one of the best wildlife havens in Africa (UNEP, 2006). However over the time, the situation kept on deteriorating and as by 1980s, the status of wildlife in Somalia was reported as being sparse due to livestock grazing and illegal hunting (IUCN, 1986). Now with the exception of small patches of wildlife, many species are believed to be approaching local extinction. Hunting wild animals for meat has never been widely practised in Somalia, although certain species were hunted prior to the enactment of the 1969 law of Fauna (Hunting) and Forest Conservation for their skins and as trophies (UNEP, 1984). During the 1960s, approximately 60,000 gazelle skins, 250,000 dikdik skins, 18,000 kg of ivory and between 3,000 and 5,000 live monkeys were exported. On poaching no reliable updated data is available; nevertheless the anecdotal information reveals that random hunting for meat still exists particularly in case of antelopes, whereas species such as cheetah, etc. are caught for smuggling to the gulf countries. A senior officials revealed that only in the month of Septembers/October six cheetahs were confiscated while on the way to Gulf countries, where one piece is sold up to USD 20,000 and kept in personal zoos. Somalia has ratified the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES), but few if any practical measures are being taken to ensure its implementation. Like for the fisheries, the wildlife is also subject to illegal, unreported and unregulated trapping and trafficking.
b. Overgrazing:
Somalia’s economy and livelihoods are predominantly driven by livestock sector, with grazing rather than stall feeding is the norm. The predominant livestock species are goats, sheep, camel and cattle. Free-grazing prevails on indigenous pattern, the nomadism follows
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the availability of forage & water, and is not done on rotational purposes to provide rest period for the vegetation to be grazed on sustainable basis. The free/over grazing has led to habitat degradation in multiple ways such as leading to stunted growth of vegetation due to browsing pressure, over-grazing on the other hand has marred the natural regeneration of the woody vegetation. The hoeing phenomenon together with the removal of the vegetation cover has facilitated the gully and sheet erosion. Thus the process of land degradation is perpetuated by the mutually reinforcing degradation factors of soil erosion together with suppressed regenerative capacity of the natural vegetation – the protective cover of the soil and habitat in general. The excessive number of the livestock, besides the overgrazing, pushes away the wildlife in general and ungulates in particular, because of direct competition for forage and space. On the other hand predator in general and cats in particular are threatened as the ranching community clears them away to protect their livestock. In some areas such as Nugaal, Puntland (see pic), the grasslands are profusely rich, and support the grazing pressure with less depletion, however the huge presence of livestock outcompete the wildlife, due to the mentioned factors.
c. Deforestation: Somalia is not a forest rich country with less than 3% area covered by close canopy forests. This is distributed in the Golis Mountains of the north and the Coastal Forest Mosaic, south off-Kismayu. Close to open canopy Acacia and Commiphora vegetation covers a vast part of the country. Despite being a forest poor country, deforestation is a reported fact, since 1970s, on rather a localized scale for firewood, timber and charcoal making. The Golis forests are affected to fulfil the local firewood & timber requirements. The Acacia & Commiphora belt is subject to deforestation for charcoal making predominately. The process is observed to revolutionize since the late 1990s, however increased tremendously when the charcoal becomes the financial source of the militancy of clan and extremist warfare. The favourite wood for charcoal comes from Acacia bussei and a recent study by FAO – SWALIM) for Puntland estimates the annual rate of Acacia bussei decline at about 5%. According to a WSP report, the charcoal output of north-east Somalia in 1996 was estimated to be in the order of 4.8 million sacks,each weighing 25-30 kg (WSP, 2001). Producing such a volume required cutting approximately 2.1 million Acacia bussei trees. At an average density of 60 trees per hectare, this translates into a deforestation rate of 35 000 hectares of land per year. Extrapolating the above figures for production of the 10 million sacks of charcoal produced in the South Somalia during 2011 (only export), means felling 4.375 million trees or clearing 72,916 hectares of land. Considering the above mentioned extent of Acacia bussei tree felling in Somalia and no re-plantation, this species was placed on the Red List of threatened species in 2009 by the IUCN (FAO – SWALIM, 2014). Charcoal driven deforestation is also confirmed in the tiger bush ecosystem of Sool Plateau in North Eastern Somalia, where for the period from 2001 to 2006 an annual tree loss of 2.8% with complete absence of reforestation for five years was noted (S.M.Oduori, et.al, 2011). To the local people this is the cat belt and cheetah population is still observed in this region. This is also one of the regions in Eastern Africa most frequently hit by drought and at the end of 2009 it was classified as “humanitarian emergency” area by the IPC (Integrated Food Security Phase Classification) as a consequence of 4 consecutive drought seasons (FSNAU, 2010).
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In another study by SWALIM FAO, while using the Very High Resolution (VHR) satellite imagery of early 2011 and early 2013, tree loss over a 6000 km2 area along the Juba River in Southern Somalia was observed. The analysis of the changes between the two dates led to an average tree loss estimation of 3.3%, corresponding to 520,520 trees over the 2 years period (FAO SWALIM, 2014).
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Map 9: Land degradation analysis
The UN consider the charcoal based deforestation and the associated complex issues surround its production leading to triple threats for Somalia: a. irreversible environmental degradation
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including habitat degradation & fragmentation, b. perpetuating conflicts and c. dependence on short-term income from an unsustainable livelihood option (UN Somalia, 2014). Thus with this triple reinforcing impact the charcoal based deforestation is effectively impeding prospect for sustainable development in the country. Realisation of these multifaceted issues resulted in imposition of a ban on the import of Charcoal from Somalia by the UN Security Council in February 2012 (UN joint project proposal (UN Somalia, 2014). However the UN monitoring mission report of 2014 indicates the charcoal based deforestation is still in place and the product is mainly exported rather than used locally, and the resulting profits are used to fuel the extremist’s hostile activities in Somalia. The overall international market value of the charcoal exported in 2013 and 2014 can be estimated to be in excess of $250 million, but could be much more given that the Monitoring Group may not have identified all shipments (UNSC, 2014). All these studies conclude that a charcoal led deforestation in Somalia is a chronic and active phenomena which is so far not been adequately addressed, whereas the damage to the habitat is persistently grave.
2.3.4 Climate Change as driver of biodiversity loss: The recently completed National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPA) provides an elaborate account of the climate change – biodiversity nexus under the sectoral vulnerabilities. The extreme climate events of alternating droughts and floods cause adverse effects on biodiversity. The drought exacerbates deforestation for charcoal, increases hunting, and accelerates soil erosion due to deforestation, bush fires, wildlife migration and reduction of biodiversity. It also leads to increased number of pests and pathogens. The flooding lead to soil erosion and loss of nutrients, wildlife migration, reduced aquatic reproduction and productivity of habitat and causing local extinctions. The droughts also affect marine biodiversity by reducing the plankton production, increased salinity in coastal ground water due to salt water intrusion and coral reef destruction due to higher Sea Surface Temperature (NAPA Somalia, 2014). Climate change in the past century has already had a measurable impact on biodiversity. Observed recent changes in climate, especially warmer regional temperatures, have already had significant impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems, including causing changes in species distributions, population sizes, the timing of reproduction or migration events, and an increase in the frequency of pest and disease outbreaks. The coral reefs of Somalia have undergone major, although often partially reversible, bleaching episodes due to the local sea surface temperatures increase by 0.5–1o Celsius above the average of the hottest months. Precipitation patterns have changed spatially and temporally, and global average sea level rose 0.1–0.2 meters. By the end of the century, climate change and its impacts may be the dominant direct driver of biodiversity loss and changes in ecosystem services globally; Somalia can’t be an exception to this at the least. Somalia has increasingly suffered in the recent decades from alternating flash floods and droughts, thus can’t escape the given impacts of climate change as direct drivers of biodiversity loss.
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The scenarios developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change project an increase in global mean surface temperature of 2.0–6.4o Celsius above preindustrial levels by 2100, increased incidence of floods and droughts, and a rise in sea level of additional 8–88 centimetres between 1990 and 2100. Harm to biodiversity will grow worldwide with increasing rates of change in climate and increasing absolute amounts of change, however with very low level of preparedness, Somalia will be the worst affected of these changes, despite the fact that its contribution to the global GHG is rather negligible. Recent studies, using the climate envelope/species-area technique, estimated that the projected changes in climate by 2050 could lead to an eventual extinction of 15–52% of the subset of 1,103 endemic species (mammals, birds, frogs, reptiles, butterflies, and plants) analysed (WRI, 2005). For Somalia, the extent and nature of biodiversity loss due to climate change needs to be adequately investigated as so far reliable data is not available, nevertheless the fact remains that harm to biodiversity will grow worldwide with change in climate, and countries such as Somalia with least preparedness, will suffer the most.
2.3.5 Drivers of change for the coastal biodiversity:
The major driver to the change of the coastal biodiversity of Somalia are the excessive use of these resources on one hand and the pollution in the shape of waste disposal, oil spillage, run-off, waste coming from the settlements, etc. Various threats are mentioned as follows: Mangrove depletion: The mangrove of Somalia are facing multiple threats and the
depletion process is vivid, among the major issues are cutting the mangrove for timber and firewood, overgrazing and browsing, waste disposal, sand dune encroachment, flood water erosion and oil spillage, (FAO-SWALIM, 2010). The dumping of toxic waste is also mentioned, however can’t be further substantiated in relation to mangrove depletion. Trends in mangrove area over time clearly shows the deforestation, the annual rate of deforestation is around 1 per-cent:
Trends in mangrove area extent over time, the estimates for 1980, 1990 and 2000 have been calculated applying FRA 2000 (FAO, 2001),
Year 1975 1980 1990 2000 2005 Area 10 000 9500 8600 7800 7300
Somalia mangrove status along the timeline (FAO, 2005)
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Coral Bleaching: Although varying considerably in condition the coral community on the reefs have been affected by bleaching to some degree. The shallow reefs to the east of Berbera had suffered badly, where the deeper reefs were in better condition. The Red Sea coral reefs from Berbera to the border of Djibouti are reportedly in relatively good condition, where at Saad a din islands, coral diversity, fish populations and individual fish sizes were large (Pilcher and Alsuhaibany 2000). Coral bleaching had a significant impact during the 1997/1998 El Niño.
Coral mining: Limestone mining on the coral reef exists mainly off southern towns such as Marka and Barawe. The communities in these two towns mine limestone on the shore for use in house construction. Lime making is also common for whitewashing and house decoration. The mining for limestone degrades the coastal landscape in addition to causing inundation, sedimentation and erosion (UNDP, 2011).
Sand mining: Sand mining is very popular in all coastal towns and fishing villages in Somalia. Most of the mining takes place in sand dunes. Mined sand is mixed with cement, coastal soil and gravel to make bricks for construction. This activity destabilizes the coastal sand dunes (UNDP, 2011).
Urban expansion: The civil unrest and war in Somalia has led to the displaced people with least waste management arrangements, and thus led to increased solid waste generation and dumping of garbage directly onto the sea shore. Due to lack of regulation, almost all the coastal cities and towns use the beaches as garbage dumping sites. Over the years, a huge volume of garbage has accumulated on the beaches. In addition, runoff from agricultural lands and urban areas also bring into the coast animal and human wastes, pesticide and fertilizer residues that degrade water quality and ecosystem health (UNDP, 2011).
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CHAPTER 3: INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR BIODIVERSITY OF SOMALIA
The overall institutional framework for biodiversity conservation and the sustainable use of its components can be elaborated as follows:
3.1. Constitutional support to environment and biodiversity
Although this NBSAP is the first framework document that outlines the overall strategic and action planning for sustainable development of Somali biodiversity, nevertheless the essential institutional space is provided by the new constitution of the country. This constitution, including the constitutions of Somaliland and Puntland, places strong emphasis on environment, land rights and natural resources. Article 25 states that “Every person has the right to have a share of the natural resources of the country, whilst being protected from excessive and damaging exploitation of these natural resources”. Article 45 of the Constitution is focused on further explaining the overarching environment decrees; 1) the government shall give priority to protection and preservation of biodiversity and ecosystems, 2) all people have a duty to safeguard the environment, 3) the federal government and member states should address the existing issues of hazardous waste, desertification, deforestation & environmental degradation, and 4) the Federal Government shall adopt general environmental policies for the Federal Republic of Somalia. Constitution of the Puntland State of Somalia elaborates, in congruence with the Federal Constitution, the environment related clauses by holding the state and its people responsible to restore and protect the environment. It also prohibits the export of charcoal, wildlife animals and acts leading to desertification. The constitution of Somaliland emphasises on the sustainable use and protection of elements of biodiversity by enunciating to take all possible steps to explore and exploit all these resources which are available in the nation’s land or sea. The protection and the best means of the exploitation of these natural resources shall be determined by law. The state shall encourage indigenous economic production such as agriculture, livestock, fisheries, minerals, production of frankincense and myrrh and gum etc., and manufacture based on indigenous products. The constitutions pronounce the formulation of special laws to regulate the protection of the environment.
3.2. The policy and regulatory framework
At the policy level considerable work is done, that although support the various elements of biodiversity conservation, nevertheless a cohesive and focussed biodiversity conservation policy framework still needs to be in place. The various policies and strategic frameworks that are relevant to biodiversity conservation and its mainstreaming in the overall development process are follows: Three policy and legal instruments that are directly dealing with biodiversity conservation of Somalia comprise the National Wildlife Policy, National Wildlife Strategic Plan and National Forestry and Wildlife Act. All of these instruments are in draft shape and are in varying stages of approval by the Federal Cabinet, nevertheless contains promising elements which, subject to effective implementation, shall substantially contribute to the implementation of the
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National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan as well as of relevance to Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and its Aichi targets. Under the overall coordination of directorate general of environment, the National environmental policy is drafted and is awaiting cabinet’s approval. As an enactment apparatus of this policy, the National Environment Act is also drafted, however pending approval. In 2010, the Ministry’s Environmental Strategic Plan was updated, however several elements still need revision due to rapidly changing policy landscape. The Environmental conservation Act developed in 1998 is still in place and deals with various aspects of environmental protection. The Food and Water Security Strategy of 2013, developed by Ministry of Planning & International Cooperation, is a broader framework that provides a starting point for the overall mainstreaming of biodiversity conservation in the National development process.
3.3. Institutional and human capacity
At the Federal level, the State Minister for Environment based at the office of Prime Minister, coordinates the environment related policy, strategy and medium-term plans. Beside, coordinating the broader institutional aspect of environment this office also serves as the focal point for various Multi-lateral Environment Agreements (MEA) including Convention on Biological Diversity. The office also performs the function of GEF coordinating body and looks after the subject of biodiversity. Although other relevant ministries such as Ministry of Livestock, Forest & Range and Ministry of Fishery also looked after the components of terrestrial & aquatic biodiversity, nevertheless these institutions goes by a sectoral approach to forestry or marine resources without a cohesive approach towards biodiversity conservation. The Federation of Somalia comprise of 5 Interim Administrations namely Mogadishu, Puntland, Somaliland, South West and Juba Land. The NBSAP is coordinated at the Federal Level by State Minister for Environment, whereas in all the Interim Administrations the respective Environment Ministries coordinate the subject of biodiversity and will be responsible for coordinating implementation of the NBSAP & LBSAPs in their respective zones. In some zones the biodiversity management capacity is more pronounced than others, for instance Somaliland and Puntland are relatively seasoned in planning for biodiversity conservation, which they exhibit while developing their own Local Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans. The Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation together with Ministry of Finance is responsible for federal level planning and budgeting the resources. For the implementation of NBSAP the coordination between these Ministries and Zonal Environmental Ministries is performed by the State Minister of Environment.
In Somaliland, the Ministry of Environment and Rural Development is mandated to manage environment, including biodiversity conservation. The Ministry is responsible for developing policies and strategic plans related to environment, including biodiversity. This Ministry is responsible for coordinating the environment related interface among other relevant ministries, non-government organisations and international development partners and private sector towards enhanced environmental conservation. The responsibility of forest conservation and wildlife conservation, management & breeding also rests with this Ministry. Conducting research and its dissemination is the responsibility of this Ministry.
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In Puntland, the Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism (MoEWT) is mandated to conserve & sustainably use biodiversity and its products. The Ministry is also responsible for the development of relevant policies and strategic plans, besides overseeing the implementation of these policies and plans. As focal institution, this also carry the responsibility to coordinate & collaborate between various governmental, non-governmental organizations, international development partners and private sector for the promotion of sustainable management of the components of biodiversity. The ministry is also mandated to conduct research and its disseminate findings related to renewable natural resources of Puntland.
Figure 1: The Federation of Somalia with five zones/interim administrations
Figure 2: The organogram of Puntland Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism
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The organogram of Puntland Ministry of Environment is presented above to give the idea where the NBSAP will be placed in the Zones/Interim Administrations, however the organogram of various zones/interim administrations are not identical in nature and have been devised to suit the specific dynamics of the respective zone.
3.4. Gaps and needs to strengthen biodiversity conservation
Beside the existence of upstream arrangements – constitutional support, policy & strategic frameworks – the downstream capacity is very limited to implement the policy and enactment instruments. Although the extent and drivers of degraded state of biodiversity of Somalia are elaborated in the previous sections, nevertheless, the gaps related to institutional limitations and the management approaches still needs elaboration. Thus the gaps described in this section focuses on limitations of the institutional capacities and the biodiversity management & its approaches.
3.4.1 Institutional & Capacity gaps: Given the evolving, yet promising constitutional, policy & legislative framework; the institutional and human capacity is rather limited both at the Federal level as well in Puntland and Somaliland.
The ministries at both the Federal as well as zonal levels are considerably structured, nevertheless they are understaffed, the situation further deteriorates when it comes to the implementation at the level of region or districts. Thus the policies formulated even in participatory manner have lesser prospects of effective implementation on the ground. The regions /districts are staffed with just few persons, there are more people on the list (employed) but due to limited finances available, most of them are not paid and are dormant till the funds arrives.
Despite the presence of the position for research at the Ministry level, the actual capacity to conduct research work is very limited. The research cycle is rather non-existent in the regions and districts, as there is no extension and feedback mechanism of the research services from the ministry to the ground and vice versa. Besides understaffing the ministries as well as the regional hubs are poorly endowed with essential equipment, materials and infrastructure that are necessary for effective operation. The fiscal allocation and the available essential equipment are few compared to what is required. For instance, even essential equipment such as GPS, high definition camera, binoculars and other survey apparatus are seldom available for conducting wildlife surveys or ecosystem mapping.
Although the organizational structures are elaborate, with the scope of integrating indigenous elements of management such as the clan system & traditional management practices, nevertheless the overall multi-dimensional resource requirements is barely touched. The
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challenges are manifold such as limited skills and understanding of biodiversity conservation among the lower tier of the relevant staff, the very limited human capacity (in number, skills, systems, equipment, finances, networking, etc.) on the ground. The staff at the ministry level is reasonably educated and the strength is although lean, still comparatively much better when it comes to field staff.
3.4.2 Absence of synergy among managing actors: Beside the limitation of the public sector institutions mentioned above the other potentially contributing sectors such as private sector, civil society/NGOs and grass-root communities are either not engaged in the biodiversity management scene or otherwise they work in a patchy and non-cohesive manner. Synergy of working together towards a common goal is not evident. Lack of coordination with sectors, such as government departments managing components of biodiversity is coupled with lack of synergy among the broader sectors they ought to manage biodiversity jointly.
3.4.3 Baseline assessment: Appropriate baseline assessment of the biodiversity resource is essential prior to policy formulation, strategic planning and putting in place corresponding institutional & management arrangements. However in the case of Somalia, given the security and capacity limitations, coming up with appropriate baseline has become increasingly challenging. Several of the potential biodiversity hotspots in the country in general and South-Central in particular are still physically less accessible due to the active conflict or the post-conflict tension. To certain extent, the terrestrial flora can still be mapped with the help of remote sensing; however this can give a rather less differentiated assessment in terms of management details. The fauna needs physical surveys where the satellite images alone can’t help much. Assessing the coastal and marine biodiversity is more demanding and that’s why and on the face of serious capacity and access issues, the baseline assessment is least available, compared to terrestrial biodiversity.
3.4.4 Management gaps: There are over 40 potential biodiversity hotspots, several of which were already notified by the government. Nevertheless none of them is managed at least according to the required standards. Systematic and cohesive management (model presented in annex 7) of biodiversity products & services is almost non-existent in Somalia. To the best protective practices prevails in areas where indigenous communal management exists, however in most cases protection follows by rather an unsustainable use, characterised by in-equitable distribution of benefits and management obligations. The weaker segments of the community remain marginal in this context. The biodiversity products are mostly utilized in less-refined form without adding value during the post-harvest processing, thus over-use is associated with resource exploitation beyond carrying capacity on one hand and much less return on the other.
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Certification process is non-existent for most of products, thus has carry less chance to compete in the international market with similar products that are certified. The biodiversity context of Somalia is characterised by indigenous knowledge and management practices. The management arrangements related to resource generation, protection, harvesting, benefits/responsibilities distribution and resource-based conflict resolution existed. However, these indigenous management arrangements significantly eroded due to the prolong unrest in the country. The state-backed/sponsored management arrangements, on the other hand, are not backed by requisite capacity, so not prevails in practice. Despite of the prevailing weaknesses in both the indigenous & state sponsored management arrangements, the opportunity of mutual reinforcement exist that needs to be appropriately tapped. Thus the adequate integration of indigenous and government arrangements can significantly contribute to the effective management of the biodiversity. However this requires systematic efforts and mutual willingness of the government and respective clans.
3.4.5 Sectoral versus integrated approaches: Effective biodiversity conservation and its sustainable use entail integrated approach that strike balance between the components of biodiversity i.e. species, genes, varieties & ecosystem on one hand and the various renewable natural resource regimes (forests, agriculture, fishery, rangeland, wildlife, etc.) on the other. However the present management of these resources are sectoral in nature and lacks integration and cohesion.
3.4.6 Capacity gaps The capacity dimensions at the upstream level of legislation, policy and strategic planning is presented in the preceding section; nevertheless the downstream capacity that is essential for effective implementation of the policy and strategies has a substantial gap vis availability and requirement. The capacity gap is described as follows: Staffing: The biodiversity rehabilitation followed by effective its management demands intensive efforts that requires sufficient number of staff with diverse competencies. However the staff is insufficiently available and that too underpaid & underequipped. The staffing situation at the ministries is insufficient, but still better than the regions. On the other hand the regions and districts require rigorous efforts and profuse presence of the relevant staff as here the policies are translated in action, however the staff is very scanty (not more than few in any case) thus the enactment of policies and laws on the ground becomes very weak on the face of huge staffing gap. Beside the insufficient number of staff, the extremely low level of salaries and incentives is another demotivating factor on the face of immense challenge of restoring the lost biodiversity and its subsequent conservation and sustainable use.
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Skills: The skills requirement of the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity is quite high and diverse in nature. This may be categorized in resource assessment, rehabilitation/regeneration, maintenance/protection, harvesting, consumptive & non-consumptive use, value added processing, certification, outfitting/Marketing, equitable distribution of benefits & obligation, conflict resolution and investment for further improvement in the management cycle. A systematic listing and gap analysis of the required and available skills for sustainable biodiversity management is presented in Annex 7. This explains the skills requirement vis a vis gaps not only for the government but also for the other potentially contributing actors such private sector, non-government organizations and grass-root communities.
Technology gap: The appropriate technology for effective biodiversity management comprise of the availability of hardware, the know-how to use & maintenance and subsequent internalization by creating self-reliance. The technology requirement for the various types of biodiversity and its associated management is quite divers in nature. The technology requirement can be broadly divided along the management phases of assessment, rehabilitation, protection/maintenance, harvesting, processing, utilization/marketing and certification. In the Somali context the gap between technology availability and requirement is huge and in several cases the required technology is rather absent at the moment. This has adverse effect on the resource as in the absence of technology the consequence is over-use of resource base with less final return. Networking gap: Biodiversity conservation and sustainable use demands joining hands for knowledge sharing, resource mobilization and synergetic action. Networking among various relevant actors at the national level in general and international in particular is very weak. Networking with international knowledge & advocacy forums, regional or international laws enforcing bodies, funding foundations and multi-national trust funds and other global forums that deals with the subject is not adequately present.
3.4.7 Investment gap: In the UN Somalia Integrated Strategic Framework 2014-2016, environment is dealt under the Economic Foundation Priority ‘3’ of PSG ‘4’ that aims at Promoting the sustainable development and management of natural resources by developing legal and regulatory frameworks and building capacity in key Natural Resources Management (NRM) institutions with a budget of $ 30 Million, out of which around $ 10 million is mobilized for climate change. Another proposed relevant joint project is Sustainable Charcoal Production and Alternative Livelihoods with a budget of $ 23.7 million, is pending Government endorsement towards resource mobilization and subsequent initiation. From the Somaliland Development Fund (SDF), $ 2.3 Million is awarded for the project titled, ‘Enhanced Capacity Development for Ministry of Environment and Rural Development for Somaliland’. Beside this less significant funds availability for overall environment sector, the biodiversity conservation is rather marginally focussed here. For biodiversity conservation, neither an accurate resource requirement is available nor did specific funding set aside for through donors’ assistance. The government support is mainly for salaries and other essential expenses. In our consultation workshops in the three zones
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(Somaliland, Puntland and South-Central) the investment requirements for the NBSAP were roughly indicated around US $ 300 Million, with 80% to be mobilized from international development partners with 20% coming from the government and other local resources. Thus around $ 240 million are to be mobilized from various sources to do justice with the NBSAP goals and targets.
3.4.8 Scheduling gap: Due to the delayed commencement of NBSAP process (5 years), Somalia is facing the challenge of how to deal with the deadline of Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. Although the planning is done according to this strategic framework and its Aichi targets, however with squeezed timelines and that too in the unpredictable security situation, which may further delay the implementation. Thus the 5 year time of NBSAP implementation is short and the work may spill over well beyond this timeline.
3.4.9 Security/access gaps: Although the Somali society has proved to be quite robust on the face of prolong instability and the resilience enhancement efforts of the development partners are under way. Nevertheless, the security situation in the country in general and South-Central in particular impeded us in assessing the biodiversity status for the NBSAP process. The consultations were done in triangulated manner, so input gaps were reasonably addressed, however once the NBSAP process is complete the implementation is expected to face setbacks on the face of the security and access issues. At the moment security stability and access situation gets better when we move from south (South-Central) to north (Puntland) and north to northwest (Somaliland). Thus the security map (see Map of Security Risk per District) of the country has to be kept in mind while developing any biodiversity conservation and sustainable use project for Somalia. This doesn’t mean exclusion of any area from biodiversity related initiatives, as the deep south has several biodiversity hotspots, but tailoring the NBSAP implementation activities according to the access and security requirements.
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CHAPTER 4: STRATEGY FOR MANAGMENET OF BIODIVERSITY The Somalia’s biodiversity strategy for managing its biodiversity is developed while taking the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and its 20 Aichi Targets.
4.1. Vision, Goal and Objective
Vision for 2050
Somalia’s biological diversity is appreciated, restored, conserved and its components are utilized in sustainable manner that contributes to the socio-economic development of the nation.
Goal and Objective
The goal of this NBSAP is to restore Somalia’s ecosystems and its biodiversity by 2020. The objective of developing this first NBSAP is to provide a strategic and action framework that systematically rehabilitate and conserve Somalia’s biodiversity, enhance the sustainable use of its services and products, and ensure that the benefits and obligations are equitably distributed among various segments of the Somali society.
4.2. Principles Underpinning the Strategy
1. The people of Somalia are entrusted with the ecosystems, its associated products and
services and they understand that every form of life is unique and warrants respect from them.
2. The effectiveness of this NBSAP demands conducive environment for policy, legislation and inclusive planning.
3. While following the principle of "Polluters Pays", the users of biodiversity should minimize the environmental impacts as well as consistently invest in replenishing the ecosystems
4. Inter-generational consideration in the use of biological resources is essential for the lasting health of ecosystems and its products & services
5. Attaining political support from all levels (International, National, Regional, District and community level) for the implementation of this NBSAP
6. Adequate maintenance, value-added processing and entrepreneurship, without compromising on the health of ecosystem are the cornerstone of sustainable use of biodiversity.
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7. Adapting knowledge based innovations while grafting contemporary scientific and indigenous biodiversity management practices
8. All sectors, stakeholders and local communities that influence biodiversity should plan its conservation according to the National policy
4.3. Strategic Approaches for the NBSAP
1. Embracing of a cohesive and result-based programmatic approach towards integrated
biodiversity management
2. Mass scale awareness raising about the current status of biodiversity and its potential for the uplift of Somali people
3. Analysis of the current policy and legislative environment; and developing & adopting conducive policies and legislation for effective biodiversity management
4. Prior to commencing the management of biodiversity, baseline assessment will be carried out and benchmarks for monitoring and review will be put in place.
5. Adapting both in-situ and ex-situ conservation measures in the proposed and existing Protected and Marine Protected areas (see map 11: Protected Areas of Somalia)
6. Encouraging entrepreneurship in community based management towards sustained value added use of products and services stemming from biological resources; this will be attained through tripartite partnership between public & private sectors, and civil society.
7. A consistent and cohesive mechanism for effective interface management of the key actors will be developed and maintained. The forum will work as think tank besides keeping the stakeholders together.
8. The tacit indigenous knowledge will be documented and grafted with the scientific approaches of biodiversity management; this will be catalogued to be readily available for use by the practitioners as well as policy makers.
9. Biodiversity conservation will be mainstreamed in the overall development policies, five years national and zonal plans; this will be facilitated through the planning and international cooperation ministry and environment directorate.
10. Identification and mobilization of conventional and non-conventional financial windows, while commencing from the biodiversity hotspots and expanding to the ecosystems in general
11. Development of an effective response mechanism against the drivers of biodiversity degradation and addressing the gaps in the management
12. Effective reiterative system for knowledge management; communication & outreach will be the cornerstone of biodiversity management in Somalia.
13. Promotion of appropriate incentive measures including clean energy technologies and climate resilient approaches for ecosystems and biodiversity management
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14. Adopting concrete measures for strengthening bilateral, regional and international cooperation.
4.4. Main priority areas
The five goals of the global strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 are adopted as priority areas to address the pressing issues that affect the biodiversity of Somalia as follows:
1. Adequate understanding of the drivers of biodiversity degradation, adopting response measures in green sector as well as broader development agendas of the government and other key actors (civil society and private sector)
2. Reduce the direct pressures on the biological diversity of Somalia and promote conservation and sustainable use of the component of biodiversity
3. Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity in Somalia
4. Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services in Somalia, with specific emphasis on marginalized groups
5. Enhancing the implementation of participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use in Somalia.
4.5. The NBSAP targets
The NBSAP targets are developed in line with the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. Efforts are done to keep these targets strategic, specific, measurable, ambitious; however realistic and generally with the deadline of 2020. They are grouped under the five priority areas of NBSAP. The targets are drafted based on the inputs of the stakeholders in the first series of consultative workshops, whereas these were fine-tuned in the NBSAP finalization workshops with participants from all the three zones (Somaliland, Puntland and South-Central) of Somalia.
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le I
nsti
tuti
on
Pha
se I
P
hase
II
1.1
By
2016
, com
mun
icat
ion
and
outre
ach
stra
tegy
for b
iodi
vers
ity
with
spec
ific
focu
s on
the
med
ia a
nd
acad
emia
dev
elop
ed, t
o be
inte
grat
ed
subs
eque
ntly
in th
e ov
eral
l m
echa
nism
for N
BSA
P im
plem
enta
tion.
Con
sulta
tive
proc
ess w
ith k
ey
stak
ehol
ders
car
ried
out i
n M
ogad
ishu
an
d in
terim
adm
inis
tratio
ns b
y 20
15
Mar
ketin
g/se
lling
the
NB
SAP
to o
ther
se
ctor
s (be
side
the
envi
ronm
ent/g
reen
se
ctor
s) e
labo
rate
d C
omm
unic
atio
n an
d O
utre
ach
Stra
tegy
fo
rmul
ated
and
app
rove
d by
the
Gov
ernm
ent
2016
150,
000
Led
by M
inis
try o
f Env
ironm
ent
toge
ther
with
Min
istry
of
Info
rmat
ion
& c
omm
unic
atio
n
1.2
B
y 20
17, m
echa
nism
(with
sele
ctiv
e im
plem
enta
tion
com
men
ced)
is in
pl
ace
to p
rom
ote
publ
ic a
war
enes
s an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of th
e va
lues
of
biod
iver
sity
and
the
need
for
cons
erva
tion,
pro
tect
ion
and
sust
aina
ble
use/
man
agem
ent
Info
rmat
ion
diss
emin
atio
n m
echa
nism
on
the
valu
es o
f bio
dive
rsity
(spe
cies
an
d ec
osys
tem
s) a
nd it
s rel
evan
ce to
hu
man
surv
ival
is in
pla
ce.
Com
mun
icat
ion
mat
eria
l (au
dien
ce
sens
itive
& e
cosy
stem
spec
ific)
on
the
curr
ent s
tatu
s of b
iodi
vers
ity is
de
velo
ped.
M
essa
ges o
f res
pons
e ac
tions
to re
stor
e ec
osys
tem
s & b
iodi
vers
ity, a
nd th
e su
stai
nabl
e us
e of
bio
dive
rsity
pro
duct
s an
d se
rvic
es d
evel
oped
. D
isse
min
atio
n de
mon
stra
ted
on p
ilot
scal
e in
Mog
adis
hu a
nd th
e In
terim
A
dmin
istra
tions
thro
ugh
sele
ct m
edia
2017
150,
000
Min
istri
es o
f Env
ironm
ent,
Min
istry
of I
nfor
mat
ion
and
the
Sect
oral
Min
istri
es (F
ores
t, Fi
sher
y, W
ildlif
e, L
ives
tock
&
Ran
ge, A
gric
ultu
re, e
tc.)
67
1.3
By
2017
, wor
ksho
ps, t
rain
ing,
focu
s gr
oup
disc
ussi
ons h
eld
in b
oth
rura
l an
d ur
ban
cent
ers w
ith th
e ai
m o
f cr
eatin
g im
med
iate
aw
aren
ess
3-
day
train
ing
wor
ksho
p co
nduc
ted
in
each
zon
e of
Som
alia
to d
isse
min
ate
info
rmat
ion
on th
e st
atus
of
biod
iver
sity
and
resp
onse
act
ions
Focu
sed
grou
p di
scus
sion
s hel
d w
ith
polic
y m
aker
s and
seni
or m
anag
ers i
n ea
ch z
one
and
sele
ctin
g a
cadr
e of
ch
ange
adv
ocat
es fr
om th
em
Tr
aini
ng o
f the
cha
nge
advo
cate
s to
trigg
er a
nd su
stai
n th
e bi
odiv
ersi
ty
awar
enes
s and
pro
mot
ion
proc
ess i
n ea
ch z
one
of S
omal
ia
2017
200,
000
Min
istry
of E
nviro
nmen
t
1.4
By
2017
, use
r-frie
ndly
com
pend
ium
of
bes
t pra
ctic
es a
nd le
sson
s lea
rnt
deve
lope
d fo
r sus
tain
ably
man
agin
g bi
odiv
ersi
ty a
nd e
cosy
stem
s
In
vent
ory
of b
iodi
vers
ity m
anag
emen
t pr
actic
es d
one
for S
omal
ia
A
naly
sis o
f ‘w
hat w
orke
d an
d w
hat
didn
’t’ fo
r bio
dive
rsity
in S
omal
ia a
nd
the
East
Afr
ican
Reg
ion
acco
mpl
ishe
d
A
use
r-frie
ndly
com
pend
ium
of b
est
prac
tices
and
less
ons l
earn
t dev
elop
ed
and
the
crux
is sh
ared
in in
the
awar
enes
s wor
ksho
ps a
t the
Zon
al a
nd
Fede
ral l
evel
s.
2017
50,0
00
Min
istry
of E
nviro
nmen
t, to
geth
er
with
Sec
tora
l Min
istri
es
1.5
B
y 20
19, m
edia
and
aca
dem
ia
enga
ged
in p
rom
otin
g of
aw
aren
ess
abou
t bio
dive
rsity
5 T
rain
ing
& a
ctio
n pl
anni
ng se
ssio
ns
(2-d
ay e
ach)
hel
d fo
r med
ia a
nd
acad
emia
foca
l poi
nts i
n ea
ch z
one
of
Som
alia
to u
nder
stan
d an
d di
ssem
inat
e th
e dy
nam
ics o
f bio
dive
rsity
. T
he M
edia
foca
l poi
nts d
isse
min
ate
the
biod
iver
sity
deg
rada
tion
and
the
copi
ng
stra
tegi
es o
n FM
Rad
io a
nd T
V
chan
nels
T
he A
cade
mia
foca
l poi
nts h
eld
serie
s of
lect
ures
in se
lect
ed U
nive
rsiti
es
2019
150,
000
Min
istry
of i
nfor
mat
ion
and
com
mun
icat
ion
toge
ther
with
M
inis
try o
f Env
ironm
ent
1.6
B
y 20
21, c
urric
ulum
of s
choo
ls
gree
ned,
with
spec
ial f
ocus
on
The
cur
rent
cur
ricul
ums o
f sch
ools
is
anal
yzed
and
ele
men
ts o
f bio
dive
rsity
2021
25
0,00
0 M
inis
try o
f edu
catio
n, c
oord
inat
ed
by M
inis
try o
f env
ironm
ent
68
biod
iver
sity
and
eco
syst
em
cons
erva
tion
an
d ec
osys
tem
con
serv
atio
n in
tegr
ated
1
00 te
ache
rs, 2
0 in
eac
h zo
ne, t
rain
ed to
im
part
the
revi
sed
curr
icul
um in
scho
ols
Tes
t app
licat
ion
of th
e re
vise
d cu
rric
ulum
faci
litat
ed in
100
scho
ols,
20 in
eac
h zo
ne o
f Som
alia
. 1.
7 B
y 20
22, t
he in
fluen
ce o
f Rel
igio
us
Lead
ers u
sed
for b
iodi
vers
ity
cons
erva
tion
and
the
sust
aina
ble
use
of it
s pro
duct
s
20
Rel
igio
us le
ader
s eng
aged
in v
ario
us
zone
s of S
omal
ia to
spea
k ab
out
envi
ronm
ent a
nd b
iodi
vers
ity w
ith th
e Is
lam
ic p
ersp
ectiv
e
5 tw
o-da
y co
nfer
ence
s hel
d, o
ne in
eac
h So
mal
i zon
e fo
cuse
d on
the
sign
ifica
nce
of b
iodi
vers
ity in
Isla
m.
Com
pend
ium
of b
iodi
vers
ity a
nd
envi
ronm
ent r
elat
ed te
achi
ngs i
n Is
lam
is
dev
elop
ed a
nd d
isse
min
atin
g th
is
thro
ugh
med
ia.
20
22
170,
000
Min
istry
of r
elig
ious
aff
airs
M
inis
try o
f Com
mun
icat
ion
and
Info
rmat
ion
C
oord
inat
ed b
y M
inis
try o
f en
viro
nmen
t
1.8
By
2022
, rur
al v
ocat
iona
l en
viro
nmen
tal s
choo
ls w
ith
emph
asis
on
biod
iver
sity
and
ec
osys
tem
s set
up
10
priv
ate
voca
tiona
l sch
ools
/col
lege
s id
entif
ied
& e
ngag
ed, 2
in e
ach
zone
, to
impa
rt vo
catio
nal e
duca
tion
rela
ted
to
envi
ronm
ent
Env
ironm
enta
l Voc
atio
nal E
duca
tion
mat
eria
l dev
elop
ed w
ith sp
ecia
l foc
us
on b
iodi
vers
ity a
nd te
sted
in 5
sele
cted
sc
hool
s/co
llege
s in
Punt
land
, So
mal
iland
and
Mog
adis
hu
Env
ironm
enta
l Voc
atio
nal E
duca
tion
pilo
ted
in 1
0 sc
hool
s/co
llege
s
20
22
200,
000
Min
istry
of L
abou
r, M
inis
try o
f ed
ucat
ion
and
Min
istry
of
Envi
ronm
ent
Stra
tegi
c T
arge
t 2:
By
2028
, at t
he la
test
, bi
odiv
ersi
ty v
alue
s hav
e be
en in
tegr
ated
in
to n
atio
nal a
nd z
onal
dev
elop
men
t pla
ns
(spe
cific
ally
5 y
ears
pla
ns) a
nd o
ther
po
verty
redu
ctio
n pr
oces
ses a
nd a
re b
eing
in
corp
orat
ed (a
s app
ropr
iate
) int
o na
tiona
l ac
coun
ting
and
repo
rting
syst
ems.
69
2.1
By
2016
, Nat
iona
l an
d In
tern
atio
nal
Partn
ers
enga
ged
and
partn
ersh
ips
forg
ed
for
mai
nstre
amin
g bi
odiv
ersi
ty
in
the
over
all
deve
lopm
ent a
gend
a
A
t le
ast
3 m
ulti-
parti
te M
OU
s si
gned
be
twee
n th
e En
viro
nmen
t Min
istri
es o
f Fe
dera
l G
over
nmen
t of
Som
alia
with
th
e fo
llow
ing
entit
ies:
a.
M
inis
tries
of
Fi
sher
y,
Fore
stry
, A
gric
ultu
re,
Live
stoc
k,
Ener
gy,
Petro
leum
& M
inin
g, e
tc.
b.
the
Plan
ning
an
d Fi
nanc
e M
inis
tries
c.
Th
e In
tern
atio
nal
Dev
elop
men
t Pa
rtner
s (d
onor
s, U
N,
netw
orks
, et
c.)
d.
the
priv
ate
sect
or w
orki
ng w
ith
natu
ral r
esou
rces
and
bio
dive
rsity
go
ods a
nd se
rvic
es
e.
Med
ia a
nd A
cade
mia
f.
Res
earc
h in
stitu
tions
2016
50,0
00
Min
istry
of
pl
anni
ng
&
Inte
rnat
iona
l coo
pera
tion
Min
istry
of
Fo
reig
n A
ffai
rs;
coor
dina
ted
by
Min
istry
of
En
viro
nmen
t
2.2
By
2018
, V
alua
tion
of
Ben
efits
fr
om
biod
iver
sity
&
its
pr
oduc
ts
done
and
the
cur
rent
inv
estm
ent
in
biod
iver
sity
man
agem
ent a
sses
sed
Se
nior
R
epre
sent
ativ
e of
Fi
nanc
e M
inis
try i
s in
clud
ed i
n th
e N
SC a
nd
Bio
dive
rsity
Rou
ndta
ble
by 2
016
To
ols
and
mec
hani
sms
that
as
sess
bi
odiv
ersi
ty
in
term
of
so
cial
, ec
onom
ic a
nd f
inan
cial
ben
efits
are
de
velo
ped
by20
17.
Th
e ph
ysic
al i
nven
tory
of
biol
ogic
al
bene
fits
asso
ciat
ed w
ith e
cosy
stem
s is
de
velo
ped
and
corr
espo
ndin
g in
vest
men
t is a
sses
sed
by 2
018.
2016
–
2018
160,
000
Min
istry
of E
nviro
nmen
t M
inis
try
of
Plan
ning
&
In
tern
atio
nal
Coo
pera
tion
an
d M
inis
try o
f Edu
catio
n
2.3
By
2023
, bi
odiv
ersi
ty s
ervi
ces
and
prod
ucts
at
the
leve
l of
Fin
anci
al
Inst
itutio
ns
of
Som
alia
m
ains
tream
ed.
Th
e Fe
dera
l Rep
ublic
of
Som
alia
and
th
e Zo
nal g
over
nmen
ts s
yste
mat
ical
ly
asse
ss
/acc
ount
of
th
e bi
odiv
ersi
ty
shar
e in
th
e G
DP
and
set
asid
e pr
opor
tiona
te
finan
ces
for
its
sust
aina
ble
man
agem
ent b
y 20
19
20
16 -
2023
1,
800,
000
Min
istry
of
Fina
nce
and
Min
istry
of
Pla
nnin
g C
oord
inat
ed
by
Min
istry
of
En
viro
nmen
t
70
B
iodi
vers
ity
rela
ted
finan
cing
is
do
uble
d to
the
pres
ent l
evel
by
2023
2.
4 B
y 20
24, b
iodi
vers
ity a
t the
leve
l of
Nat
iona
l Dev
elop
men
t Pla
nnin
g m
ains
tream
ed
Pl
anni
ng &
Inte
rnat
iona
l Coo
pera
tion
Min
istry
is re
pres
ente
d at
bio
dive
rsity
fo
rum
s suc
h as
NSC
, Rou
ndta
ble,
etc
. by
201
6
Bio
dive
rsity
scre
enin
g ch
eck-
list
deve
lope
d an
d ad
opte
d by
the
Plan
ning
&
Inte
rnat
iona
l Coo
pera
tion
Min
istry
by
201
9;
D
evel
opm
ent p
roje
cts a
re sc
reen
ed
with
this
che
cklis
t for
bio
dive
rsity
co
ncer
ns b
y 20
20
20
15 -
2024
1,
200,
000
Min
istry
of P
lann
ing
&
Inte
rnat
iona
l Coo
pera
tion,
co
ordi
nate
d by
Min
istry
of
envi
ronm
ent
2.5
By
2023
, su
bsta
ntia
l al
loca
tion
in
the
Nat
iona
l fiv
e-ye
ar
Plan
fo
r bi
odiv
ersi
ty c
onse
rvat
ion
prog
ram
s in
clud
ed
B
iodi
vers
ity
rela
ted
initi
ativ
es
get
doub
led
to t
he p
rese
nt l
evel
by
2023
in
a th
e N
atio
nal F
ive-
year
Pla
n
20
23
1,50
0,00
0 M
inis
try o
f env
ironm
ent
Min
istry
of P
lann
ing
2.6
B
y 20
25, C
ontri
bute
to th
e su
cces
sful
impl
emen
tatio
n of
Som
ali
NB
SAP
By
2025
Som
ali l
eade
rs
have
incl
uded
pro
tect
ion
and
sust
aina
ble
man
agem
ent i
n th
eir
deve
lopm
ent p
lans
and
pro
vidi
ng
appr
opria
te fi
nanc
ial a
nd h
uman
re
sour
ces.
C
ondu
cted
an
advo
cacy
cam
paig
n to
co
nvin
ce S
omal
i lea
ders
to p
riorit
ize
biod
iver
sity
con
serv
atio
n by
201
7,
A
crit
ical
mas
s of p
arlia
men
taria
n ad
voca
tes b
iodi
vers
ity c
onse
rvat
ion
by
2020
Key
inte
rnat
iona
l dev
elop
men
t par
tner
s in
clud
ed in
the
biod
iver
sity
foru
ms b
y 20
16
20
25
2,10
0,00
0 M
inis
try o
f env
ironm
ent &
M
inis
try o
f Fin
ance
Stra
tegi
c T
arge
t 3:
By
2030
, at t
he la
test
, in
cent
ives
, inc
ludi
ng su
bsid
ies,
harm
ful t
o bi
odiv
ersi
ty a
re e
limin
ated
, pha
sed
out o
r re
form
ed in
ord
er to
min
imiz
e or
avo
id
nega
tive
impa
cts,
and
posi
tive
ince
ntiv
es
for t
he c
onse
rvat
ion
and
sust
aina
ble
use
of
biod
iver
sity
are
dev
elop
ed a
nd a
pplie
d,
cons
iste
nt a
nd in
har
mon
y w
ith th
e C
onve
ntio
n an
d ot
her r
elev
ant i
nter
natio
nal
71
oblig
atio
ns, t
akin
g in
to a
ccou
nt n
atio
nal
soci
o ec
onom
ic c
ondi
tions
. 3.
1 B
y 20
18, t
he su
bsid
ies t
hat d
amag
e an
d/or
ben
efit
the
biod
iver
sity
of
Som
alia
ass
esse
d an
d ac
tion
plan
for
addr
essi
ng th
ese
subs
idie
s are
fo
rmul
ated
.
Con
sulta
tions
hel
d in
Mog
adis
hu a
nd
the
Inte
rim A
dmin
istra
tions
with
st
akeh
olde
rs in
clud
ing
priv
ate
sect
or b
y 20
16
Sub
sidi
es th
at d
amag
e or
ben
efit
the
biod
iver
sity
is a
sses
sed
and
the
impa
cts
on b
iodi
vers
ity is
exa
min
ed b
y 20
17
Lis
t of b
iodi
vers
ity h
arm
ing
subs
idie
s de
vise
d an
d ag
reed
by
2017
A
ctio
n pl
an fo
r add
ress
ing
the
issu
e of
re
leva
nt su
bsid
ies
form
ulat
ed b
y 20
18
2016
–
2018
80,0
00
Min
istry
of e
nviro
nmen
t M
inis
try o
f Com
mer
ce a
nd
Indu
stry
M
inis
try o
f Agr
icul
ture
M
inis
try o
f Por
ts &
Te
leco
mm
unic
atio
ns
3.2
By
2020
, the
pha
sing
out
of
subs
idie
s com
men
ced
by th
e G
over
nmen
t tha
t dam
age
biod
iver
sity
Pilo
ted
the
phas
ing
out a
imed
at
min
imum
20%
redu
ctio
n of
subs
idie
s ha
rmfu
l to
biod
iver
sity
by 2
020
2016
–
2020
100,
000
Min
istry
of e
nviro
nmen
t, to
geth
er
with
rele
vant
min
istri
es
3.3
By
2020
, inc
entiv
es a
nd su
bsid
es
mec
hani
sm d
evis
ed to
ben
efit
the
com
mun
ities
that
pro
mot
e be
st
prac
tices
to c
onse
rve
biod
iver
sity
En
visa
ged,
agr
eed
and
appr
oved
the
ince
ntiv
es a
nd b
iodi
vers
ity fr
iend
ly
subs
idie
s by
201
7
Mec
hani
sm is
in p
lace
to a
war
d in
cent
ives
and
bio
dive
rsity
-frie
ndly
su
bsid
ies i
n lie
u of
serv
ices
to
cons
erve
bio
dive
rsity
by
2018
8 bu
sine
sses
com
mun
ities
sele
cted
and
aw
arde
d fo
r the
ir bi
odiv
ersi
ty
cons
erva
tion
best
pra
ctic
es w
ith b
io-
frie
ndly
subs
idie
s/in
cent
ives
by
2020
2017
–
2020
100,
000
Min
istry
of e
nviro
nmen
t M
inis
try o
f Com
mer
ce a
nd
Indu
stry
72
3.4
By
2025
, mec
hani
sm fo
r pun
ishi
ng
the
com
pani
es th
at p
rom
ote
harm
ful
mat
eria
ls th
at e
ffec
t bio
dive
rsity
&
ecos
yste
ms i
s in
plac
e, th
is m
ay
incl
ude
impo
sing
hig
h ta
xatio
n an
d/or
ban
ning
, etc
.
Su
ppor
t cel
l in
the
Min
istry
of
Envi
ronm
ent i
s in
plac
e th
at a
ssis
t the
M
inis
try in
pre
parin
g ca
ses a
gain
st
biod
iver
sity
har
min
g co
mpa
nies
/org
aniz
atio
ns b
y 20
19
A
t lea
st 2
0 ca
ses p
roce
ssed
by
the
cour
t/aut
horiz
ed b
ody
by 2
025
20
17 –
20
25
100,
000
Min
istry
of e
nviro
nmen
t M
inis
try o
f Com
mer
ce a
nd
Indu
stry
M
inis
try o
f Jus
tice
3.5
By
2025
, alte
rnat
ive
inco
me
sour
ces
are
prov
ided
to lo
cal c
omm
uniti
es
enga
ged
in c
harc
oal m
akin
g fo
r the
ir liv
elih
oods
. The
se m
ay in
clud
e N
on-
woo
ded
Fore
st P
rodu
cts,
Bee
Kee
ping
, col
lect
ion
& re
cycl
e w
aste
an
d se
ll it
to re
cycl
ing
com
pani
es,
etc.
A
t lea
st 2
0 ch
arco
al b
usin
ess
com
mun
ities
iden
tifie
d an
d co
nver
ted
to b
iodi
vers
ity fr
iend
ly b
usin
esse
s by
2017
50 p
erso
ns tr
aine
d in
val
ue-a
dded
m
anag
emen
t of N
on-w
oode
d Fo
rest
Pr
oduc
ts b
y 20
17
A
t lea
st 2
0 ch
arco
al b
usin
esse
s re
plac
ed w
ith sm
all-s
ize
biod
iver
sity
bu
sine
sses
and
100
0 fa
mili
es b
enef
ited
by 2
017
2
smal
l sca
le w
aste
to e
nerg
y en
terp
rise
inst
alle
d an
d op
erat
iona
l by
2015
20
17 –
20
25
1,20
0,00
0 M
inis
try o
f Env
ironm
ent
& P
lann
ing
and
Inte
rnat
iona
l C
oope
ratio
n M
inis
try o
f Com
mer
ce a
nd
Indu
stry
3.6
B
y 20
22 a
dequ
ate
ince
ntiv
e m
echa
nism
for t
he lo
cal c
omm
unity
is
in p
lace
to c
onse
rve
biod
iver
sity
ho
tspo
ts w
ith p
oten
tial f
or to
uris
m in
al
l the
zon
es o
f Som
alia
.
10
0 pe
rson
s tra
ined
in b
iodi
vers
ity
prom
otin
g bu
sine
ss fo
cusi
ng o
n 10
pr
iorit
y ho
tspo
ts b
y 20
17
Pa
rtici
pato
ry b
usin
ess p
lans
for 2
0 co
mm
unity
bas
ed e
nter
pris
es
deve
lope
d by
201
8
Initi
atio
n gr
ants
, $ 1
0 K
eac
h pr
ovid
ed
to se
t-up
20 c
omm
unity
bas
ed
biod
iver
sity
pro
mot
ing
ente
rpris
es
2020
Bio
dive
rsity
bus
ines
s are
ope
ratio
nal
by 2
022
20
17 –
20
22
1,60
0,00
0 M
inis
try o
f Env
ironm
ent
Min
istry
of L
ocal
Gov
ernm
ent,
Min
istry
of T
ouris
m
Min
istry
of C
omm
erce
and
In
dust
ry
73
3.7
B
y 20
21 su
bsid
ies w
ill b
e gi
ven
to
com
pani
es o
f LPG
gas
, Sol
ar a
nd
othe
r ene
rgy
sour
ces c
ompa
nies
who
ar
e en
viro
nmen
tal &
bio
dive
rsity
fr
iend
ly
5
com
pani
es a
war
ded
on c
ompe
titiv
e ba
ses f
or p
rovi
ding
subs
idiz
ed
alte
rnat
ive
ener
gy so
urce
s to
char
coal
de
pend
ent c
omm
uniti
es
20
0 co
mm
unity
org
aniz
atio
ns p
rovi
ded
with
alte
rnat
ive
ener
gy o
n 50
%
redu
ced
pric
es
20
0 co
mm
unity
org
aniz
atio
ns re
duce
th
e de
fore
stat
ion
in th
eir r
espe
ctiv
e ar
eas b
y 20
%
20
21
6,00
0,00
0 M
inis
try o
f Env
ironm
ent
Min
istry
of I
ndus
try a
nd
Com
mer
ce
Min
istry
of A
gric
ultu
re
Min
istry
of F
ishe
ries a
nd M
arin
e R
esou
rces
M
inis
try o
f Liv
esto
ck, a
nd P
astu
re
3.8
By
2030
all
the
harm
ful s
ubsi
dies
are
co
mpl
etel
y ph
ased
out
and
/or
mea
sure
s are
take
n to
pro
vide
bi
odiv
ersi
ty fr
iend
ly su
bstit
ute
whe
re
phas
ing
out o
f sub
sidi
es is
not
po
ssib
le.
A
ltern
ativ
e bi
odiv
ersi
ty fr
iend
ly
subs
idie
s are
pro
vide
d fo
r ess
entia
l su
bsta
nces
and
serv
ices
by
2025
All
the
harm
ful s
ubsi
dies
to
biod
iver
sity
are
com
plet
ely
phas
ed o
ut
by 2
030
20
30
1,00
0,00
0 M
inis
try o
f Env
ironm
ent
Min
istry
of I
ndus
try a
nd
Com
mer
ce
Stra
tegi
c T
arge
t 4:
By
2020
, at t
he la
test
, G
over
nmen
ts, b
usin
ess a
nd st
akeh
olde
rs a
t al
l lev
els h
ave
take
n st
eps t
o ac
hiev
e or
ha
ve im
plem
ente
d pl
ans f
or su
stai
nabl
e pr
oduc
tion
and
cons
umpt
ion
and
have
kep
t th
e im
pact
s of u
se o
f nat
ural
reso
urce
s wel
l w
ithin
safe
eco
logi
cal l
imits
.
4.1
By
2017
gov
ernm
ent f
acili
tate
the
inte
rfac
e w
ith b
usin
ess e
nter
pris
e an
d co
mm
uniti
es to
com
men
ce th
e de
mon
stra
tion
of c
onse
rvat
ion
and
sust
aina
ble
use
of b
iodi
vers
ity
reso
urce
s in
all r
epre
sent
ativ
e ec
o-re
gion
s of S
omal
iland
.
Bio
dive
rsity
Rou
nd T
able
form
ed a
nd
func
tiona
l with
repr
esen
tativ
e of
bu
sine
ss e
nter
pris
es, c
omm
unity
, go
vern
men
t to
stee
r the
inte
rfac
e be
twee
n th
e ke
y st
akeh
olde
rs b
y 20
16
Gen
eric
trip
artit
e te
rms o
f par
tner
ship
(T
ToP)
dev
elop
ed a
nd e
ndor
sed
by th
e B
iodi
vers
ity R
ound
Tab
le (B
RT)
by
2017
2017
-17
50
,000
Le
d by
Min
istry
of E
nviro
nmen
t, w
ith th
e of
supp
ort M
inis
try o
f Pl
anni
ng a
nd In
tern
atio
nal
Coo
pera
tion
4.2
By
2016
, Som
ali g
over
nmen
t co
mm
ence
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
re
sour
ce m
obili
zatio
n st
rate
gy
Res
ourc
e m
obili
zatio
n st
rate
gy o
utlin
ed
that
cov
ers b
oth
conv
entio
nal a
nd n
on-
conv
entio
nal d
onor
s and
end
orse
d by
2016
500,
000
Led
by M
inis
try o
f Env
ironm
ent,
with
the
of su
ppor
t Min
istry
of
Plan
ning
and
Inte
rnat
iona
l
74
form
ulat
ed a
s sup
port
docu
men
t to
this
NB
SAP
2015
C
oope
ratio
n
4.3
By
2018
dev
elop
men
t par
tner
s and
st
akeh
olde
r sho
uld
mak
e a
prio
rity
for f
undi
ng b
iodi
vers
ity a
nd
ecos
yste
m c
onse
rvat
ion
prog
ram
s
5 P
roje
ct P
ropo
sals
dev
elop
ed fo
r pr
iorit
y bi
odiv
ersi
ty h
otsp
ots
cons
erva
tion
and
deve
lopm
ent b
y 20
16
At l
east
2 p
roje
ct a
ppro
ved
by th
e do
nors
by
2018
2018
200,
000
Min
istry
of E
nviro
nmen
t & o
ther
ke
y st
akeh
olde
rs
4.4
By
2018
gov
ernm
ent a
nd b
usin
ess
ente
rpris
es sh
ould
wor
k in
a
coop
erat
ing
man
ner t
o pr
omot
e bi
odiv
ersi
ty c
onse
rvat
ion
thro
ugh
term
s of p
artn
ersh
ip fo
r sel
ecte
d in
itiat
ives
such
as j
oint
pro
mot
ion
of
com
pani
es th
at re
cycl
e w
aste
; and
pr
omot
e th
e va
lue
adde
d an
d su
stai
nabl
e us
e of
bio
dive
rsity
pr
oduc
ts a
nd se
rvic
es.
At l
east
5 T
ToPs
sign
ed b
y G
over
nmen
t, C
omm
unity
Org
aniz
atio
ns
and
Bus
ines
s Ent
erpr
ises
for
unde
rtaki
ng jo
int b
iodi
vers
ity fr
iend
ly
busi
ness
es b
y 20
20
2020
1,00
0,00
0 Le
d by
the
Min
istry
of
Envi
ronm
ent t
oget
her Z
onal
M
inis
tries
, Priv
ate
Sect
or a
nd
sele
cted
com
mun
ity o
rgan
izat
ions
4.5
By
2020
bus
ines
s ent
erpr
ises
and
go
vern
men
t sha
ll pr
omot
e co
mpa
nies
that
can
dem
onst
rate
the
sust
aina
ble
man
agem
ent o
f bi
odiv
ersi
ty p
rodu
cts a
nd se
rvic
es.
Bus
ines
s pro
mot
ion
and
outre
ach
mec
hani
sm fo
rmul
ated
und
er th
e ov
eral
l gu
idan
ce o
f BRT
by
2018
B
usin
ess p
rom
otio
n is
em
bedd
ed in
the
CEP
A st
rate
gy b
y 20
18
At l
east
3 b
iodi
vers
ity p
rom
otin
g bu
sine
sses
aw
arde
d w
ith sp
ecia
l re
cogn
ition
by
the
BRT
by
2020
2020
1,00
0,00
0 M
inis
try o
f env
ironm
ent a
nd
Plan
ning
& In
tern
atio
nal
coop
erat
ion
and
Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
Pri
orit
y A
rea
2: R
educ
e th
e di
rect
pre
ssur
es o
n th
e bi
olog
ical
div
ersi
ty o
f So
mal
ia a
nd p
rom
ote
cons
erva
tion
and
sus
tain
able
us
e of
the
com
pone
nt o
f bi
odiv
ersi
ty
Stra
tegi
c T
arge
t 5
: By
2025
, the
rate
of
loss
of a
ll na
tura
l hab
itats
, inc
ludi
ng
fore
sts,
is a
t lea
st h
alve
d an
d w
here
fe
asib
le b
roug
ht c
lose
to z
ero,
and
de
grad
atio
n an
d fr
agm
enta
tion
is
sign
ifica
ntly
redu
ced.
75
5.1
By
2016
, the
Zon
al g
over
nmen
ts
com
men
ce th
e st
ock
taki
ng o
f its
re
new
able
nat
ural
reso
urce
s bot
h te
rres
trial
and
coa
stal
and
com
plet
e th
is b
y 20
17.
B
asel
ine
asse
ssm
ent o
f 10
pote
ntia
l bi
odiv
ersi
ty h
otsp
ots (
6 te
rres
trial
and
4
coas
tal/m
arin
e) c
arrie
d ou
t by
2017
, tha
t in
clud
e bi
olog
ical
and
dem
ogra
phic
as
pect
s bot
h
2015
-201
7
1,50
0,00
0 En
viro
nmen
t and
line
min
istri
es o
f th
e Fe
dera
l Gov
ernm
ent o
f So
mal
ia a
s wel
l as t
he In
terim
A
dmin
istra
tions
5.2
By
2016
, con
cret
e st
eps a
re p
lann
ed
for r
educ
ing
the
loss
of n
atur
al
habi
tat a
re ta
ken
that
incl
ude
addr
essi
ng th
e dr
iver
s inc
ludi
ng, b
ut
not l
imite
d to
, cha
rcoa
l led
de
fore
stat
ion,
inva
sive
spec
ies,
rang
elan
ds d
egra
datio
n, m
angr
ove
&
cora
l ree
fs d
egra
datio
n, in
stitu
tiona
l lim
itatio
ns, e
tc.
Pa
rtici
pato
ry e
cosy
stem
bas
ed la
nd-u
se
plan
s are
dev
elop
ed fo
r 10
pote
ntia
l hot
sp
ots a
ddre
ssin
g th
e dr
iver
s with
join
t en
forc
emen
t and
alte
rnat
ives
pro
visi
on
by 2
017
2016
1,50
0,00
0 En
viro
nmen
t and
lin
e m
inis
tries
5.3
By
2017
, the
eff
icac
y of
exi
stin
g pr
otec
ted
area
s is a
dequ
atel
y as
sess
ed a
nd a
dditi
onal
pro
tect
ed
area
s bot
h te
rres
trial
and
mar
ine
are
notif
ied.
Th
e ef
ficac
y of
4 e
xist
ing
prot
ecte
d ar
eas a
sses
sed
by 2
016
A
t lea
st 2
0 pr
otec
ted
area
s/na
tura
l re
serv
es n
otifi
ed b
y 20
17
2017
1,00
0,00
0 En
viro
nmen
t and
line
min
istri
es
5.4
By
2025
, Eco
zon
e sp
ecifi
c re
habi
litat
ion/
cons
erva
tion
sche
mes
de
mon
stra
ted
thro
ugh
the
dom
estic
an
d O
DA
(bot
h m
ultil
ater
al a
nd b
i-la
tera
l) fin
anci
al w
indo
ws
A
t lea
st U
SD 2
0 m
illio
n m
obili
zed
for
the
reha
bilit
atio
n of
bio
dive
rsity
in
Som
alia
thro
ugh
OD
A a
nd n
on-
conv
entio
nal f
inan
cial
win
dow
s
At l
east
5 in
nova
tive
biod
iver
sity
re
habi
litat
ion/
cons
erva
tion
proj
ects
are
on
the
grou
nd b
y 20
20
20
17-2
025
20,0
00,0
00
Envi
ronm
ent a
nd li
ne m
inis
tries
5.5
By
2025
at l
east
70%
of a
ll th
e Pr
otec
ted
Are
as (P
A) a
nd M
arin
e Pr
otec
ted
Are
as (M
PA) a
re
effe
ctiv
ely
man
aged
and
the
doss
ier
for a
t lea
st 5
repr
esen
tativ
e pr
otec
ted
area
s are
pre
pare
d as
Bio
sphe
re
Res
erve
s und
er th
e M
an a
nd
Bio
sphe
re (M
AB
) Pro
gram
me
of
UN
ESC
O
Ef
fect
ive
man
agem
ent i
s in
plac
e at
le
ast i
n 70
% o
f the
not
ified
pro
tect
ed
area
s (bo
th M
arin
e an
d Te
rres
trial
) by
2020
Dos
sier
s for
MA
B a
re p
repa
red
and
subm
itted
to U
NES
CO
for a
t lea
st 5
pr
otec
ted
area
s rep
rese
ntin
g ea
ch e
co-
zone
by
2025
20
16-2
025
7,00
0,00
0 M
inis
try o
f Env
ironm
ent a
nd o
ther
re
leva
nt se
ctor
al M
inis
tries
and
M
inis
tries
of t
he Z
ones
76
5.6
B
y 20
25, t
he lo
ss o
f the
five
re
pres
enta
tive
habi
tats
of S
omal
ia
and
its c
oast
al z
one
is re
duce
d by
40
% c
ompa
red
to th
e pr
esen
t si
tuat
ion
thro
ugh
serie
s of
inte
rven
tions
Reh
abili
tatio
n of
500
0 km
2 de
grad
ed
rang
elan
ds su
ch a
s tho
se a
ffec
ted
by
mov
ing
sand
dun
es, w
ater
ero
sion
s, ov
erus
e, e
tc.
Est
ablis
hmen
t of i
nteg
rate
d bi
odiv
ersi
ty
proj
ects
in a
ll th
e re
pres
enta
tive
terr
estri
al a
nd m
arin
e/co
asta
l eco
-re
gion
s, C
reat
e al
tern
ativ
e liv
elih
oods
and
in
com
e ge
nera
tion
activ
ities
thro
ugh
skill
s tra
inin
g an
d de
velo
pmen
t of
inno
vativ
e en
trepr
eneu
rshi
p fo
r 20,
000
hous
ehol
ds.
20
16-2
025
25,0
00,0
00
Min
istri
es in
clud
ing
the
priv
ate
sect
or
Stra
tegi
c ta
rget
6: B
y 20
30 a
ll fis
h an
d in
verte
brat
e st
ocks
and
aqu
atic
pla
nts a
re
man
aged
and
har
vest
ed su
stai
nabl
y, le
gally
an
d ap
plyi
ng e
cosy
stem
bas
ed a
ppro
ache
s, so
that
ove
rfis
hing
is a
void
ed, r
ecov
ery
plan
s and
mea
sure
s are
in p
lace
for a
ll de
plet
ed sp
ecie
s, fis
herie
s hav
e no
si
gnifi
cant
adv
erse
impa
cts o
n th
reat
ened
sp
ecie
s and
vul
nera
ble
ecos
yste
ms a
nd th
e im
pact
s of f
ishe
ries o
n st
ocks
, spe
cies
and
ec
osys
tem
s are
with
in sa
fe e
colo
gica
l lim
its.
6.1
By
2027
, whi
le fo
cuss
ing
on 8
M
PAs a
long
the
coas
t of t
he Ju
ba
land
, Mog
adis
hu, P
untla
nd a
nd
Som
alila
nd, c
oast
al re
sour
ces s
uch
as c
rust
acea
ns, m
angr
oves
, cor
al
reef
s, et
c. a
re su
stai
nabl
y m
anag
ed
and
the
on-g
oing
deg
rada
tion
is
redu
ced
by 8
0% th
roug
h in
tegr
ated
co
asta
l res
ourc
es m
anag
emen
t in
gene
ral a
nd c
omm
unity
bas
ed
• B
y 20
18, S
treng
then
ed th
e ca
paci
ty o
f fis
hery
dep
artm
ent,
coas
tal c
omm
unity
or
gani
zatio
ns a
nd a
ssoc
iate
d pr
ivat
e se
ctor
com
pani
es in
inte
grat
ed
sust
aina
ble
reso
urce
s man
agem
ent t
hat
focu
s on
cons
erva
tion,
val
ue a
dded
su
stai
nabl
e us
e an
d fa
ir &
tran
spar
ent
dist
ribut
ion
of b
enef
its a
nd o
blig
atio
ns
aris
ing
from
the
man
agem
ent o
f co
asta
l bio
dive
rsity
,
20
16-2
027
30,0
00,0
00
• En
viro
nmen
t Min
istri
es
• M
inis
try o
f Fis
herie
s and
M
arin
e Re
sour
ces
• Pr
ivat
e se
ctor
•
Min
istry
of P
orts
and
Mar
ine
Tran
spor
t •
Min
istry
of P
lann
ing
and
Inte
rnat
iona
l Coo
pera
tion
77
inte
rven
tions
in p
artic
ular
. •
By
2018
, a c
adre
of 5
0 m
aste
r tra
iner
s de
velo
ped
skill
ed in
inte
grat
ed c
oast
al
reso
urce
man
agem
ent
• B
y 20
17, a
man
ual i
n in
tegr
ated
co
asta
l res
ourc
e m
anag
emen
t with
se
ries o
f tra
inin
g m
odul
e de
velo
ped
for m
aste
r tra
iner
s •
By
2027
, res
tore
d th
e co
ral r
eef a
reas
, bi
rd si
tes,
man
grov
es a
nd se
a-gr
ass
area
s in
Mai
t, Sa
,adu
din
& E
ibad
is
land
, Kho
ra S
hora
and
Las
kore
y ar
eas i
n So
mal
iland
, Ras
Asy
er,
Cal
uula
and
Haf
uu c
ompl
ex in
Pu
ntla
nd, a
nd B
arrie
r Isl
ands
and
the
delta
& sw
amps
of J
uba
& o
ff-
Sheb
elle
rive
r in
Sout
h-C
entra
l So
mal
ia.
• B
y 20
20, s
ocia
l ser
vice
s pro
vide
d fo
r C
oast
al p
eopl
e in
Mai
t Isl
and
(RA
BSH
I) Sa
,adu
din
& E
ibad
isl
and,
K
hora
Sho
ra, L
asko
rey,
Haf
uu a
nd
Cal
uula
are
as
• B
y 20
25 a
ppro
pria
te c
onse
rvat
ion
and
sust
aina
ble
man
agem
ent
infr
astru
ctur
es p
rovi
ded
in a
t lea
st 2
si
tes a
long
the
coas
t for
the
inte
grat
ed
coas
tal r
esou
rces
man
agem
ent.
6.2
By
2030
, all
mar
ine
reso
urce
s in
clud
ing
aqua
tic p
lant
s are
soun
dly
man
aged
and
har
vest
sust
aina
bly
thro
ugh
redu
cing
ille
gal f
ishin
g an
d w
aste
dis
posa
l by
80%
and
app
lyin
g co
nser
vatio
n m
easu
res w
hich
will
• St
reng
then
ing
the
capa
city
of P
MPF
an
d in
crea
sing
thei
r num
ber i
nto
6 th
ousa
nd b
y 20
25
• R
esto
ratio
n of
cor
al re
ef a
reas
th
roug
h m
angr
ove
plan
tatio
ns in
500
he
ctar
es, p
ollu
tion
cont
rol b
y
20
16-2
030
25,0
00,0
00
Min
istry
of F
ishe
ries a
nd M
arin
e R
esou
rces
Min
istri
es o
f Env
ironm
ent a
nd
othe
r sec
tor M
inis
tries
78
enco
urag
e re
cove
ry p
lans
for
enda
nger
ed a
nd th
reat
ened
aqu
atic
sp
ecie
s
stop
ping
the
sew
age
flow
in
Man
grov
e an
d co
ral a
reas
of s
outh
of
Mog
adis
hu b
y 20
25
• In
tegr
ated
con
serv
atio
n m
easu
res
carr
ied
out i
n A
lula
and
Qan
dala
, B
arrie
r isl
and
and
othe
r rel
evan
t co
asta
l are
as b
y 20
27
• Pr
ovid
e so
cial
serv
ices
for C
oast
al
peop
le in
Eyl
, Qan
dala
, Las
qora
y,
Alu
la, H
afuu
, Ras
Asy
er a
reas
by
2022
•
Dev
elop
infr
astru
ctur
es o
f coa
stal
ar
eas t
o su
ppor
t com
mun
ity b
ased
co
asta
l are
a re
sour
ce m
anag
emen
t by
2030
. St
rate
gic
Tar
get
7: B
y 20
30 a
reas
und
er
agric
ultu
re, a
quac
ultu
re a
nd fo
rest
ry a
re
man
aged
sust
aina
bly,
ens
urin
g co
nser
vatio
n of
bio
dive
rsity
.
7.1
By
2030
, Brin
ging
at l
east
25
%
area
s und
er su
stai
nabl
e ag
ricul
ture
aq
uacu
lture
and
fore
stry
in e
ach
of
the
5 re
pres
enta
tive
eco-
regi
ons o
f So
mal
ia b
y di
vers
ifyin
g th
e m
anag
emen
t reg
imes
In
tegr
ated
wat
ersh
ed m
anag
emen
t is i
n pl
ace
in a
t-lea
st 5
repr
esen
tativ
e ca
tchm
ents
by
2022
Reh
abili
tatio
n of
nat
ural
veg
etat
ion,
w
ater
& so
il co
nser
vatio
n an
d w
ater
ha
rves
ting
is in
pla
ce in
at-l
east
10
degr
aded
site
s by
2025
,
clim
ate
smar
t agr
icul
ture
is
dem
onst
rate
d in
at-l
east
12
site
s and
re
plic
atio
n is
pro
mot
ed b
y 20
20,
In
Juba
and
She
belle
are
as th
e in
dige
nous
gen
ome/
agric
ultu
re
varie
ties c
onse
rvat
ion
is a
dopt
ed b
y 50
pr
ogre
ssiv
e fa
rmer
s, w
ith sy
stem
atic
ou
treac
h in
pla
ce b
y 20
21,
Es
tabl
ish
20 d
emon
stra
te si
tes o
f
20
17-2
030
30,0
00,0
00
Min
iser
ies o
f Env
ironm
ent,
Fo
rest
& W
ildlif
e,
Agr
icul
ture
, Li
vest
ock,
Fi
sher
ies,
W
ater
79
appr
opria
te a
gro-
fore
stry
in C
owpe
a be
lt, G
alga
la, J
ibag
alle
, Las
a ro
h an
d Ju
ba a
nd S
hebe
lle a
reas
At l
east
10
com
mun
ity b
ased
in
tegr
ated
aqu
acul
ture
is d
emon
stra
ted
in lo
wer
She
belle
, Jub
a, Z
yelic
, Ras
H
afun
and
Ber
bera
by
2022
10 a
gric
ultu
ral c
rops
div
ersi
ficat
ion
dem
onst
ratio
ns e
stab
lishe
d
Es
tabl
ish
salt
& d
roug
ht to
lera
nt c
rops
in
at l
east
10
site
s in
arid
zon
es o
f the
N
orth
and
Nor
thea
st b
y 20
22
A
cad
re o
f 50
expe
rt (m
aste
r tra
iner
s)
deve
lope
d in
sust
aina
ble
aqua
cultu
re,
fore
stry
and
agr
icul
ture
by
2020
Trai
ning
mat
eria
l inc
lude
man
uals
and
m
odul
es (c
over
ing
the
over
all
spec
trum
of s
usta
inab
le la
nd u
se
prac
tices
) dev
elop
ed to
be
impa
rted
by
the
mas
ter t
rain
ers b
y 20
19
C
omm
unic
atio
n an
d ou
treac
h m
echa
nism
for m
ass-
scal
e pr
omot
ion
and
repl
icat
ion
in p
lace
by
2025
, 7.
2 B
y 20
30 a
rres
t def
ores
tatio
n fo
r C
harc
oal m
akin
g b
y 50
% w
ith th
e ad
optio
n of
the
two-
track
app
roac
h of
a. I
ncen
tives
and
enf
orce
men
t and
b.
RED
D +
impl
emen
tatio
n
A.
Ince
ntiv
es a
nd E
nfor
cem
ent
Sy
stem
atic
ass
essm
ent/m
onito
ring
of
char
coal
bas
ed d
efor
esta
tion
by 2
017
Pr
omot
ing
alte
rnat
ives
e.g
. ren
ewab
le
ener
gy, v
alue
-add
ed N
on-w
oode
d Fo
rest
Pro
duct
s, to
the
loca
l co
mm
uniti
es, p
eopl
e fo
r cha
rcoa
l bu
rnin
g by
201
8
Legi
slat
ive
& In
stitu
tiona
l st
reng
then
ing
and
enfo
rcem
ent
mea
sure
s for
larg
e ch
arco
al sc
ale
prod
uctio
n m
eant
for
20
17-2
030
20,0
00,0
00
M
inis
try o
f Env
ironm
ent,
Min
istry
of F
ores
t, Li
vest
ock,
R
ange
, Wild
life,
Min
istry
of E
lect
ricity
&
wat
er
Pr
ivat
e se
ctor
Loca
l com
mun
ities
Min
istry
of J
ustic
e La
w
enfo
rcem
ent a
genc
ies
80
expo
rt/tra
ffic
king
by
2020
B
. R
EDD
+ im
plem
enta
tion
Dem
onst
ratio
n ac
tiviti
es in
pla
ce a
nd
RED
D+
stra
tegy
pilo
ted
by 2
022
R
EDD
+ im
plem
enta
tion
is in
pr
ogre
ss a
nd re
duct
ion
of c
arbo
n em
issi
ons i
s mea
sure
d re
porte
d an
d ve
rifie
d by
202
8
Som
alia
has
star
ted
earn
ing
ince
ntiv
es
for c
arbo
n em
issi
on re
duct
ion
by
2030
from
at l
east
3 R
EDD
+ im
plem
enta
tion
area
s
Stra
tegi
c T
arge
t 8:
By
2025
, pol
lutio
n,
incl
udin
g fr
om e
xces
s nut
rient
s, ha
s bee
n br
ough
t to
leve
ls th
at a
re n
ot d
etrim
enta
l to
ecos
yste
m fu
nctio
n an
d bi
odiv
ersi
ty.
8.1
By
2020
toxi
c w
aste
alo
ng th
e So
mal
iland
coa
st li
ne a
re p
rope
rly
asse
ssed
and
mea
sure
s for
aba
ting
this
pol
lutio
n ar
e in
pla
ce. T
his
incl
udes
bot
h te
rres
trial
and
m
arin
e/co
asta
l pol
lutio
n.
In
stitu
tiona
l arr
ange
men
ts to
ass
ess
and
abat
e po
llutio
n in
pla
ce b
y 20
18
Sy
stem
atic
ass
essm
ent o
f the
po
llutio
n, it
s sou
rces
and
aba
ting
requ
irem
ents
is d
one
by 2
019
A
batin
g m
easu
res t
hat i
nclu
de si
te
clea
ring,
sour
ce m
anag
emen
t, an
d le
gisl
ativ
e &
enf
orce
men
t ar
rang
emen
t are
in p
lace
by
2020
2018
–
2020
1,00
0,00
0 M
inis
try o
f Env
ironm
ent
8.2
By
2025
, Tox
ic d
ispo
sal i
n So
mal
i m
arin
e w
ater
incl
udin
g fr
om e
xces
s nu
trien
ts lo
ad, h
ave
been
bro
ught
cl
ose
to le
vels
that
env
ironm
ent c
an
abso
rb, s
ink
and
not
har
mfu
l to
ecos
yste
m fu
nctio
n an
d b
iodi
vers
ity
prod
uctiv
ity a
s wel
l.
•
• St
reng
then
ing
the
capa
city
of M
arin
e Fi
sher
ies a
nd in
crea
sing
thei
r num
ber
by a
noth
er 4
0% b
y 20
25
• A
t lea
st 1
0% re
duct
ion
in u
se o
f fe
rtiliz
ers f
or a
gric
ultu
re in
She
belle
&
Juba
bas
ins a
s wel
l as i
n So
mal
iland
by
2022
•
Red
uced
the
use
of p
estic
ides
by
30%
an
d de
mon
stra
ted
and
prom
oted
the
20
20 –
20
25
1,50
0,00
0
Min
istry
of F
ishe
ries a
nd
Mar
ine
Reso
urce
s
Min
istry
of E
nviro
nmen
t
Min
istry
of A
gric
ultu
re
81
use
of In
tegr
ated
Pes
t Man
agem
ent t
o th
e ef
fect
ivel
y su
bstit
ute
the
use
of
pest
icid
es b
y 20
22
• Po
licy
and
stra
tegi
es d
evel
oped
to
man
age
solid
was
te fo
r lar
ger t
owns
su
ch a
s Heg
iesa
, Ber
bera
, Bos
asso
, G
arow
e, M
ogad
ishu
, Bai
doa
and
Kis
may
o by
202
0.
• Pl
ans d
evel
oped
and
impl
emen
tatio
n in
itiat
ed fo
r avo
idin
g ni
troge
n de
posi
tion
in c
oast
al a
reas
in g
ener
al
and
mar
ine
biod
iver
sity
hot
spot
s by
2020
•
Veg
etat
ion
cove
r for
bar
e ar
eas i
n D
abar
val
ley
area
s and
oth
er
wat
ersh
eds t
hat a
ctiv
ely
drai
ns in
to
mar
ine
biod
iver
sity
hot
spot
s is
enha
nced
by
25%
•
Pollu
tion
brou
ght t
o 30
% o
f the
cu
rren
t lev
el b
y 20
25
Stra
tegi
c T
arge
t 9:
By
2027
, inv
asiv
e al
ien
spec
ies a
nd p
athw
ays a
re id
entif
ied
and
prio
ritiz
ed, p
riorit
y sp
ecie
s are
co
ntro
lled
or e
radi
cate
d, a
nd m
easu
res a
re
in p
lace
to m
anag
e pa
thw
ays t
o pr
even
t th
eir i
ntro
duct
ion
and
esta
blis
hmen
t.
9.1
By
2027
, exp
ansi
on o
f Pro
sopi
s (in
vasi
ve sp
ecie
prio
ritiz
ed fo
r co
ntro
l) ar
rest
ed th
roug
h sy
stem
atic
m
anag
emen
t
A
sses
sed
the
natu
re a
nd e
xten
t of t
he
Pros
opis
inva
sion
for e
ach
zone
and
its
nex
us w
ith b
iodi
vers
ity u
nder
stoo
d by
201
7
A c
ohes
ive
Man
agem
ent P
lan
for
Pros
opis
is p
reve
ntio
n an
d co
ntai
nmen
t as w
ell a
s its
pro
mot
ing
its u
se is
in p
lace
by
2018
Alte
rnat
ive
uses
pro
mot
ed b
y 20
20
20
17 –
20
27
7,00
0,00
0 M
inis
try o
f Env
ironm
ent
Min
istry
of A
gric
ultu
re
Min
istry
of l
ives
tock
and
pas
ture
Pr
ivat
e se
ctor
82
with
focu
s on
follo
win
g:
a.
Use
as h
ardw
ood
post
, pol
es a
nd
furn
iture
b.
U
se o
f Pro
sopi
s for
cha
rcoa
l and
ha
s rep
lace
d A
caci
a bu
se b
y 40
%
by 2
022
c.
Pote
ntia
l for
bio
-fuel
exp
lore
d an
d de
mon
stra
ted
by 2
022
d.
Prom
otin
g Pr
osop
is a
s ani
mal
fe
ed
Pr
osop
is m
anag
emen
t dem
onst
rate
d in
thre
e zo
nes o
f Som
alia
with
focu
s on
pre
vent
ion,
con
tain
men
t and
pr
omot
ing
alte
rnat
ive
uses
in S
omal
i re
gion
s of h
igh
infe
stat
ion
by 2
019
R
esea
rch
and
netw
orki
ng in
a
trans
boun
dary
man
ner i
nitia
ted
(net
wor
king
with
oth
er c
ount
ries o
f th
e re
gion
est
ablis
hed
by si
gnin
g M
oU) b
y 20
18
Te
chno
logy
for u
se a
nd c
ontro
l of
Pros
opis
ass
esse
d an
d ad
opte
d 2
018
Th
e ro
le o
f priv
ate
sect
or to
turn
Pr
osop
is u
tiliz
atio
n in
to b
usin
esse
s is
asse
ssed
and
priv
ate
sect
or b
roug
ht o
n bo
ard
2019
Nat
iona
l lan
d us
e pl
anni
ng a
nd h
as
take
n in
to a
ccou
nt P
roso
pis
man
agem
ent b
y 20
20
Pr
osop
is e
xpan
sion
arr
este
d by
60%
til
l 202
7 9.
2 B
y 20
26, i
nvas
ive
alie
n sp
ecie
s suc
h as
Indi
an C
row
and
oth
er a
vian
, etc
. ar
e er
adic
ated
by
30%
and
put
in
plac
e m
easu
res t
hat c
an p
reve
nt th
eir
A
mon
itorin
g an
d as
sess
men
t m
echa
nism
is in
pla
ce b
y 20
17
Th
e na
ture
and
ext
ent o
f Ind
ian
crow
an
d ot
her i
nvas
ive
anim
al/b
ird sp
ecie
s
20
17-2
026
5,00
0,00
0 C
oord
inat
ed b
y M
inis
try o
f En
viro
nmen
t tog
ethe
r with
oth
er
rele
vant
inst
itutio
ns
83
intro
duct
ion
and
esta
blis
hmen
t. ar
e as
sess
ed a
nd m
anag
emen
t pla
n in
pl
ace
by 2
018
A
war
enes
s and
cap
acity
bui
ldin
g m
echa
nism
to p
rom
ote
self-
help
to
war
ds a
lien
spec
ies m
anag
emen
t an
d er
adic
atio
n is
in p
lace
by
2019
Inno
vativ
e an
d pr
omis
ing
inte
rven
tions
whi
ch c
an c
ontro
l in
vasi
ve sp
ecie
s and
fina
lly e
radi
cate
ar
e de
mon
stra
ted
in p
riorit
ized
site
s by
202
0
Th
e er
adic
atio
n is
dem
onst
rate
d in
se
lect
ed si
tes a
nd th
e la
rge
scal
e er
adic
atio
n/m
anag
emen
t is p
lann
ed b
y 20
20
B
y 20
26 a
t lea
st 2
0% o
f the
inva
sive
sp
ecie
s are
era
dica
ted
and
the
cont
rol
mec
hani
sm o
f 40%
of t
he p
riorit
ized
in
vasi
ve sp
ecie
s is i
n pl
ace
Stra
tegi
c T
arge
t 10
: B
y 20
25, t
he
mul
tiple
ant
hrop
ogen
ic p
ress
ures
on
cora
l re
efs,
and
othe
r vul
nera
ble
ecos
yste
ms
impa
cted
by
clim
ate
chan
ge o
r oce
an
acid
ifica
tion
are
min
imiz
ed, s
o as
to
mai
ntai
n th
eir i
nteg
rity
and
func
tioni
ng
10.1
B
y 20
25, t
he m
ultip
le
anth
ropo
geni
c pr
essu
res o
n co
ral
reef
s nea
r Zyl
ic, B
erbe
ra,
Kho
rsho
ray
and
Kis
may
o on
the
Som
ali c
oast
and
the
Juni
pers
fore
st
of G
olis
rang
e th
at a
re a
ffec
ted
by
clim
ate
chan
ge is
dim
inis
hed
by
30%
.
B
asel
ine
asse
ssm
ent a
nd id
entif
icat
ion
of th
e so
urce
of a
nthr
opog
enic
pr
essu
res b
y 20
16
C
apac
ity b
uild
ing
of c
once
rned
staf
f an
d se
tting
the
dem
onst
ratio
n of
pr
essu
re b
y 20
17
M
ains
tream
ing
the
redu
ctio
n of
an
thro
poge
nic
pres
sure
s in
the
clim
ate
chan
ge p
olic
ies,
stra
tegi
es (e
.g.
NA
PA, e
tc.)
by 2
016
20
16 -
2025
5,
000,
000
Min
istry
of E
nviro
nmen
t M
inis
try o
f fis
hery
, lin
e m
inis
tries
an
d pr
ivat
e se
ctor
84
A
nthr
opog
enic
pre
ssur
e ar
e di
min
ishe
d by
30%
in th
e vu
lner
able
ec
osys
tem
s (G
olis
and
inte
grat
ed
coas
tal a
reas
man
agem
ent i
n th
e fr
agile
coa
stal
/mar
ine
hots
pots
of
Som
alia
) by2
025.
10
.2
By
2024
, the
mul
tiple
an
thro
poge
nic
pres
sure
s on
cora
l re
efs,
man
grov
es a
nd c
oast
al fo
rest
m
osai
c ec
osys
tem
s aff
ecte
d by
cl
imat
e ch
ange
dim
inis
hed
by 4
0%
so a
s to
sust
ain
thei
r int
egrit
y an
d fu
nctio
ning
.
• M
anag
emen
t pla
n de
velo
ped
and
capa
city
bui
lt fo
r Fis
hery
m
anag
emen
t thr
ough
eco
syst
em
appr
oach
by
2018
•
Dem
onst
rate
Eco
syst
em a
ppro
ach
to
Fish
ery
man
agem
ent i
n A
lula
, Eyl
, La
sqor
ay a
nd B
osas
o di
stric
ts o
f Pu
ntla
nd; a
nd B
anad
ir, M
ogad
ishu
an
d K
ism
ayo
area
s in
Sout
h-C
entra
l So
mal
ia b
y 20
23.
•
Prot
ectio
n of
clim
ate
impa
cted
ec
osys
tem
s suc
h as
Dha
ror v
alle
y,
coas
tal a
reas
like
Haf
un, E
yl, a
nd
Ben
derb
ayla
by
2020
. •
Dem
onst
ratio
n of
inte
grat
ed c
oral
and
m
angr
ove
cons
erva
tion
in K
ism
ayu
by 2
023
• In
trodu
ctio
n an
d re
stor
atio
n of
m
angr
oves
in H
afun
, Alu
la a
nd
Qan
dala
and
sust
aina
bly
man
agin
g th
e m
angr
oves
of t
he K
ism
ayo
coas
t an
d B
arrie
r Isl
ands
off
-the
coas
t by
2024
20
17 -
2024
15
,000
,000
M
inis
try o
f fis
hery
and
mar
ine
reso
urce
s
Priv
ate
sect
or
Min
istry
of E
nviro
nmen
t
Pri
orit
y A
rea
3: I
mpr
ove
the
stat
us o
f bi
odiv
ersi
ty b
y sa
fegu
ardi
ng e
cosy
stem
s, s
peci
es a
nd g
enet
ic d
iver
sity
in S
omal
ia
Stra
tegi
c T
arge
t 11
): B
y 20
26, a
t lea
st 1
7 pe
r cen
t of t
erre
stria
l and
inla
nd w
ater
, and
10
per
cen
t of c
oast
al a
nd m
arin
e ar
eas,
espe
cial
ly a
reas
of p
artic
ular
impo
rtanc
e fo
r bio
dive
rsity
and
eco
syst
em se
rvic
es, a
re
85
cons
erve
d th
roug
h ef
fect
ivel
y an
d eq
uita
bly
man
aged
, eco
logi
cally
re
pres
enta
tive
and
wel
l-con
nect
ed sy
stem
s of
pro
tect
ed a
reas
and
oth
er e
ffec
tive
area
-ba
sed
cons
erva
tion
mea
sure
s, an
d in
tegr
ated
into
the
wid
er la
ndsc
apes
and
se
asca
pes.
11.1
B
y 20
25, a
t lea
st 2
0 pe
r cen
t of
terr
estri
al a
nd in
land
wet
land
s of
low
er S
hebe
lle a
nd Ju
ba ri
vers
are
ef
fect
ivel
y an
d eq
uita
bly
man
aged
.
• W
hile
focu
ssin
g on
the
wet
land
s/m
arsh
es o
f Low
er S
hebe
lle
and
low
er Ju
ba a
rea
• D
ecla
ring
thes
e ho
tspo
ts a
s Pro
tect
ed
Are
as b
y 20
16
• Sy
stem
atic
Ass
essm
ent i
nclu
ding
cu
rren
t sta
tus,
driv
er o
f deg
rada
tion,
te
chno
logy
/ski
lls re
quire
men
ts fo
r co
nser
vatio
n of
thes
e w
etla
nds
acco
mpl
ishe
d by
201
7,
• C
apac
ity b
uild
ing
incl
udin
g sk
ills
enha
ncem
ent a
nd a
dequ
ate
staf
fing
by
2019
•
Polic
y an
d st
rate
gic
dire
ctio
ns fo
r w
etla
nds c
onse
rvat
ion
& d
evel
opm
ent
acco
mpl
ishe
d by
201
7 •
Aw
aren
ess r
aisi
ng a
bout
the
impo
rtanc
e an
d pr
oduc
tive
&
sust
aina
ble
use
of w
etla
nds b
y 20
18
• La
nd-u
se p
lann
ing
done
to se
cure
the
wat
ersh
ed &
wat
er so
urce
s of t
hese
w
etla
nds b
y 20
18
• Pr
omot
ion
of su
stai
nabl
e ar
tisan
al
fishe
ry in
low
er Ju
ba a
nd S
hebe
lle
river
s and
its w
etla
nds b
y 20
19D
emon
stra
tion
of c
onse
rvat
ion
& d
evel
opm
ent o
f the
se w
etla
nds i
nto
prod
uctiv
e an
d su
stai
nabl
e
20
20-2
026
15,0
00,0
00
Min
istry
of W
ater
and
Ele
ctric
ity
Min
istry
of F
ishe
ries a
nd M
arin
e R
esou
rces
Min
istry
of A
gric
ultu
re
Min
istry
of E
nviro
nmen
t
86
ecos
yste
ms b
y 20
20
• D
emon
stra
tion
and
mai
nstre
amin
g of
w
ater
con
serv
atio
n pr
actic
es in
the
low
er a
nd u
pper
ripa
rian
of th
ese
wet
land
s by
2020
•
Red
ucin
g qu
antit
y of
was
te d
rain
ed
into
thes
e w
etla
nds b
y 20
20
•
11.2
W
hile
focu
sing
on
man
grov
e &
co
ral e
cosy
stem
s of a
. Sou
th o
f K
ism
ayu,
b. R
as A
syer
nea
r the
H
orn
of A
fric
a,
c. M
angr
oves
eas
t of B
erbe
ra a
nd d
. Zy
lec
& S
aada
Din
Isla
nds n
ear t
he
bord
er o
f Djib
oti,
by 2
025
at le
ast
40 p
er c
ent a
re c
onse
rved
&
prot
ecte
d th
roug
h ef
fect
ive
and
equi
tabl
e m
anag
emen
t.
• Th
ese
hots
pots
are
not
ified
as M
arin
e Pr
otec
ted
Are
as b
y 20
16
• M
anua
l for
trai
ning
pre
pare
d an
d 60
M
aste
r tra
iner
s dev
elop
ed b
y 20
17
• Th
e cu
rren
t sta
tus a
nd d
egra
datio
n dr
iver
s are
ade
quat
ely
asse
ssed
by
2017
•
4 Pa
rtici
pato
ry M
anag
emen
t Pla
ns fo
r in
tegr
ated
coa
stal
eco
syst
em a
re
deve
lope
d by
201
7
• Sk
ills i
n In
tegr
ated
Coa
stal
Ec
osys
tem
incl
udin
g in
-situ
co
nser
vatio
n of
man
grov
es im
parte
d to
300
staf
f of r
elev
ant m
inis
tries
and
co
mm
unity
org
aniz
atio
ns b
y 20
18
• Fi
nanc
es m
obili
zed
by 2
019
• In
tegr
ated
Coa
stal
Eco
syst
em
Man
agem
ent i
s com
men
ced
by 2
019
• C
urre
nt st
aff o
f the
zon
es a
re d
oubl
ed
by 2
019
• Su
stai
nabl
e Fi
sher
y pr
actic
es in
thes
e ar
eas p
rom
oted
and
uns
usta
inab
le
fishi
ng p
ract
ices
redu
ced
thro
ugh
enfo
rcem
ent a
nd a
ltern
ativ
e pr
ovis
ion
by 8
0% ti
ll 20
25
20
16-2
025
3,00
0,00
0 M
inis
try o
f Fis
herie
s & M
arin
e R
esou
rces
,, M
inis
try o
f En
viro
nmen
t M
inis
try o
f For
est &
Ran
ge
11.3
B
y 20
25, a
t lea
st 2
5% o
f ter
rest
rial
& in
land
wat
er re
sour
ces
• C
oast
al C
omm
unity
mob
ilize
d an
d m
anag
emen
t pla
n de
velo
ped
by 2
017
20
17 –
20
25
6,00
0,00
0 M
inis
try o
f Wat
er a
nd E
lect
ricity
M
inis
try o
f For
est &
Ran
ge,
87
reha
bilit
ated
and
man
aged
(thi
s in
clud
es; w
ater
shed
man
agem
ent,
wat
er c
atch
men
t reh
abili
tatio
n)
• In
tegr
ated
Wat
ersh
ed M
anag
emen
t de
mon
stra
ted
in G
olis
mou
ntai
ns b
y 20
25
• Es
sent
ial c
apac
ity b
uilt
to re
plic
ate
this
on
larg
er sc
ale
by 2
022
Min
istry
of E
nviro
nmen
t
Stra
tegi
c T
arge
t 12
: By
2030
the
extin
ctio
n of
kno
wn
thre
aten
ed sp
ecie
s has
be
en p
reve
nted
and
thei
r con
serv
atio
n st
atus
, par
ticul
arly
of t
hose
mos
t in
decl
ine,
ha
s bee
n im
prov
ed a
nd su
stain
ed.
12.1
B
y 20
30, e
xtin
ctio
n of
thre
aten
ed
spec
ies p
reve
nted
and
thei
r sta
tus
impr
oved
and
sust
aine
d by
sp
ecifi
cally
focu
sing
on
four
MPA
s of
the
coas
tal b
elt a
nd 8
PA
s of t
he
Gol
is m
ount
ain
rang
e; S
ool,
Kar
kar,
Sana
g &
Bar
i are
as (w
ild c
at z
one)
, N
orth
ern
Zanz
ibar
-Inh
amba
ne
Coa
stal
For
est M
osai
c, A
caci
a –
Com
mip
hora
zon
e an
d th
e Ju
ba-
Sheb
elle
Sw
amps
will
be
focu
sed
with
revi
val o
f PA
s and
M
PAs i
n th
ese
area
s. A
gric
ultu
re
biod
iver
sity
will
als
o be
focu
sed,
w
ith re
pres
enta
tive
spec
ies &
va
rietie
s.
• B
y th
e en
d of
201
6, a
com
preh
ensi
ve
and
parti
cipa
tory
man
agem
ent p
lann
ing
proc
ess i
s ini
tiate
d
• Ex
act s
tatu
s of v
ario
us k
ey w
ild fa
una
and
flora
is a
sses
sed
in re
pres
enta
tive
eco-
regi
ons w
ith sp
ecia
l ref
eren
ce to
th
reat
ened
spec
ies b
y 20
18.
• B
y 20
19, m
anag
emen
t pla
ns fo
r re
pres
enta
tive
PAs &
MPA
s to
reve
rse
the
enda
nger
ed st
atus
is in
pla
ce w
ith
flags
hip
spec
ies n
otifi
ed
• C
oncr
ete
step
s for
cap
acity
en
hanc
emen
t and
rein
forc
emen
t of
impl
emen
tatio
n an
d en
actm
ent
arra
ngem
ents
is in
pla
ce b
y 20
21.
• B
y 20
21, D
egaz
zate
(5) p
revi
ous
rang
elan
d en
clos
ures
and
oth
er
dem
arca
ted
site
s for
eco
logi
cal
prot
ectio
n an
d co
nser
vatio
n is
in p
lace
•
By
2022
, im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e m
anag
emen
t is i
n pl
ace
•
By
2030
, 35%
of t
he fo
rest
can
opy
rest
ored
; end
emic
thre
aten
ed sp
ecie
s of
Aca
cia,
Ang
el tr
ee sp
ecie
s and
oth
er
flags
hip
faun
a an
d flo
ral s
peci
es
20
16 –
20
30
30,0
00,0
00
Min
istry
of P
lann
ing
and
Inte
rnat
iona
l Coo
pera
tion
and
Min
istry
of E
nviro
nmen
t M
inis
try o
f Agr
icul
ture
M
inis
try o
f Liv
esto
ck, F
ores
t &
Ran
ge
Rel
evan
t min
istri
es o
f the
Pun
tland
an
d So
mal
iland
, She
belle
& Ju
ba
Inte
rim A
dmin
istra
tions
So
mal
ia M
arin
e R
esea
rch
Res
ourc
e C
ente
r C
BO
s & N
GO
s and
Aca
dem
ia
88
rege
nera
ted/
rest
ored
, aff
ores
ted
and
refo
rest
ed.
St
rate
gic
Tar
get
13:
By
2022
, the
gen
etic
di
vers
ity o
f cul
tivat
ed p
lant
s and
farm
ed
and
dom
estic
ated
ani
mal
s and
of w
ild
rela
tives
, inc
ludi
ng o
ther
soci
o-ec
onom
ical
ly a
s wel
l as c
ultu
rally
val
uabl
e sp
ecie
s, is
mai
ntai
ned,
and
stra
tegi
es h
ave
been
dev
elop
ed a
nd im
plem
ente
d fo
r m
inim
izin
g ge
netic
ero
sion
and
sa
fegu
ardi
ng th
eir g
enet
ic d
iver
sity
.
13.1
B
y 20
18, t
he g
enet
ic d
iver
sity
of
culti
vate
d pl
ants
and
farm
ed a
nd
dom
estic
ated
ani
mal
s and
of w
ild
rela
tives
, inc
ludi
ng o
ther
soci
o-ec
onom
ical
ly a
s wel
l as c
ultu
rally
va
luab
le sp
ecie
s, is
ass
esse
d an
d ro
ad m
ap fo
r sus
tain
able
m
anag
emen
t is i
n pl
ace
• B
y 20
17, t
he st
atus
of N
on-w
oode
d Fo
rest
Pro
duct
s (N
WFP
) suc
h as
Fr
anki
ncen
se, M
yrrh
, med
icin
al a
nd
arom
atic
pla
nts o
f the
Gol
is ra
nge
in
Som
alila
nd &
Pun
tland
ass
esse
d •
By
2017
, the
gen
etic
ally
div
erse
cu
ltiva
ted
plan
ts a
nd fa
rmed
&
dom
estic
ated
ani
mal
s of S
omal
ia is
sy
stem
atic
ally
ass
esse
d
• B
y 20
18, e
labo
rate
pla
n fo
r su
stai
nabl
e m
anag
emen
t of t
hese
re
sour
ces i
s in
plac
e, a
nd
man
agem
ent p
lan
is sh
ared
and
ap
prov
ed.
• B
y 20
18, t
he c
apac
ity &
reso
urce
re
quire
men
ts o
f sus
tain
ably
is
syst
emat
ical
ly m
appe
d
2017
–
2018
1,00
0,00
0 •
Min
istry
of L
ives
tock
For
estry
&
Ran
ge
• M
inis
try o
f Env
ironm
ent
• M
inis
try o
f Agr
icul
ture
, •
Aca
dem
ic in
stitu
tions
, •
Priv
ate
sect
or
13.2
B
y 20
22, t
he im
plem
enta
tion
toge
ther
with
requ
isite
cap
acity
and
re
sour
ces a
re in
pla
ce to
con
serv
e an
d sa
fegu
ard
the
gene
tic d
iver
sity
of
the
dom
estic
ated
& c
ultiv
ated
sp
ecie
s and
thei
r rel
ativ
e in
the
• B
y 20
17 b
usin
ess p
lan
deve
lope
d an
d ag
reed
, and
mob
iliza
tion
of
stak
ehol
ders
don
e •
By
2019
, the
requ
ired
finan
cial
re
sour
ces a
nd in
stitu
tiona
l cap
acity
to
impl
emen
t the
pla
n fo
r sus
tain
ably
20
17 –
20
22
500,
000
• M
inis
try o
f Fin
ance
M
inis
try o
f Pla
nnin
g &
In
tern
atio
nal C
oope
ratio
n •
Min
istry
of E
nviro
nmen
t •
Min
istry
of L
ives
tock
, For
ests
&
Ran
ge
89
wild
. m
anag
ing
the
gene
tical
ly d
iver
se
culti
vate
d pl
ants
and
farm
ed &
do
mes
ticat
ed a
nim
als a
re a
cqui
red
• B
y 20
19, t
he im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e m
anag
emen
t pla
n is
com
men
ced
with
sp
ecia
l foc
us o
n in
stitu
tiona
l st
reng
then
ing
and
dem
onst
ratin
g th
e pi
lot i
nitia
tives
. •
By
2020
, im
prov
ed m
anag
emen
t of
Fran
kinc
ense
, Myr
rh &
oth
er tr
ee
spec
ies i
nclu
ding
the
Com
mip
hora
is
in p
lace
•
By
2022
, exp
loita
tion
and
deve
lopi
ng
stra
tegi
c m
arke
ting
rout
es a
nd
prot
ecte
d pr
icin
g ar
e in
pla
ce.
• B
y 20
22,
at le
ast t
wo
soph
istic
ated
G
ene
Ban
k an
d se
ed b
ank
esta
blis
hed
to k
eep
and
mai
ntai
n th
e di
ffer
ent
gene
s and
seed
spec
ies r
esto
red
in
thes
e ba
nks
• M
inis
try o
f Com
mer
ce a
nd
Indu
strie
s •
Priv
ate
sect
ors,
•
NG
Os/
CB
Os
Pri
orit
y A
rea
4: E
nhan
ce t
he b
enef
its
to a
ll fr
om b
iodi
vers
ity
and
ecos
yste
m s
ervi
ces
in S
omal
ia, w
ith
spec
ific
em
phas
is o
n m
argi
naliz
ed g
roup
s St
rate
gic
Tar
get
14: B
y 20
25, e
cosy
stem
s th
at p
rovi
de e
ssen
tial s
ervi
ces,
incl
udin
g se
rvic
es re
late
d to
wat
er, a
nd c
ontri
bute
to
heal
th, l
ivel
ihoo
ds a
nd w
ell-b
eing
, are
re
stor
ed a
nd sa
fegu
arde
d, ta
king
into
ac
coun
t the
nee
ds o
f wom
en, i
ndig
enou
s an
d lo
cal c
omm
uniti
es, a
nd th
e po
or a
nd
vuln
erab
le.
14.1
B
y 20
16, s
syst
emat
ic a
sses
smen
t of
the
dist
ribut
ion
and
acce
ss o
f be
nefit
s and
obl
igat
ion
aris
ing
from
th
e us
e of
bio
dive
rsity
in S
omal
ia
• Th
e cu
rren
t ins
titut
iona
l arr
ange
men
ts
rela
ted
to th
e ac
cess
and
dis
tribu
tion
of b
enef
its &
dis
tribu
tion
of re
sour
ces
(pro
duct
s and
serv
ices
em
anat
ed fr
om
the
ecos
yste
ms a
nd a
ssoc
iate
d
2016
200,
000
Led
by M
inis
try o
f Env
ironm
ent
Min
istry
of W
omen
and
Hum
an
Rig
hts
Min
istry
of P
lann
ing
and
Inte
rnat
iona
l Coo
pera
tion
90
biod
iver
sity
) is a
sses
sed
by 2
016
• Th
e ne
eds a
nd a
cces
s of t
he w
omen
, po
or, v
ulne
rabl
e/m
argi
nal g
roup
s, un
empl
oyed
you
th, i
ndig
enou
s gr
oups
, nom
ads i
s ass
esse
d by
201
6 •
The
role
of m
argi
nal &
vul
nera
ble
segm
ents
of t
he S
omal
i soc
iety
in
man
agin
g th
e ec
osys
tem
s is a
sses
sed
by 2
016.
•
The
root
-cau
ses t
hat i
mpe
des t
he
dist
ribut
ion
to b
e eq
uita
ble
is a
sses
sed
by 2
016
Min
istry
of L
ives
tock
and
Pas
ture
R
elev
ant M
inis
tries
of S
omal
iland
, Pu
ntla
nd, I
ASW
, Jub
a La
nd
14.2
B
y 20
18, t
he n
orm
s for
just
dist
ribut
ion
of b
enef
its a
nd
oblig
atio
ns w
ithin
the
soci
ety
is
invo
ked
and
insti
tutio
naliz
ed;
• B
y 20
17, d
ocum
ent a
nd
inst
itutio
naliz
e th
e in
dige
nous
kn
owle
dge
(taci
t kno
wle
dge)
and
as
sess
the
best
pra
ctic
es a
nd le
sson
s le
arnt
rela
ted
to th
e eq
uita
ble
reso
urce
sh
arin
g pr
actic
es o
f the
loca
l co
mm
unity
is d
ocum
ente
d •
By
2018
, arr
ange
men
ts w
ith th
e co
mm
unity
lead
ers &
Gov
ernm
ent
are
mad
e to
inst
itutio
naliz
e th
e be
st
prac
tices
abo
ut ju
st d
istri
butio
n of
be
nefit
s and
obl
igat
ions
2017
–
2018
300,
000
Do
14.3
B
y 20
25, t
he d
istri
butio
n an
d ac
cess
ibili
ty o
f the
eco
syst
ems t
hat
prov
ide
esse
ntia
l ser
vice
s is
impr
oved
by
35%
from
the
curr
ent
leve
l, w
ith p
artic
ular
focu
s on
the
vuln
erab
le g
roup
s (po
or, v
ulne
rabl
e,
wom
en, u
nem
ploy
ed y
outh
, in
dige
nous
gro
ups,
nom
ads)
• B
y 20
20, t
he m
echa
nism
for a
cces
s to
bene
fits a
nd e
quita
ble
dist
ribut
ion
of
bene
fits a
nd o
blig
atio
ns is
in p
lace
. •
Arr
ange
men
ts to
mon
itor t
he o
bser
ve
the
dist
ribut
ion
is p
lace
by
2020
•
The
dist
ribut
ion
is d
emon
stra
ted
in a
ll G
over
nmen
t led
pro
ject
s and
in
itiat
ives
com
men
cing
by
2020
20
20 –
20
25
250,
000
Do
Stra
tegi
c T
arge
t 15
: By
2030
, eco
syst
em
resi
lienc
e an
d th
e co
ntrib
utio
n of
bi
odiv
ersi
ty to
car
bon
stoc
ks h
as b
een
By
2019
, the
Fed
eral
Rep
ublic
of S
omal
ia
and
the
Zona
l gov
ernm
ents
mob
ilizi
ng
prop
ortio
nate
fund
ing
from
the
91
enha
nced
, thr
ough
con
serv
atio
n an
d re
stor
atio
n, in
clud
ing
rest
orat
ion
of a
t lea
st
15 p
er c
ent o
f deg
rade
d ec
osys
tem
s, th
ereb
y co
ntrib
utin
g to
clim
ate
chan
ge
miti
gatio
n an
d ad
apta
tion
and
to c
omba
ting
dese
rtific
atio
n.
inte
rnat
iona
l com
mun
ity th
roug
h m
ultip
le
win
dow
s inc
ludi
ng c
arbo
n cr
edits
is
acce
ssed
and
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
se
lect
ed in
itiat
ives
is c
omm
ence
d.
15.1
In
itial
ass
essm
ent f
or R
EDD
+ is
in
plac
e by
201
6 •
By
2016
, the
car
bon
stoc
k as
sess
men
t in
the
Gol
is ra
nge
of P
untla
nd &
So
mal
iland
, Nor
ther
n Za
nzib
ar –
In
ham
bane
Coa
stal
For
est M
osai
c of
So
uth-
Cen
tral a
nd M
angr
ove
zone
of
sele
cted
site
s of S
omal
ia is
don
e;
sele
cted
are
as u
nder
inte
nsiv
e ag
ricul
ture
is a
lso
asse
ssed
with
re
spec
t to
cont
ribut
ion
to G
HG
em
issi
ons a
nd/o
r aff
ecte
d by
clim
ate
chan
ge
2016
500,
000
• M
inis
try o
f Agr
icul
ture
, •
Min
istry
of E
nviro
nmen
t •
Min
istry
of l
ives
tock
and
pa
stur
e
15.2
•
By
2020
a re
adin
ess p
rogr
amm
e fo
r Red
ucin
g Em
issi
ons f
rom
D
efor
esta
tion
and
Deg
rada
tion
of F
ores
ts (R
EDD
) is
com
men
ced
and
5 ar
eas u
nder
G
olis
Juni
pers
, Aca
cia
– C
omm
ipho
ra b
ushl
and
and
Nor
ther
n Za
nzib
ar-In
ham
bane
C
oast
al F
ores
t Mos
aic
ecor
egio
n of
Sou
th-C
entra
l So
mal
ia, a
nd 2
site
for
Man
grov
e fo
rest
s are
set a
side
fo
r RED
D im
plem
enta
tion
in
vario
us z
ones
of S
omal
ia.
• So
mal
ia n
atio
nal R
EDD
+ im
plem
enta
tion
fram
ewor
k in
pla
ce
by 2
018
• R
EDD
+ na
tiona
l stra
tegy
pre
pare
d by
20
19
• C
apac
ity b
uilt
for R
EDD
+ an
d Fo
rest
R
efer
ence
Em
issi
on L
evel
dev
elop
ed
and
test
ed b
y 20
20
• N
atio
nal M
onito
ring,
Rep
ortin
g &
V
erifi
catio
n sy
stem
in p
lace
by
2020
2017
–
2020
1,00
0,00
0 •
Min
istry
of E
nviro
nmen
t,
• M
inis
try o
f For
est,
Live
stoc
k an
d R
ange
•
Min
istry
of A
gric
ultu
re
• M
inis
try o
f Pla
nnin
g &
In
tern
atio
nal C
oope
ratio
n
15.3
•
By
2018
, Res
ilien
ce to
clim
ate
chan
ge in
Agr
icul
ture
sect
or is
in
itiat
ed a
re
• B
y 20
18, a
clim
ate
smar
t agr
icul
ture
pr
ogra
mm
e fo
r sel
ecte
d in
tens
ive
agric
ultu
ral a
reas
is in
pla
ce w
ith th
e tw
o fo
ld o
bjec
tive
of b
oth
clim
ate
2016
–
2018
2,00
0,00
0 •
Min
istry
of A
gric
ultu
re
• M
inis
try o
f Env
ironm
ent
• Pr
ivat
e Se
ctor
and
Res
earc
h In
stitu
tions
92
chan
ge m
itiga
tion
(red
ucin
g th
e ag
ri-ba
sed
GH
G e
mis
sion
s) a
nd a
dapt
atio
n to
the
nega
tive
effe
cts o
f clim
ate
chan
ge.
15.4
•
By
2030
, at l
east
33%
of t
he
degr
aded
coa
stal
fore
st re
store
d an
d re
-aff
ores
ted
–Man
grov
es
(up
to 4
0% o
f car
bon
sequ
estra
tion)
•
By
2030
, 30%
of t
he te
rres
trial
fo
rest
are
enh
ance
d th
roug
h af
fore
stat
ion
& re
-aff
ores
tatio
n (w
ith 1
7-25
% c
arbo
n se
ques
tratio
n)
• B
y 20
20, p
repa
redn
ess f
or R
EDD
+ is
su
ffic
ient
ly a
ttain
ed
• B
y 20
20 im
plem
enta
tion
of R
EDD
+ is
in p
lace
•
By
2030
, at l
east
30%
of t
he d
egra
ded
man
grov
e fo
rest
s, co
ral r
eefs
and
ot
her c
oast
al b
iodi
vers
ity sp
ots a
re
rest
ored
and
the
man
agem
ent p
lan
of
the
carb
on st
ock
enha
ncem
ent
to
20%
is k
icke
d of
f, w
ith sp
ecifi
c fo
cus
on c
arbo
n se
ques
tratio
n •
By
2030
, man
agem
ent p
lan
for
enha
ncin
g 15
% o
f the
car
bon
stoc
k in
th
e G
olis
and
oth
er fo
rest
type
is
com
men
ced.
Thi
s inc
lude
mea
sure
s su
ch a
s pro
tect
ion,
aff
ores
tatio
n &
re-
affo
rest
atio
n, c
omm
unity
bas
ed
inte
grat
ed d
evel
opm
ent f
or th
ose
com
mun
ity w
ho p
redo
min
antly
de
pend
on
fore
st p
rodu
cts a
nd
prov
isio
n of
alte
rnat
ive
ener
gy &
liv
elih
oods
20
20 –
20
30
20,0
00,0
00
• Le
d by
Min
istry
of
Envi
ronm
ent
• M
inis
try o
f Pla
nnin
g &
In
tern
atio
nal C
oope
ratio
n •
Min
istry
of F
ores
t, Li
vest
ock
and
Past
ure
• M
inis
try o
f Agr
icul
ture
•
Priv
ate
Sect
or
• R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
ns
• C
BO
s and
Com
mun
ities
Stra
tegi
c T
arge
t 16
: By
2018
, the
Nag
oya
Prot
ocol
on
Acc
ess t
o G
enet
ic R
esou
rces
an
d th
e Fa
ir an
d Eq
uita
ble
Shar
ing
of
Ben
efits
Aris
ing
from
thei
r Util
izat
ion
is in
fo
rce
and
oper
atio
nal,
cons
iste
nt w
ith
natio
nal l
egis
latio
n.
16.1
B
y 20
16, S
omal
ia b
ecom
es p
arty
to
the
Nag
oya
Prot
ocol
• Th
e Fe
dera
l Gov
ernm
ent o
f Som
alia
ha
s rat
ified
Nag
oya
Prot
ocol
by
2016
•
The
Fede
ral G
over
nmen
t of S
omal
ia
2016
50,0
00
• M
inis
try o
f Env
ironm
ent
• M
inis
try o
f Pla
nnin
g an
d In
tern
atio
nal C
oope
ratio
n
93
has n
otifi
ed a
foca
l poi
nt fo
r Nag
oya
Prot
ocol
by
2016
16
.2
By
2018
, Nag
oya
Prot
ocol
is
Ope
ratio
nal i
n So
mal
ia
• Es
sent
ial a
lignm
ent w
ithin
the
natio
nal l
egis
latio
n do
ne b
y 20
16 to
en
forc
e th
e N
agoy
a Pr
otoc
ol
• A
cces
s to
gene
tic re
sour
ces a
nd it
s fa
ir &
equ
itabl
e di
strib
utio
n is
en
forc
ed b
y 20
18
2016
–
2018
50,0
00
• M
inis
try o
f Env
ironm
ent
• M
inis
try o
f Jus
tice
• M
inis
try o
f Pla
nnin
g an
d In
tern
atio
nal C
oope
ratio
n
Pri
orit
y A
rea
5: E
nhan
cing
the
impl
emen
tati
on o
f pa
rtic
ipat
ory
plan
ning
, kno
wle
dge
man
agem
ent
and
capa
city
bui
ldin
g fo
r bi
odiv
ersi
ty c
onse
rvat
ion
and
sust
aina
ble
use
in S
omal
ia.
Stra
tegi
c Ta
rget
17:
By
2015
, Som
alia
has
de
velo
ped,
ado
pted
as a
pol
icy
inst
rum
ent,
and
has c
omm
ence
d im
plem
entin
g an
ef
fect
ive,
par
ticip
ator
y an
d up
date
d na
tiona
l bio
dive
rsity
stra
tegy
and
act
ion
plan
.
50
0,00
0
17.1
B
y 20
15, t
hrou
gh a
bot
tom
-up
appr
oach
of l
ocal
bio
dive
rsity
st
rate
gies
and
act
ion
plan
s of
Punt
land
and
Som
alila
nd a
re
final
ized
• C
omm
ence
d in
201
4, L
BSA
Ps fo
r bo
th S
omal
iland
and
Pun
tland
are
dr
afte
d an
d fin
aliz
ed b
y 20
15
2014
–
2015
A
ll ke
y st
akeh
olde
rs
17.2
B
y 20
15, t
he c
onsu
ltatio
n pr
oces
s fo
r LB
SAPs
of P
untla
nd a
nd
Som
alila
nd is
com
plet
e an
d N
BSA
P So
mal
ia is
arti
cula
ted
on th
e ba
ses
of th
e tw
o LB
SAPs
• Th
e LB
SAPs
of P
untla
nd &
So
mal
iland
are
inco
rpor
ated
in th
e N
BSA
P by
201
5
2015
A
ll ke
y st
akeh
olde
rs
17.3
B
y 20
15, t
he N
BSA
P So
mal
ia is
fin
aliz
ed a
nd e
ndor
sed
by th
e Fe
dera
l Rep
ublic
of S
omal
ia a
nd
adop
ted
by th
e G
over
nmen
t (bo
th
natio
nal a
nd z
onal
) as p
olic
y do
cum
ent f
or b
iodi
vers
ity
cons
erva
tion
and
sust
aina
ble
use.
• Th
e fin
aliz
atio
n co
nsul
tatio
ns a
re
done
in Z
ones
and
Mog
adis
hu b
y 20
15
• N
BSA
P So
mal
ia is
end
orse
d by
the
Gov
ernm
ent o
f Som
alia
by
2015
•
NB
SAP
pres
ente
d to
GEF
and
CB
D
Secr
etar
iat b
y 20
15
2015
A
ll ke
y st
akeh
olde
rs
Stra
tegi
c T
arge
t 18
: By
2020
, the
tra
ditio
nal k
now
ledg
e, in
nova
tions
and
94
prac
tices
of i
ndig
enou
s and
loca
l co
mm
uniti
es re
leva
nt fo
r the
con
serv
atio
n an
d su
stai
nabl
e us
e of
bio
dive
rsity
, and
th
eir c
usto
mar
y us
e of
bio
logi
cal r
esou
rces
, ar
e re
spec
ted,
subj
ect t
o na
tiona
l leg
isla
tion
and
rele
vant
inte
rnat
iona
l obl
igat
ions
, and
fu
lly in
tegr
ated
and
refle
cted
in th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e C
onve
ntio
n w
ith th
e fu
ll an
d ef
fect
ive
parti
cipa
tion
of
indi
geno
us a
nd lo
cal c
omm
uniti
es, a
t all
rele
vant
leve
ls.
18.1
B
y 20
15, i
n Pu
ntla
nd, S
omal
iland
, Sh
ebel
le a
rea
and
Mog
adis
hu th
e co
mpa
tibili
ty o
f tra
ditio
nal
know
ledg
e an
d bi
odiv
ersi
ty
man
agem
ent p
ract
ices
are
ass
esse
d w
ith re
fere
nce
to it
s gra
fting
in th
e go
vern
men
t spo
nsor
ed m
anag
emen
t sy
stem
and
the
prev
ailin
g kn
owle
dge
stre
am
• 6-
day
wor
ksho
p w
ith c
omm
unity
re
pres
enta
tives
hel
d to
ass
ess
biod
iver
sity
rela
ted
indi
geno
us
man
agem
ent p
ract
ices
•
Wor
ksho
p re
port
prod
uced
and
en
dors
ed b
y 20
15
• Im
pact
ass
essm
ent o
f ind
igen
ous
man
agem
ent p
ract
ices
on
vario
us
sect
ors o
f bio
dive
rsity
such
as f
ores
t, ra
nges
, etc
. acc
ompl
ishe
d by
MoE
WT
of P
untla
nd b
y 20
15
• 2-
day
wor
ksho
p at
Bai
doa
for
Sheb
elle
are
a he
ld a
nd b
iodi
vers
ity
rela
ted
indi
geno
us m
anag
emen
t pr
actic
es a
sses
sed
by 2
015
• Th
e cu
stom
ary
use
(bot
h de
-jure
and
de
-fact
o) o
f bio
logi
cal r
esou
rces
is
asse
ssed
and
the
gaps
are
add
ress
ed
adeq
uate
ly th
roug
h po
licy
revi
sion
s by
201
8.
2015
–
2018
150,
000
• M
inis
tries
of E
nviro
nmen
t, M
inis
tries
of F
ores
t, Li
vest
ock,
Pas
ture
, Wild
life
, A
gric
ultu
re,
• En
viro
nmen
tal r
esea
rch
inst
itutio
n,
• M
inis
try o
f Edu
catio
n,
• N
GO
s and
Com
mun
ity
orga
niza
tions
18.2
B
y 20
17, t
hese
ele
men
ts a
re
inco
rpor
ated
in th
e Lo
cal
Bio
dive
rsity
Stra
tegy
and
Act
ion
Plan
• Th
e in
dige
nous
man
agem
ent p
ract
ices
ar
ticul
ated
and
the
crux
is
inco
rpor
ated
in th
e N
BSA
P by
201
5 •
Indi
geno
us m
anag
emen
t pra
ctic
es
2017
-201
8
200,
000
Envi
ronm
enta
l Ins
titut
ion,
M
inis
try o
f Pla
nnin
g,
and
Stak
ehol
ders
95
refle
cted
in P
roje
cts f
or b
iodi
vers
ity
cons
erva
tion
and
sust
aina
ble
use
18.3
B
y 20
20, t
he g
rafte
d m
anag
emen
t kn
owle
dge
and
prac
tices
are
m
ains
tream
ed in
the
dem
onst
ratio
n pr
ojec
ts a
nd in
itiat
ives
• Th
e kn
owle
dge
of in
dige
nous
m
anag
emen
t pra
ctic
es in
corp
orat
ed in
M
anag
emen
t pla
ns o
f 4 P
rote
cted
A
reas
and
2 M
arin
e Pr
otec
ted
Are
as
by 2
020.
2020
100,
000
• M
inis
tries
of E
nviro
nmen
t, M
inis
tries
of F
ores
t, Li
vest
ock,
Pas
ture
, Wild
life
, A
gric
ultu
re, E
nviro
nmen
tal
inst
itutio
n,
• M
inis
try o
f Edu
catio
n,
• N
GO
s and
Com
mun
ity
orga
niza
tions
St
rate
gic
Tar
get
19: B
y 20
20, k
now
ledg
e,
the
scie
nce
base
and
tech
nolo
gies
rela
ting
to b
iodi
vers
ity, i
ts v
alue
s, fu
nctio
ning
, st
atus
and
tren
ds, a
nd th
e co
nseq
uenc
es o
f its
loss
, are
impr
oved
, wid
ely
shar
ed a
nd
trans
ferr
ed, a
nd a
pplie
d.
19.1
•
By
2016
, In
Mog
adis
hu,
Som
alila
nd, P
untla
nd, S
outh
W
est a
nd Ju
ba R
egio
ns th
e kn
owle
dge
and
tech
nolo
gy g
ap
asse
ssm
ent i
s don
e w
ith
refe
renc
e to
requ
irem
ents
for
sust
aina
bly
man
agin
g bi
odiv
ersi
ty (b
oth
cons
erva
tion
and
sust
aina
ble
use
of
biol
ogic
al re
sour
ces a
nd
prod
ucts
)
• Sy
stem
atic
cap
acity
nee
ds a
sses
smen
t co
nduc
ted
and
a co
ncer
ted
capa
city
de
velo
pmen
t stra
tegy
form
ulat
ed b
y 20
16
• Th
e te
chno
logy
requ
irem
ents
are
as
certa
ined
for t
he e
ffec
tive
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
NB
SAP
Som
alia
by
2016
2017
250,
000
Envi
ronm
ent,
Min
istry
of
Live
stoc
k, M
inis
try o
f fis
hery
an
d St
akeh
olde
rs
19.2
•
By
2017
, mec
hani
sm fo
r te
chno
logy
tran
sfer
is in
pla
ce
• A
cad
re o
f 50
expe
rts tr
aine
d in
m
oder
n te
chno
logy
of b
iodi
vers
ity
cons
erva
tion
by 2
018
• Th
e kn
owle
dge
of m
oder
n te
chno
logy
di
ssem
inat
ed to
rele
vant
sect
ors o
f bi
odiv
ersi
ty b
y 20
18
2017
-201
9
1,00
0,00
0 •
Min
istry
of i
nfor
mat
ion
and
com
mun
icat
ion,
•
Min
istry
of C
omm
erce
, •
Min
istry
of E
duca
tion,
•
Min
istry
of E
nviro
nmen
t and
ot
her S
take
hold
ers
19.3
•
By
2020
, ess
entia
l mod
ern
tech
nolo
gy a
nd k
now
ledg
e is
•
Mod
ern
tech
nolo
gy d
emon
stra
tion
is
com
men
ced
in fo
ur in
itiat
ives
eac
h in
20
20
3,
500,
000
• M
inis
try O
f env
ironm
ent
• M
inis
try o
f edu
catio
n
96
dem
onst
rate
d in
at l
east
four
in
itiat
ives
eac
h in
one
eco
-zo
nes
one
terr
estri
al e
co-z
ones
by
2020
•
Mod
ern
tech
nolo
gy d
emon
stra
tion
is
in p
lace
in th
e m
anag
emen
t of a
t lea
st
2 M
arin
e Pr
otec
ted
Are
as b
y202
0
• M
inis
try o
f inf
orm
atio
n &
co
mm
unic
atio
n
Stra
tegi
c T
arge
t 20
: B
y 20
20, a
t the
la
test
, the
mob
iliza
tion
of fi
nanc
ial
reso
urce
s for
eff
ectiv
ely
impl
emen
ting
the
Stra
tegi
c Pl
an fo
r Bio
dive
rsity
201
1-20
20
from
all
sour
ces,
and
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith
the
cons
olid
ated
and
agr
eed
proc
ess i
n th
e St
rate
gy fo
r Res
ourc
e M
obili
zatio
n sh
ould
in
crea
se su
bsta
ntia
lly fr
om th
e cu
rren
t le
vels
. Thi
s tar
get w
ill b
e su
bjec
t to
chan
ges c
ontin
gent
to re
sour
ce n
eeds
as
sess
men
ts to
be
deve
lope
d an
d re
porte
d by
Par
ties.
20.1
•
By
2015
, in
Som
alia
, the
exa
ct
reso
urce
requ
irem
ents
for
sust
aina
ble
biod
iver
sity
m
anag
emen
t will
be
asse
ssed
an
d re
sour
ce m
obili
zatio
n st
rate
gy is
in p
lace
. Thi
s will
al
so in
clud
e th
e cu
rren
t re
sour
ce a
vaila
bilit
y fo
r bi
odiv
ersi
ty c
onse
rvat
ion
and
sust
aina
ble
use.
• Ta
rget
s and
Indi
cato
rs fo
r bi
odiv
ersi
ty c
onse
rvat
ion
deve
lope
d by
201
5 •
Con
sulta
tions
hel
d w
ith a
ll th
e zo
nes
by 2
015
for r
esou
rce
requ
irem
ents
an
d as
soci
ated
sour
ce id
entif
icat
ion.
•
Res
ourc
e m
obili
zatio
n st
rate
gy
form
ulat
ed b
y 20
15
2015
-201
7
150,
000
• M
inis
try o
f Env
ironm
ent a
nd
• M
inis
try o
f pla
nnin
g
20.2
•
By
2020
, res
ourc
e m
obili
zed
thro
ugh
a th
ree
track
app
roac
h:
a. m
obili
zing
reso
urce
s thr
ough
th
e lo
cal r
esou
rces
such
en
trepr
eneu
rs, p
rivat
e co
mpa
nies
, gov
ernm
ent
reso
urce
s, di
aspo
ra, c
harit
y gr
oups
, etc
. b, t
hrou
gh e
nhan
ce
valu
e-ad
ded
man
agem
ent o
f the
• Su
ffic
ient
reso
urce
mob
ilize
d to
de
mon
stra
te b
iodi
vers
ity
cons
erva
tion
in 6
PA
s and
4 M
PAs
by 2
019
• Th
e re
sour
ce is
at l
east
dou
bled
to th
e pr
esen
t res
ourc
e av
aila
bilit
y by
202
0.
2015
-202
0
• M
inis
try o
f inf
orm
atio
n M
inis
try o
f Env
ironm
ent a
nd
• M
inis
try o
f pla
nnin
g an
d C
oope
ratio
n
97
biod
iver
sity
pro
duct
s and
se
rvic
es a
nd c
, con
vent
ion
bi-
late
ral a
nd m
ulti-
late
ral d
onor
s. 20
.3
• B
y 20
19, s
ubst
antia
l fin
ance
s m
obili
zed
from
con
vent
iona
l an
d no
n co
nven
tiona
l
• B
y 20
16, 1
0 pr
ojec
t pro
posa
ls fo
r 6
PAs &
4 M
PAs a
re d
evel
oped
ta
rget
ing
mul
ti-do
nors
trus
t fun
ds
such
as G
EF, G
reen
Clim
ate
Fund
, B
ioFi
n, e
tc.
• B
y 20
16, 4
pro
ject
s dev
elop
ed a
nd
subm
itted
to b
i-lat
eral
don
ors a
nd
priv
ate
sect
or
2016
- 20
19
50
0,00
0 •
Min
istry
of P
lann
ing
& In
tl co
oper
atio
n, M
inis
try o
f fo
reig
n A
ffai
rs,
• M
inis
try o
f Fin
ance
•
Min
istry
of e
nviro
nmen
t
20.4
•
Partn
ersh
ip fo
rgin
g w
ith U
N
agen
cies
aim
ing
at th
e co
mpl
emen
tarit
y of
in
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5. IMPLEMENTATION PLANS The Government of Somalia and other key stakeholders have tried their best to make this NBSAP an action oriented and live document. Efforts were made that this strategy should be ambitious but at the same time highly pragmatic in nature. The entire usefulness of this document thus depends on its implementation both in letter and spirit. On the other hand failing implementation is tantamount to the loss of considerable amount of resources that were invested in the NBSAP formulation process. The time of the hundreds of Somali stakeholders and experts representing various global/international entities is of enormous value, however can only be meaningful when the document is put to implementation. The urgency of implementation is another important aspect of this NBSAP as Somalia, once the hub of amazing biodiversity, has gone through a considerable biodiversity loss. The country faced prolonged replenishment gap and implementation pause due to the civil unrest in the country. Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity is our international obligation as well as a towering national need of rehabilitating Somalia’s natural heritage, and ecological integrity of the environment we live in, and well-being of our people. Therefore the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) must be considered as part of the whole process of results, and all the efforts made in its preparation will go waste if not implemented. Effective implementation will require working with and building capacity of the stakeholders at national, zonal/interim administrations, regional, district and community levels; communicating reaching out to mainstream biodiversity values in the policy and planning processes; mobilizing resources for its implementation; and effective monitoring & evaluation of the implementation process. 5.1. Capacity development for NBSAP implementation Effective implementation will require working with and building capacity of the stakeholders at national, zonal/interim administrations, regional, district and community levels. For this purpose the first step will be to undertake systematic capacity and human resource assessment, including a technology needs assessment. This is already reflected as one of strategic target under the NBSAP. The capacity assessment and capacity development plan for this NBSAP should adopt the following three tier approach comprise of interconnected areas already elaborated in this NBSAP:
a. strategic approaches for conservation and sustainable of Somali biodiversity: while assessing and developing the capacity for effective implementation of NBSAP the following approaches shall provide strategic guidance and against each the capacity development activities should be designed in cohesive:
Cohesive and result-based programmatic approach towards integrated biodiversity management
Mass scale awareness raising about the status of biodiversity, its importance and the road map to rehabilitate the biodiversity of Somalia
Policy and legislation analysis; and developing & adopting conducive policies and legislation for effective biodiversity management
Adapting both in-situ and ex-situ conservation measures in the proposed and existing Protected and Marine Protected areas
Encouraging entrepreneurship in community based management towards sustained value added use of products and services stemming from biological resources.
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A consistent and cohesive mechanism for effective interface management of the key actors
Knowledge management skills, documenting tacit indigenous knowledge and grafting this with scientific approaches of biodiversity management;
Mainstreaming biodiversity conservation in the overall development policies, five years national and zonal plans.
Skills in identification and mobilization of conventional and non-conventional financial windows, while commencing from the biodiversity hotspots and expanding to the ecosystems in general
Development of an effective response mechanism against the drivers of biodiversity degradation and addressing the gaps in the management
Effective reiterative system for knowledge management; communication & outreach will be the cornerstone of biodiversity management in Somalia.
Promotion of appropriate incentive measures including clean energy technologies and climate resilient approaches for ecosystems and biodiversity management
Adopting concrete measures for strengthening bilateral, regional and international cooperation.
b. Phases of Conservation and Sustainable use of biodiversity (non-wooded forest/landscape products): together with the above strategic guidance as mentioned above the following phases of biodiversity management should guide the capacity assessment and development planning process:
Biodiversity resource Assessment Regeneration/Rehabilitation Protection & Maintenance Harvesting – both consumptive & non-consumptive use Value added processing Certification of the processed products, Outfitting/Marketing specifically targeting the international market Distribution of benefits (equitable), keeping in view the Nagoya protocol Investment for further improvement in the management cycle Distribution of obligations (equitable), the responsibilities should be fairly distributed
as the benefits are distributed c. gaps that needs to be strengthened for ensuring promising biodiversity management in Somalia: During the consultation process the following gaps were identified and these gaps should be cohesively (together with ‘a’ and ‘b’) used to assess and develop capacity for the effective implementation of this NBSAP:
Capacity gaps The capacity dimensions at the upstream level of legislation, policy and strategic planning is presented in the preceding section; nevertheless the downstream capacity that is essential for effective implementation of the policy and strategies has a substantial gap vis availability and requirement. The capacity gap is described as follows:
Staffing: Insufficient number of staff with lack of competencies beside underpaid & underequipped is the basic feature of staffing of the implementing agencies of this NBSAP.
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Skills: The quite high and diverse skills requirement for rehabilitation and management of Somali biodiversity is simply lacking among the relevant sectors (government, civil society, communities, private sector, etc.) Technology gap: The appropriate technology for effective biodiversity management comprise of the availability of hardware, the know-how to use & maintenance and subsequent internalization by creating self-reliance. This is inadequate available, if not absent. Networking gap: Networking with international knowledge & advocacy forums, regional or international laws enforcing bodies, funding foundations and multi-national trust funds and other global forums that deals with the subject is not adequately present
Absence of synergy among managing actors: Although led by the public sector, however the promising management needs the synergy and proactive engagement of other actors such as civil society/NGOs, private sector, and grass-root communities, however these are either not engaged in the biodiversity management scene or otherwise they work in a patchy and non-cohesive manner.
Baseline assessment: Appropriate baseline assessment of the biodiversity resource is essential prior to policy formulation, strategic planning and operational planning and implementation. However in the case of Somalia, the baseline assessment is least available, for terrestrial biodiversity in general and marine in particular.
Management gaps: There are over 40 potential biodiversity hotspots, several of which were already notified by the government. Nevertheless none of them is managed at least according to the required standards. Systematic and cohesive management of biodiversity products & services is almost non-existent in Somalia.
Sectoral versus integrated approaches: Integrated approach i.e. managing species, genes, varieties & ecosystem holistically in the various natural resource regimes (forests, agriculture, fishery, rangeland, wildlife, etc.) is the corner stone of effective biodiversity management, however is almost non-existent in Somalia.
Gap in resource mobilization for NBSAP implementation: The estimated cost of implementing NBSAP is around USD 300 million, however the current capacity in fund raising from local and international sources is very limited to achieve this target. The capacity to effectively engage global development partners and private through networking and advocacy skills is very limited. This also include capacity gap in donors intelligence, proposal development, result based planning and influencing donors to prioritize Somalia for funding.
Security/access gaps: The capacity to effectively work on the face of security and access related gaps is very limited. Capacity in alternatives that ensure safety, while remain effective needs to be built. 5.2. Communication and outreach strategy for the NBSAP:
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The overall objective of the communication and outreach strategy of NBSAP is to promote NBSAP in the country among decision-makers and the public at large. This also includes the adequate awareness of the Somali people of the values of biodiversity and the required steps for its conservation, protection and sustainable use of ecosystem products and services. An outline developed by the stakeholders during the consultation workshops for communication and outreach strategy is presented as follows: Goal: the people and leaders of Somalia are aware of the values of biodiversity and have taken steps to conserve and use their biodiversity resources sustainably. Overall Objective: The overall objective of the COS Strategy is to contribute to the successful implementation of Somalia NBSAP. Specific Objectives:
Contribute to the successful implementation of Somalia NBSAP by conducting an advocacy campaign to convince Somalia leaders to prioritize biodiversity conservation, protection and sustainable management by mainstreaming them into the national development plan and providing appropriate financial and human resources.
Promote public awareness and understanding of the values of biodiversity and the
need for conservation, protection and sustainable use/management through the dissemination of information on the values of biodiversity (species and ecosystems) and its relevance to human survival;
Somalia’s stakeholders at national and district levels to support biodiversity policies
Target Audience: The target audience shall include the Government Institutions, Academia, Media, Youth and Women groups, Traditional and political leaders, Parastats/district chairperson, CBOs/Local NGOs, International NGOs, UN agencies and donors (bi-lateral and multi-lateral) and Private sector. Key Messages
Values of biodiversity to economy and daily life, including values of flagship species and protected areas and how to conserve and protect them for human development and survival,
Sustainable technologies and strategies for effective natural resources management,
including information on livelihoods that can serve as alternatives to fuel wood gathering and other environmentally unsustainable sources of income.
Information on major biodiversity concerns of Somalia as identified in the NBSAP:
habitat degradation and fragmentation, overexploitation, pollution and solid waste management,
Communication/outreach channels Print media:
Newspapers (Dawan,Jamhuuriya, Ogaal, Geeska, Haatuf),
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Magazines (Irmaan, Bildhaan,Raadraac) Brochures, Leaflets, pamphlets, Banners, T-shirts & caps and other promotional material Maps of the natural reserves and eco-regions of Somalia
Audio-Visual media:
Television: SLNTV, HCTV, Bulsho TV, etc. Radio: Radio Somalia, BBC Somali, VOA Somali, etc.
Online Media: (SMS, Think thank groups, Websites, Email groups, Social media) Public venues (theatres, mosques, schools, cafeterias, police stations, IDP camps, MCH centres, exhibitions etc.) 5.3. Outline of the plan for resource mobilization for NBSAP implementation: The financial resources needed to implement the NBSAP are estimated around 300 million USD. This estimation is done during the consultative workshop and the figures are reflected against each target and associated milestones. The resource mobilization capacity is limited and the capacity development for resource mobilization is part and parcel of the capacity building process, nevertheless before the national capacity is developed to the desired level, FAO and other international development partners shall assist the government in realizing the initial finance to kick start the implementation of the NBSAP. The principles of resource mobilization: a. the resources will be mobilized with the conviction and commitment to use it as an investment, rather than subsidy, for the development of the biodiversity of Somalia. b. the resources mobilization will be carried out with the intention to create self-reliance to the extent of at-least 70% in the long run. Approach to resource mobilization: A three-track approach for resource mobilization shall be adopted as follows:
a. Setting up success islands through assistance from conventional donors: The initial resource mobilization shall be done from conventional donors for rehabilitating four Marine Protected Areas and Five Protected Areas with the aim to demonstrate the successful management of protected areas, and to build the essential capacity (through learning by doing approach) to implement and subsequently upscale the biodiversity management. At the same time the other conventional donors shall be contacted for further replication of biodiversity replenishment in other proposed protected areas.
b. Mainstreaming biodiversity in the overall development stream of the government and donors. This will involve active engagement with the planning and international cooperation.
c. Private sector engagement: the private sector should be engaged for realizing two interconnected expectation of a. creating Corporate Social Responsibility window for managing biodiversity of Somalia through the conglomerate of small scale initiative and b. engaging the sector in value added processing and marketing of biodiversity products (such as Non-wooded Forest Products, etc.) and services (ecotourism, trophy hunting, etc.).
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A proactive approach for tapping the donors shall be adopted under the overall leadership of the GEF Focal Point and the GEF Focal Point should be strengthened to broaden the resource mobilization focus from GEF to other donors as well. Therefore the office should be titled as Biodiversity Financing Focal Point. A rifle/focused rather than shotgun approach needs to be adopted to tap the resources and therefore the following donors should be tapped in a tailored manner:
Private Sector and raising funds from Corporate Social Responsibility Resource mobilization through sustainable use of biodiversity products and services Global Environmental Facility: Least Development Countries Fund, Special Climate Change Fund, Adaptation Fund,
Green Climate Fund, SGP GEF and engaging World Bank for small grant programme Ongoing programmes of UN agencies and donors Bi lateral and trust funds Foundations for small scale funding National fund-raising and contribution from the diaspora
Some of the potential windows (courtesy UNEP WCMC/NBSAP Forum) are follows:
Bio fin (www.biodiversityfinance.net) http://www.un-redd.org/AboutUN-REDDProgramme/tabid/102613/Default.aspx) Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (https://www.forestcarbonpartnership.org/) http://www.fao.org/forestry/vrd/ http://www.synchronicityearth.org/ http://www.nippon-foundation.or.jp/en/what/grant/application/maritime/ http://www.adessium.org/grant-policy/ http://www.pewtrusts.org/en http://oceans5.org/project/strengthening-high-seas-governance/ http://www.atree.org/ http://www.sitatrust.org.uk/nature-funding http://www.gbsf.org.uk/general/ (Sasakawa) http://ptes.org/grants/apply-grant/worldwide-grant-criteria/ http://www.leverhulme.ac.uk/funding/IN/IN.cfm http://www.waterloofoundation.org.uk/EnvironmentMarine.html http://waittfoundation.org/grants/ http://www.oakfnd.org/node/1319 http://saveourseas.com /projects http://www.waltonfamilyfoundation.org/environment/marine-conservation http://www.packard.org/ http://www.moore.org/programs/environmental-conservation/marine-conservation-
initiative http://honorfrostfoundation.org/ http://leonardodicaprio.com/~birkleo/index.php?option=com_webcontent&view=articl
e&layout=item&cid=3&Itemid=138 http://www.dajf.org.uk/ http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/grants-programs/cre-application/
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https://www.gov.uk/darwin-plus-applying-for-projects-in-uk-overseas-territories http://www.fpa2.com/ Arcadia Fund Garfield Weston Foundation Grantham Foundation Isaac Newton Trust John Ellerman Foundation MAVA Foundation Mitsubishi Corporation Fund for Europe and Africa (MCFEA) Paul and Louise Cooke Endowment Westminster Foundation MacArthur Fund pigshed trust
Timelines: The resource mobilization process must immediately start with the finalization of National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan and aim at mobilizing substantial finances, at least enough for setting up the success islands, by 2018. Once this is done a rolling effect shall be triggered automatically and further resource shall be realized effectively. s
5.4. National Coordination Structures
The overall coordination structure for the implementation of Somali NBSAP together with the composition and functions of various tiers is follows:
. High level Coordination Committees: Headed by the Prime Minister and coordinated by the State Minister of Environment, The committee will supervise and coordinate the three Rio
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sustainable development conventions (CBD, UNFCCC & UNCCD). The Coordination committee will present its progress to this committee. The committee will meet once a year and beside the members from the Federal Government, representatives of the interim administrations/zones should be the members. The Committee is expected to engage donors and regional and global networks to contribute to the development of the biodiversity of Somalia. National NBSAP Coordination Committee: Headed by the State Minister of Environment with members from the relevant Ministries at the Federal level, Environment Ministries of the Zone/Interim Administrations, CSOs, Private Sector, Academia, and Research Institutions. (UN agencies and Donors should attend as observers). The Committee meets at least twice a year to plan the activities for the NBSAP at National level, besides coordinating the monitoring and evaluation of the biodiversity programme. The committee is assisted by the Secretariat, to be headed by director general of environment who shall be responsible for overall operationalization of the implementation structure of the NBSAP. Local Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Coordination Committees: All the zones/interim administrations shall have their own Local Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan coordination committees. These committees shall be headed by the Zonal/Interim Administration Minister of environment and represented by the Director General of all relevant Ministries, Civil Society, Academia and Research Institution. The Committees will provide data and report to the NBSAP Coordination Committee and monitor the progress of the programmes and projects in their respective zone/interim administration. Biodiversity Programmes at the Zonal/Interim Administration level: The biodiversity programmes will be headed by the Director General of the Ministry of Environment, the overall programme for biodiversity in the Zone/Interim Administration is jointly managed by the Ministry of Environment together with the other sectors of biodiversity such as agriculture, forestry, livestock & range, Wildlife, Marine and Inland Fishery, etc. Biodiversity management projects: The projects are coordinated by the Ministry, nevertheless are managed by its respective staff. The projects in the zones are steered by the LBSAP Coordination Committee, headed by the Minister of Environment. Each project will have its own project staff and coordinator; however for the sack of synergy will closely work with the Director General of the Ministry of Environment of the respective Zone/Interim Administration. 5.5. Clearing House Mechanism: The Convention on Biological Diversity’s article 18 (sub-article 3) calls upon the contracting parties to establish Clearing House Mechanism, which according to the article will:
Strengthen national capabilities through human resource development and institutional building;
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Develop methods and adopt to, use of technological advances to achieve objectives of the CBD with promoting cooperation in training of personnel and exchange of experts;
Promote joint research programs and joint ventures for the development of technologies relevant to the objectives of this convention;
The Somalia CHM will work as information exchange mechanism that can promote cooperation, knowledge sharing, networking and opportunities for capacity building and training. At a contracting party’s level, there could be several administrative divisions involved in implementation of CBD provisions. The interactions among the administrative units, data sharing, and knowledge exchange might be faced with gaps due to non-availability of a common forum. The CHM is meant to provide that forum, which can gather data on implementation of the CBD, its progress, monitoring, institutional building, partner’s capacity building and other relevant parameters. The CHM, on one had provides the forum at national level, but on the other it provides a one stop shop for international partners to benefit from the data, knowledge managed, and experiences shared.
A CHM, consisting of a Central repository of data relevant to CBD at national level, an online website to manage the data in a meaningful format (tables, maps, graphs), and disseminate it to the national and international partners in addition to sharing it with CBD Secretariat. The Clearing House Mechanism should be composed of the following:
1. Establish national focal point for this clearing-house mechanism at Mogadishu, who shall network with relevant government institutions, non-governmental organizations and other institutions holding important relevant databases or undertaking significant work on biological diversity. Identify an appropriate person as CHM manager, preferably with IT background and understanding of biodiversity issues in Somalia.
2. Convene a stakeholders consultation and formally organize a stakeholders network including official contact persons and their related contacts information (email, telephone, website); Agree on minimum biodiversity information for uploading in the national CHM website and decide on the web programs and equipment to be used in its establishment;
3. Establish directory of relevant institutions and experts working on biodiversity themes related to Agriculture, Forests, Mountains, Rangelands, Coastal & Marine biodiversity, Deserts and Inland waters biodiversity; and make these available through the clearing-house mechanism.
4. To assist Federal and Regional interim Administrations of Somalia in accessing information related to scientific and technical cooperation, including Training & Funding opportunities, Access to technologies & Research facilities and promoting partnerships with relevant institutions/organizations including private sector.
5. Establishment of a data collection, compilation and management unit that can maintain, under the overall guidance of the CHM Focal Point, the demand and supply balance between data procurement and supplying
6. A Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) laboratory equipped with hardware & software, and human resource;
7. An online web portal disseminating data, updating and improving data sharing, and providing access to data at national and administrative levels for sharing, benefiting and using;
8. Periodic validation of data for quality assessment
The CHM’s components could be:
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1. Space and placement: It could be housed in a organization that deals with CBD such as the relevant ministry;
2. Human Resources: It can consists of but not limited to a Biodiversity Expert, A statistician, a GIS and RS expert, GIS technicians, Web-developer/manager
3. Hard ware and software: Though it will require a detailed need assessment, yet broadly it will need Computer Servers, Networked Computer stations, Printers, Storage system, High speed internet facility, required software (many are licensed), images, soft data, data collection, management and feeding in mechanism, web-development and online updating etc.
4. Dissemination system to share knowledge with international partners (CBD secretariat, CBD contracting partners, etc.), national level institutions (parallel institutions, administrative level authorities, non-governmental organizations, research and academic institutions, individual scientists, conservationists, activists , etc.).
Implementation plan of CHM Somalia
The Plan to implement CHM establishment for Somalia, should include the following components:
Institutional Arrangements: The institutional arrangements should elaborate the management mechanism for the CHM and budget requirements (requires around 300,000 to 400,000 USD in cash, whereas the Government contribution can be in kind). Visibility of the CHM, this will be included in the overall communication and outreach strategy and will be backed by mailing lists, list of complete contact details of stakeholders
Responsibilities and Terms of Reference: The terms of reference should elaborate the official mandate, deliverables, Steering Committee/mechanism and explanation of the overall functioning of the CHM. The CHM should work under the direct supervision of the highest coordination/supervision body of the NBSAP implementation.
Partnership Arrangements: The partnership arrangements should articulate the data holders’ identification, sharing of information, defining of deliverables and motivation (honoraria, web exposure, etc.)
Resources needed to establish a national CHM Website: The Somalia CHM shall require staff & office space, website infrastructure such as survey of available tools, website layout web hosting and maintenance.
Web Content Production and Management: This shall include the management of available information, roles of each CHM component, data Approval system (data validation, global standards), Reviewing/Updating of information, etc. The Specific Activities to initiate national CHM Establishment include the following:
- Building National Contact Network - Information Gathering and Dissemination - Website Development - Education and Public Awareness Activities - Training/Capacity Building
5.6. Monitoring and Evaluation:
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The NBSAP will be monitored and evaluated against the strategic framework in general and the targets & respective indicators in particular. At the initial stage the NBSAP the M&E component will be done through the project/s, however shall be gradually institutionalized at the Federal and Zonal levels. The M&E framework should comprise of the following: Based on the strategic framework of the NBSAP, the Monitoring & Evaluation plan should be developed with defined benchmarks, indicators and targets Risk, issues and quality logs should be created for each of the strategic target and also at the priority level; The monitoring of the overall NBSAP should be done on annual basis, whereas the evaluation and systematic reviews should be carried out with three to four year interval and should focus at the priority area level and also assessing the results against the strategic targets. For this purpose a monitoring and evaluation committee should be established under the NBSAP Coordination Committee for improving and strengthening the monitoring and evaluation systems. The M&E committee will comprise of the representatives of relevant government ministries, civil society, donors and implementing partners. The Federal Ministry of Environment (State Ministry of Environment) shall serve as the focal point/secretariat for the M&E committee. The M&E committee will ensure effective monitoring and evaluation by devising mechanisms for regular monitoring and periodic assessment of biodiversity related interventions at various levels. The M&E committee will co-ordinate with government and non-government agencies to get progress status, outcomes and learning from their biodiversity related projects and programmes, annually. The sub-committee will meet at least twice a year to assess overall progress and draw lessons, and submit a report to the NBSAP Coordination Committee annually. The NBSAP Coordination Committee shall then appraise the Parliament and makes the information available for public. The NBSAP Coordination Committee will allocate adequate resources, approve plans and regularly supervise activities of the M&E committee.
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References: A.D. Leslie, 1990. An introduction to woody vegetation of Somalia, British Forestry Project Somalia, Research Section, Working Paper II.
Bolognesi M., Leonardi U., Vrieling A., Rembold F., Gadain H. 2014. Detection of Charcoal Production Sites in Southern Somalia Using Very High Resolution Imagery. Technical Project Report. FAO-SWALIM, Nairobi, Kenya.
CBD, 2003. Inter-linkages between biodiversity and climate change: Advice on the integration of biodiversity considerations into the implementation of UNFCCC and its Coyoto Protocol, CBD Technical Series No. 10.
Conservation International, 2008. Biological diversity in the Horn of Africa (http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/150644/)
Elephant database, 2013. Somalia Provisional African Elephant Population Estimates: update to 31 Dec 2013 FAO 2005, Global Forest Resources Assessment, Thematic Study On Mangroves Of Somalia (draft)
FAO, UNEP. 1981. Tropical forest resources assessment project. Forest resources of tropical Africa. Part II: Country briefs. FAO, UNEP. 586 pp.
FAO-SWALIM, 2010. Monitoring of Mangroves in Somalia, Technical Report No. L-19, December 2010.
Federal Republic of Somalia, 2013. National Adaption programme of Action on Climate Change (NAPA) FSNAU (Food Security and Nutrition Assessment Unit), 2010. 2009-10 Post Deyr Analysis. Technical Series, Report Nr. VI, vol. 31 133 pages. Gland, Switzerland; Cambridge, UK; Nairobi, Kenya. Hughes, R.H., and J.S. Hughes. 1992. A Directory of African Wetlands. IUCN, WCMC, UNEP, Kingdon, J. 1989. Island Africa: The evolution of Africa’s rare animals and plants. Princeton University Press. Princeton, NJ, USA.
Lovett, J.C., and I. Friis. 1996. Patterns of endemism in the woody flora of north-east and east Africa.
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.
Pilcher, N.J. & F. Krupp, 2000. Status of coral reefs in Somalia - 2000. PERSGA Technical Rembold, F. and Leonardi, 2014. Mapping areas invaded by Prosopis juliflora in Somaliland on Landsat 8 imagery.
Schleyer & Baldwin, 1999. Biodiversity assessment of the northern Somali coast, east of Berbera. IUCN East Africa Report
Series Report, Jeddah. 21 pp. Sommerlatte, M. and Umar,A., 2000. An Ecological Assessment of the Coastal Plains of North-western Somalia (Somaliland).IUCN Eastern African Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. UN Somalia, 2014. UN Joint Programme for Sustainable Charcoal Production and Alternative Livelihoods
UNDP, 2011. Somalia National Marine Environment Diagnostic Analysis, Agulhas & Somali Current Large Marine Ecosystems (ASCLME) Project.
UNSC, 2014. Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia and Eritrea pursuant to Security Council resolution Van den Berg EC., Kotze, I. and Beukes, H. Detection, Quantification and Monitoring of Prosopis in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa using Remote Sensing and GIS, South African Journal of Geometrics, Vol. 2, No. 2, April 2013 WSP, 2001. Rebuilding Somalia: Issues and possibilities for Puntland. WSP Somali Programme.
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Annex 1: Somalia Facts Sheet
Land Area: 637,657 sq.km. with longest coastline (3,025 Km) in continental Africa, and border Djibouti (58km), Ethiopia (1,600 Km) and Kenya (682 Km), land area 98.4% (627,337 Km2) and water area 1.6% (10,320 Km2)
Climate: Hot, arid and semi-arid. South has higher rainfall. Two wet seasons (April to
June, and October to November) with approximately 500 mm in the northern highlands, 50-150mm along coast, and 300-500 mm in the southwest. With climate change, extremes (drought, flood) likely to increase in frequency and ferocity.
Land Forms: Flat plateaus and plains, coastal plains, Juba and Shabelle the main and only permanent rivers. Highlands to the north with important mist forests.
Land Use: Irrigated agriculture is on around 1% area (6,234 Km2), rain-fed agriculture is around 7% (23,446 Km2), natural vegetation from closed to sparse is 83% (528,400 Km2), bare areas 11.7 % (74,819 Km2), water bodies 1.6% (10,320 Km2) and built areas only 0.1% (650 Km2) (FAO, SWALIM, 2013).
Forests and woodlands: Two classes of woody vegetation found with total area 83% but sparse in nature. Area under natural woody vegetation closed to open is 52.7% with 336,612 Km2 area and natural woody vegetation sparse or herbaceous is 30% with 191,751 Km2 area. Nevertheless the dense forest vegetation is confined to the patches in the Golis mountain in the north and the coastal mosaic forests of the southeast. This however shall not exceed than 3% of the total area of the country. The woody vegetation is dominated by Acacia and Commiphora shrub and woodlands. Extensive areas riverine forests cleared for agriculture, and localized dryland forest clearance for charcoal. Mist forests in north only true forests and under threat. Increased pressures on forests for charcoal – especially for urban areas – huge demand, also export trade.
Biodiversity and Conservation: 0.8% of the land protected (2000). National Conservation Strategy was developed to the extent of inception report but full-fledged NCS is yet to be developed. Part of Conservation International Horn of Africa Hotspot which has over 60 endemic genera and over 2,750 endemic species. Part of Somalia-Masai region of plant endemism (Savannas and shrub lands). 24 important bird areas. Generally fauna depleted due to over and illegal use. Invasive (e.g. Prosopis spp. and the Indian House crow, Corvus splendens) important to address, though Prosopis could be used for charcoal.
Marine: Fringing reefs and coral patches in Gulf of Aden, few mangroves; On Somalia Indian Ocean Coast, fringing and back reef lagoons from the Kenya border to Kismayu. From Kismayu onwards there are no reefs, because of nutrient rich deep water upwelling, which supply very important offshore fisheries (tuna). Artisanal fishing at low level, not a widespread tradition, but pressure has increased due to displacement of people from inland to coast. Traditional shark and ray fishing on Gulf of Aden coast for the salted/dry local (regional) market, but now shifted to shark fin export to Asia. Illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing by foreign vessels now a critical issue. Commitment from local NGOs high; technical capacity for management needs building.
Water and wetlands: 1,685 m3 per person per annum, but distribution very skewed. Water critical resource ultimately determining livelihoods. Juba and Shabelle only perennial rivers, many seasonal streams. Historically water management integrated with livestock management. Now much unplanned for water supply construction (berked, balley, wells) individually owned – increases pressures on rangelands. Irrigation agriculture use to account for over 90% of water use.
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People: population estimated at 10,496 million (2013) with 52 % female and 47 % male. Approximately
64% rural and 36% urban. Poverty levels high with nearly 80% of rural population living in poverty (less than $2 per day), while a total 53.4% live in extreme poverty (less than $1 per day). Six major clans – 4 are mainly pastoralist, 2 agricultural. Lack of clarity of land tenure and security of rights to land. There are about 16 people per sq.km and an annual growth rate of 2.8%.
Administration: 18 regions; Somaliland in the north has its own self-declared Government, as does Puntland in the north-east but it is more closely linked to central and southern Somalia Administrations.
Social Services and Education: Health indicators some of worst in Africa with high mortality rates. Estimated life expectancy at birth low, while average life expectancy of 47. Infant mortality is 115 deaths per 1,000 births. Infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies and birth related problems are major health risks, and water borne diseases are on the increase. HIV/AIDS prevalence estimated at less than 1% (2001). Primary school enrolment is only 20.8% for boys and 16.9% for girls. The overall adult literacy rate of 25% for males, and 12% for females with the literacy in rural areas being extremely low. In addition to low education levels, there are been a great brain drain to other countries.
Gender: Though over half the population, women have very little voice. But many civil society groups negotiating for greater equity in decision making. With increased democracy role of women likely to improve.
Agriculture: Main food crops are sorghum, millet, maize, rice. Main cash crops were bananas, sugar, cotton. Crops limited mainly to irrigated areas, but an increase in high risk opportunistic rain fed cultivation removes land from livestock based systems. Emphasis on cultivation based agriculture as main vehicle for livelihood improvement. Indigenous crop varieties (sorghum, cowpeas) emphasized. 14% of the population are engaged with farming.
Livestock: Pastoralism accounts for over 50% of the population, 40% of GDP, 65% of export earnings, and is the mainstay of the economy based on wet and dry season grazing/browsing of natural resources (grasses, herbs, browse, trees and shrubs). Most of country annual grasslands with shrubs and woodlands in wetter areas where they may also be perennial grasses. Trade with gulf states key to livestock industry. There is evidence of rangeland degradation as a result of strife and insecurity, but the scale and extent is difficult to validate. Private grass enclosures further alienating land from common property management.
Urbanization and Infrastructure: Increasing rapidly (now about 36% of the population are urban), especially with returnees who can no longer fit into pastoral system. Urban areas not seen in context of greater landscape. Great demands on rural environments – charcoal, forage. Infrastructure under-developed – much destroyed during periods of insecurity.
Economics and livelihoods: Livestock the main economic base for the country. Many natural products sold – especially Frankincense (used to be 4th largest foreign currency earner) and Myrrh (used to be worlds largest producer). Industry small scale, mainly service – but potential for processing and value adding on natural resources. Potential for Somali industrial fisheries and new artisanal fisheries development if IUU addressed. The GNP is $200 per capita. There are large remittances (estimated at between $300-$500 million per annum), while donor support is estimated at about $115 million per annum (2000 figures)
Natural disasters: Tsunami best known, but effects of droughts and floods far more serious. From 1961-2004 18 floods killed 2,600 people, and 12 droughts killed 19,600 people. With land conversion (for irrigation, charcoal, urban needs), effects of drought
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exacerbated. Massive coral bleaching occurred worldwide in 1998 due to climate change and resulted in widespread coral mortality, which is likely to have impacted Southern Somalia and Gulf of Aden coast.
Impacts of insecurity: Massive refugee movements. Breakdown in social fabric of country resulting in “free for all” in terms of land and natural resource use – meant that traditional land use systems no longer respected. Still many hundreds of thousands of land mines – especially in Somaliland and Puntland.
Governance, Policy and Law: In terms of environment very weak. Somaliland and Puntland have better evolving policy/legal framework. No EIA’s except as donor requirement. Government signatory to number of international agreements – but not able to implement.
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Annex 2: The inclusive process of NBSAP Somalia: Identification of main stakeholders and establishment of consultation mechanism
1: Identification of the main stakeholders
The stakeholders’ identification and the establishment of consultation mechanism were done in a participatory manner in consensus with relevant institutions in Somalia (South-Central, Puntland & Somaliland), UNDP, UNEP and IUCN. The project task force (PTF) within FAO was taken on board from the outset. Based on the collective wisdom stakeholders were identified from the Government, NGO, Academia, Media, Private Sector in South-Central, Puntland & Somaliland (detail list attached as Annex I)
2: The NBSAP consultation mechanism
The consultation process was aimed at three interconnected elements of information collection & analysis for baseline assessment, strategic & action planning and devising implementation support mechanisms. Accomplishing ownership of the overall NBSAP process as well as its subsequent implementation was also in mind right from the outset. Therefore efforts were made to develop the multi-pronged team, coordinated by FAO Somalia that gives consistent sense of direction to the NBSAP process, during the formulation stage and its subsequent implementation. The consultation process was to be objective driven, nevertheless principle-centred.
2. a Principles of the consultation process: In the first series of meetings at Nairobi with FAO and with other relevant institutions, the NBSAP team developed clear understanding of the sensitivities of Somali context, where all the zones (South-Central, Puntland and Somaliland) have to be brought on board and all these zones have to be given due attention & opportunity in the consultation process. So the leading principles for consultation were follows:
A balance approach, and not all the top down approach, has to be adapted between the three zones and each one has to be given due importance in the course of consultation and validation, and
As a post conflict country, with smoldering remnants still exists, the NBSAP team must understand the sensitiveness of the situation on one hand, while not compromising on the quality of the consultation process and the related outputs.
While keeping in view the above mentioned principles the consultation mechanism was derived to stay effective in attaining the stipulated objective in a principle-oriented manner. The consultation mechanism comprise of the following arrangements:
2.1 The National Steering Committee
This forum comprise of 12 members with balanced representation form the Somali government, civil society and international organizations. Although the NSC is the overall decision making body responsible for providing quality guidance and orientation during the NBSAP process, however this also functions as the critical mass for the promotion of biodiversity cause of Somalia. The NSC maintains the cohesiveness of this NBSAP process with the vision of the Convention on Biological Diversity and other related global agreements. The forum also works as advocacy and awareness raising team to promote the
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biodiversity concerns of Somalia among key national and global actors. The NSC guides the NBSAP managers to cross-fertilize the biodiversity related knowledge, learn from the best practices of other countries and also disseminate Somalia’s lesson learnt and challenges to global forums and relevant countries. The detail terms of reference is attached as annex II.
2.2 Project Task Force (PTF)
FAO internal project steering mechanism, PTF comprise of representative of FAO Somalia Office, FAO Africa Regional Office at Addis Ababa and NBSAP/GEF focal point in FAO headquarters at Rome. PTF assess and guide the NBSAP progress and maintains the quality standard of the NBSAP process & product. PTF also works as the bridge between national, regional and global NBSAP related opportunities and challenges.
2.3 Focussed Group Meetings
Focussed group meetings were identified as a consultation mechanism for consolidating the NBSAP process/road map. Series of meetings were held with UNDP due to its recent experience of accomplishing the NAPA process. UNEP was consulted for its overall experience of the Enabling Activities such as UNFCCC 2nd National Communication and UNCCD NAP Alignment which they are leading in Somalia. UNEP tossed the idea of Enabling Activity focussed group comprise of FAO, UNDP & UNEP to share the ideas and also join hands in implementing these projects in Somalia. IUCN East Africa Region Office was found a very useful institutions in terms of their biodiversity related experience of Somalia. They shared useful ideas of how to go ahead with the NBSAP process in Somalia and also provided substantial information and literature link on the biodiversity and environment of Somalia. Meetings were held with ICRAF & CIFOR and their knowledge on the transboundary initiatives between Somalia and Ethiopia as well as their land-use planning process were found quite relevant, and they shared their lessons in effectively handling consultations in complicated contexts such as Somalia.
The Somali Government was taken on board right from the beginning and focussed discussions were held with them about implementing NBSAP process. Such meetings included meetings with the sessions with Environment Directorate, Office of the Prime Minister, Federal Republic of Somalia; Ministry of Environment & Rural Development of Somaliland; and Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism, Puntland. The meetings were held under the chairpersonship of the senior officials/Ministers and the consultation mechanism and the overall road map were devised based on the collective wisdom. These meetings helped in finalizing the representation in the succeeding meetings and workshops of the NBSAP process.
2.4. Consultation Workshops
Two series of consultation workshops were envisaged with the first one mainly for setting the context for NBSAP process, assessing the status of biodiversity & associated challenges and the strategic planning process. The first series of the workshops refined the purpose of the second series of workshops as these are to be focussed on the analysis of management arrangements and mainstreaming of biodiversity in the development process. The second series were also to fill any gap identified in the first series of the consultation/workshops. The details of both the series of the consultation workshops are as follows:
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2.4.1 First Series of Consultation Workshops:
These events were used as the major consultation mechanism for the NBSAP process. Three consultation workshops, led by the respective ministries, were held each in Somaliland, Puntland and South-Central (Workshops annotated agendas and list of participants attached in Annex II). Participants included representatives from the government, international development partners, civil society organizations, academia, media and private sector. The five-pronged focus of these workshops was follows:
a. Setting the context for NBSAP process in Somalia: The meetings were opened by the respective Ministers in Puntland & Somaliland and the representative of the Office of Prime Minister in Mogadishu. All these high ranking figures reiterated their commitments to the conserve the biodiversity of Somalia. In this session a uniform level of understanding of Somali biodiversity, the challenges & opportunities, values of biodiversity & ecosystems, main threats and the drivers behind these threats was developed. The constitutional & institutional framework including policy and planning processes were deliberated. During these sessions the nexus between local actions and global benefits and vice versa were also discussed and the framework of Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was explained in relationship to its benefits and obligations for Somalia. The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020and its Aichi Targets were also discussed in detail. In this regard, lessons learned from previous interventions and contemporary initiatives were also deliberated.
b. Outlining the principles, priorities and targets of NBSAP: After setting the context, the participants formulated the long-term biodiversity vision, corresponding to the global vision mentioned in the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. The three zones (Somaliland, Puntland & South-Central) developed rather distinctive visions 2050. They also developed sets of principles for governing the biodiversity and associated priority areas with focus on halting & reversing the degradation of biodiversity, sustainable use based on equitable distribution of benefits & obligations, mainstreaming biodiversity conservation in the development process and forging alliances & partnerships for the sustainable management of biodiversity of Somalia.
c. The National Action Planning: A bottom-up approach was adopted and therefore the action planning was done first at zonal level (Somaliland, Puntland & South-Central) and subsequently consolidated at the federal level. Nevertheless the finalization will be done through another validation meeting and mainly with the NSC. The action plans developed in the workshops will be further refined through structured interviews. However this forum provided with reasonable foundation for the action planning.
d. Outlining the Implementation Support Plans: reasonable attention was paid to outlining the implementation support plans comprise of resource mobilization, capacity development for NBSAP implementation including a technology needs assessment and communication and outreach strategy for enhancing the effectiveness of the NBSAP.
e. Institutional mechanism for Monitoring and Reporting: At the end of each workshop the participants sketched the National Coordination Structures, Clearing-House Mechanism and Monitoring and Evaluation for the implementation of NBSAP.
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2.4.2. Second Series of Consultation Workshops:
Two 3-day workshops are to be conducted in the Somaliland and Puntland (with participants from South-Central) aiming at the following:
1. Enhance the understanding and skills of the participants in using the sectoral-approach for conserving and mainstreaming biodiversity, and
2. Further refine the initial output and finalize the NBSAP together with its support mechanisms such as resource mobilization strategy and clearing house mechanism, through: Examine the existing biodiversity related management arrangements (both
Government-led & Indigenous) and articulate the limitations as well as strengths of these management arrangements; also assess the level of complementarity and/or competition between these arrangements.
Assess the mainstreaming of biodiversity conservation in the overall development process of Somalia, this include examining the broader development policies and plans of the government such as the poverty reduction strategy paper, 5-year development plans, etc. This will include interface with key persons in the Planning & International Cooperation, Finance Ministry, etc. and large development partners such as World Bank, etc.
Assessing the current biodiversity related legislation and the status of its enactment/implementation; also determining the overall effectiveness and capacity of the relevant departments/ministries in implementing the policy/legislation related;
Ascertain the number of environment/biodiversity related global conventions Somalia has signed/ratified and assess the progress as required by the ratification of these global conventions.
2.5. GEF Enabling Activity (EA) focal group
Somalia is currently developing three GEF Enabling Activities related to the three Rio Conventions (CBD, UNFCCC & UNCCD) implemented by FAO, UNDP and UNEP. Thus the group comprise of this three GEF implementing agencies and guide the NBSAP team in ensuring complementarity between the other ongoing enabling activities (such as NAPA, NAMA, NAP alignment, UNFCCC 1st Communication, etc.) with the aim of pooling the knowledge and resources in a mutually beneficial manner for NBSAP and other Enabling Activities. UNDP and UNEP are therefore also the members of the NBSAP National Steering Committee.
2.6. Environment Donors Coordination Group (EDCG)
Based in Nairobi represented by environment donors and other active environmental organizations, this forum will be used for the NBSAP refinement process as well as for resource mobilization for subsequent implementation. The first meeting is expected in the first fortnight of December.
2.7. NBSAP Forum
Hosted by CBD Secretariat, UNDP & UNEP, the NBSAP Forum is a global partnership aiming to support NBSAP revisions. The forum support countries in finding the information
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they need to develop and implement effective NBSAP. From this community of practice with wide range of experts, the NBSAP Somalia is accessing relevant best practices, guidance and resources. We found the NBSAP Forum portal very useful in terms of repository of useful resources that can be explored by key themes; and we are in touch with key experts from around the globe who have similar experience.
The forum is quite helpful and is readily available for guidance, beside the fact we are in touch with the key NBSAP global actors in general and CBD Secretariat in particular, as through this forum the CBD Secretariat is engaged in the NBSAP process from the outset.
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Annex l: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Workshops in Somaliland and Puntland List of participants of the Workshop in Hargeisa SOMALILAND: 7-9 October 2014
No. Name Organization Email 1 Hassan Hersi Farah MoERD Hassanyo@hotmail.cm 2 Mohammed Ibrahim Abdi MoA maxamedibrahim@hotmail.com 3 Mohamed Yusuf MoERD mohamedguriye@hotmail.com 4 Ahmed Jama Ali MoERD jjcali63@gmail.com 5 Hodan Ahmed Aden MoWR hodan.99@hotmail.com 6 Rashida Ahmed Mohamed Somaliland Agriculture Society
(SAS) rashidaad3@gmail.com
7 Hussein Yusuf Dualeh MoERD taharenvironment@gmail.com 8 Adam Abdullahi Ali BVO/LNGO barwaqo_bvo@yahoo.com 9 Mawlid Muse Ibrahim NERAD mwalidmusa29@hotmail.com
10 Ahmed Ibrahim Aden Gollis Univrsity meecaad87@hotmail.com 11 Ahmed G.Farah UOH/Gollis wisecon55@gmail.com 12 Abdikadir Asaker Oxfam INGO aaskar@oxfam.org.uk 13 Mohammed Yusuf MoERD mohammedguruje@hotmail.com 14 Idil Hussein MoA idilhussein01@gmail.com 15 Ugbaad Sulub Gollis Univrsity amranhp@hotmail.com 16 Pro.Yusuf Warsame Jama University of Hargeisa warsame1964@hotmail.com 17 Raqiya Ibrahim Ahmed SOIPAQ/LNGO raqiya@solpaf.org 18 Aden Elmi A/lahi University Of Hargeisa adansabab@hotmail.com 19 Ahmed Ibrahim Cawale Candlelight LNGO ahmedawale@candlelightsom.org 20 Abdikarim Aden MoERD biino1956@yahoo.com 21 Abdiqani Mohamed Husein MoA caawiye2k@hotmail.com 22 Abdiaziz Yusuf Bakal PENHA/INGO penhasom@gmail.com 23 Mohamed Muse Awale NERAD awalenerad@yahoo.com 24 Ahmed Deria Elmi MoERD ahmedcilmi@aol.com 25 Mustafe Omer Jebril MoL kureed@hotmail.com 26 Mohamed Jama Dahir MoA dlchargeisaz@hotmail.com 27 A/Aziz Ali Ahmed HAVOYOCO c-shabed99@hotmail.com 28 Ali Yusuf FAO ali.yusuf@fao.org 29 Ahmed Duale MoERD Dualeh_35@yahoo.com 30 Abdifatah Saed Ahmed PENHA penhasom@gmail.com 31 Ali Sh.Mohamoud Abdi University Of Hargeisa aadami99@hotmail.com 32 Ibrahim Ali Hussein MoERD ibrahimhussein456@gmail.com
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List of participants in Garowe, Puntland Date: 13-15 Oct, 2014
S.N Name Organization Title E
1 Ali Mohamed Ahmed MoAI Data centre Officer aliboss1983@gmail.c2 Mohamed Jama Abdirahman MoEWT Technical Advisor jama.moh@gmail.co3 Mohamed Abdisalan MoEWT Research officer amiindaada221@gma4 Ahmed Hussein Care SNRP Officer ahussein@som.care.o5 Mohamud Mohamed Mohamud Care PO mmohamoud@som.c6 Ahmed Mohamud Mohamed MoEWT Consultant dhagaafe@gmail.com7 Mohamud Said Khalid MoAI Crop Production khalidjibril1717@gm8 Jama Mohamed Jama MoHI D.G dhoonbezyare@gmail9 Noradin Mohamud Ahmed MoAI Data centre Officer nuurmaxamuud40@g
10 Mohamed Warsame Salah MoEWT M&E officer moh.warsame111@g11 Musse Mohamed Hassan MoEWT M&E officer ssebow@gmail.com 12 Maryan Mohamed Adan MoEWT D. of Range and Forest maria.moha2013@g
13 Abdikani Ahmed
East Africa University
Dean of EnvironmentalScience
abdiqanidalaaan@hot
14 Liban mohamed Farah MoEWT D. of RKM liihartaa@gmail.com
15 Jama Hassan Salad East Africa University Lecturer
jaamac5@gmail.com
16 Abdulkadir Ali Mohamud HADMA M&E officer zaciim101@hotmail.17 Abdiasis Ali guul HADMA FINANCE caliguul55@gmail.co18 Najib Ahmed Ali MoEWT D. of Planning najiib98@gmail.com 19 Said Shidad Private researcher saidshidad@gmail.co20 Abdulakdir Elmi Said MoI Planning officer cilmi338@gmail.com 21 Suleiman Jama Farah Civil society Env. Expert kaymaha.cagaaran@g22 mohamed Abdullahi salad MoLAH Planning officer NUGAAL144@GM23 mohamed Musse ali MoS/DDR Planning officer caarre85@gmail.com 24 Abdihakim Mohamud Ibrahim MoEWT Water officer sirhakiin@gmail.com 25 Mohamed Isse Mohamed MoEWT D. of Biodiversity gaaslaw@gmail.com 26 kani Nidaamudin Adan MoEWT advisor kaafinidam@gmail.c27 Mohamed Ahmed Diriye MoAI Officer m.ahmed@hotmail.c
28 Shucayb Khaliif Mohamud
Ministry of Education Consultant
Qaleeye1@hotmail.c
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Annex ll: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan Workshop at Mogadishu and Interim Administration of South West at Baidoa
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Annex 3: Terms of Reference of the National Steering Committee
Background
The Federal Republic of Somalia has signed the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) becoming its 193rd member. By virtue of this ratification, Somalia is obliged to develop its first ever National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. FAO, through this Global Environment Facility (GEF) Enabling Activity (EA) Project, is assisting Somalia in the development of its National Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan (NBSAP). The project is also supporting the development of the associated implementation support mechanisms for the NBSAP. The project will achieve its objective through three components: 1) Stocktaking and assessment based on existing information; 2) Identification of priorities for biodiversity conservation and development of a National Biodiversity Strategy consistent with the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020; and 3) Development of national implementation plans for resource mobilization, communication & outreach and monitoring & evaluation/reporting. FAO’s team for implementing this project comprises of FAO Country office in Somalia (Budget Holder), the Forestry Officer in the Sub regional Office for Eastern Africa (Lead Technical Officer) and the Secretariat of the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture under the Natural Resources Management and Environment Department (LTU). This team will provide supervision and technical guidance throughout implementation. The Directorate of Environment, Office of the Prime Minister, will serve as the national executing partner while the GEF focal point of this office will serve as the National Project Coordinator.
Objectives of the National Steering Committee
In consultation with FAO Somalia, the Directorate of Environment, Office of the Prime Minister of Somalia, will establish a National Steering Committee (NSC) to be co-chaired by the National Project Coordinator and FAO Somalia Officer In Charge (OIC). The NSC will consist of key stakeholders from relevant ministries, the private sector, civil society, local and international NGOs, including IUCN-East Africa Regional Office, UNDP & UNEP. The NSC will serve as the project’s oversight and decision-making body. The Steering Committee will provide high-level guidance to the biodiversity strategy and action plan development to ensure that the NBSAP is in harmony with other government plans and programs and to maximize the chances of the NBSAP becoming a formal government policy document.
Functions of the National Steering Committee:
The NSC will review project progress, work plans, and approve major outputs of the project including the initial draft and final versions of the NBSAP. Beside approval of the detailed work plan the NSC will also do periodic reviews of progress at least once every year. While responsible for providing overall guidance to the NBSAP process to maintain the focus & relevance in a quality conscious manner, the NBSAP Somalia Project Steering Committee will function with the following specific terms of reference:
1. Provide high-level guidance and orientation for the strategy and action plan development;
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2. Raise the level of awareness of the importance of the national biodiversity strategy within high level bodies of government;
3. Ensure that NBSAP development is in compliance with the Convention on Biological Diversity and with the NBSAP project document;
4. Ensure that all measures are taken to maximize the probability that the biodiversity strategy and action plan will become a formal government policy. The committee will endorse the strategy and action plan documents before they are submitted to the appropriate government body/ies for approval as formal government policy documents.
5. Facilitate the work of the planning entities (National Project Coordinator, NBSAP Consultant, and National Project Manager) and ensure access to archives and information held by their parent institutions;
6. Participate in national NBSAP workshops and other relevant events; 7. Each steering committee member will serve as a focal point within their parent
organization for NBSAP development activities. 8. To guide the NBSAP team in ensuring complementarity between the other ongoing
enabling activities (such as NAPA, NAMA, NAP alignment, UNFCCC 2nd Communication, etc.) with the aim of pooling the knowledge and resources in a mutually beneficial manner for NBSAP and other Enabling Activities.
9. To work as technical/knowledge pool and share best practices and lessons learnt from the experience of other contemporary initiatives/sources.
Decision-Making Authority
As the Steering Committee is essentially an advisory and monitoring body, its decisions will generally take the form of recommendations and endorsements. Decisions taken by the Steering Committee will not impinge upon the decision-making of the donors in the exercise of their supervisory authority over the implementing agency, nor upon the day-to-day management authority exercised by the implementing agency.
Meetings
Steering Committee meetings will be held half yearly. Venue, date and time will be notified by the secretariat at least two weeks in advance of the meeting. In exceptional circumstances, an extraordinary meeting can be called by the chairman.
Membership
The membership of the Steering Committee shall consist of:
Government Representatives
1. State Minister of Environment/GEF Focal Point, Federal Government of Somalia, (Chairperson)
2. Director General, Ministry of Planning & International Cooperation 3. Director General, Ministry of Finance 4. Director General, Ministry of Livestock & Range, Federal Government of Somalia
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5. Director General, Ministry of Wildlife & Forests, Federal Government of Somalia Wildlife, Forest
6. Director General of the Ministry of Environment & Rural Development of Somaliland 7. Director General of the Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism, Puntland
Members of the Implementing Agency, FAO
8. The FAO Officer-in-Charge for Somalia (Co-chair) 9. The Chief Technical Advisor (CTA) of NBSAP/SWALIM
Stakeholder Representatives
10. Project Manager Environment & Poverty, UNDP Somalia 11. Manager Biodiversity/Land Degradation, UNEP Regional Office, at Nairobi 12. Representative of IUCN - East Africa Office, based in Nairobi
The NBSAP Consultant and NBSAP National Project Manager will participate in the meetings with no entitlement to the vote. Other persons such as CBD/GEF representatives, SWALIM Coordinators or other experts can be co-opted to assist the committee in addressing particular issues. Co-opted members shall not be entitled to vote.
Secretariat: FAO NBSAP team will act as secretariat.
Voting
The voting members will arrive at recommendations, endorsements and decisions by consensus. A quorum of five members will be the pre-requisite for all official conclusions.
Agenda and Minutes
The NBSAP Project will act as the Secretariat. The NBSAP Consultant/Project Manager will make a presentation of progress and future planning to the committee at each meeting.
The agenda will be drafted by the Secretariat and approved by the Chairman or his designate.
The agenda will be distributed to members of the Steering Committee no fewer than eight calendar days in advance of the meeting.
Item 1 of the agenda will be the approval of the minutes of the last meeting. Item 2 will deal with matters arising from the minutes, including reports on the follow-up to decisions taken during the previous meeting. Item 3 will be the presentation of progress and future planning as well as decision points raised by the NBSAP team. Under Item 4, the Steering Committee members will discuss progress and take decisions on questions raised by the NBSAP team. The final items will be any other business and the date, time and location of the following meeting. Matters for consideration under any other business may be raised by any member of
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the Steering Committee, but must be raised immediately after approval of the minutes of the last meeting.
The Secretariat will draft the minutes of each meeting. The minutes will record only decisions taken against each agenda item, not the detailed discussion, unless so determined by the Chair. The minutes shall record items where no decision was reached, and the reasons for the failure to arrive at a decision. The minutes should also identify the persons or organizations responsible for following up or implementing a decision.
The draft minutes will be circulated in English within two weeks of the meeting, registered as passed when all members have given their assent to the Chair (generally within two working weeks from the circulation of the minutes), and approved at the subsequent meeting.
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Annex 4: Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020 and the Aichi Targets
Context: “Living in Harmony with Nature”: Biological diversity underpins ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services essential for human well-being. It provides for food security, human health, the provision of clean air and water; it contributes to local livelihoods, and economic development, and is essential for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, including poverty reduction. In addition it is a central component of many belief systems, worldviews and identities. Yet despite its fundamental importance, biodiversity continues to be lost. It is against this backdrop that the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, in 2010 in Nagoya, Japan, adopted the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 with the purpose of inspiring broad-based action in support of biodiversity over the next decade by all countries and stakeholders. In recognition of the urgent need for action the United Nations General Assembly has also declared 2011-2020 as the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity. The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020: A ten-year framework for action by all countries and stakeholders to save biodiversity and enhance its benefits for people. The Strategic Plan is comprised of a shared vision, a mission, strategic goals and 20 ambitious yet achievable targets, collectively known as the Aichi Targets. The Strategic Plan serves as a flexible framework for the establishment of national and regional targets and it promotes the coherent and effective implementation of the three objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity. The VISION “By 2050, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people.” The MISSION “Take effective and urgent action to halt the loss of biodiversity in order to ensure that by 2020 ecosystems are resilient and continue to provide essential services, thereby securing the planet’s variety of life, and contributing to human well-being, and poverty eradication. To ensure this, pressures on biodiversity are reduced, ecosystems are restored, biological resources are sustainably used and benefits arising out of utilization of genetic resources are shared in a fair and equitable manner; adequate financial resources are provided, capacities are enhanced, biodiversity issues and values mainstreamed, appropriate policies are effectively implemented, and decision-making is based on sound science and the precautionary approach” The Aichi Biodiversity Targets
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Strategic Goal A: Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society
1. By 2020, at the latest, people are aware of the values of biodiversity and the steps they can take to conserve and use it sustainably.
2. By 2020, at the latest, biodiversity values have been integrated into national and local development and poverty reduction strategies and planning processes and are being incorporated into national accounting, as appropriate, and reporting systems.
3. By 2020, at the latest, incentives, including subsidies, harmful to biodiversity are eliminated, phased out or reformed in order to minimize or avoid negative impacts, and positive incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity are developed and applied, consistent and in harmony with the Convention and other relevant international obligations, taking into account national socio economic conditions.
4. By 2020, at the latest, Governments, business and stakeholders at all levels have taken steps to achieve or have implemented plans for sustainable production and consumption and have kept the impacts of use of natural resources well within safe ecological limits.
Strategic Goal B: Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use
5. By 2020 all fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic plants are managed and harvested sustainably, legally and applying ecosystem based approaches, so that overfishing is avoided, recovery plans and measures are in place for all depleted species, fisheries have no significant adverse impacts on threatened species and vulnerable ecosystems and the impacts of fisheries on stocks, species and ecosystems are within safe ecological limits.
6. By 2020 areas under agriculture, aquaculture and forestry are managed sustainably, ensuring conservation of biodiversity.
7. By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that are not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity.
8. By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment.
9. By 2015, the multiple anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs, and other vulnerable ecosystems impacted by climate change or ocean acidification are minimized, so as to maintain their integrity and functioning.
Strategic Goal C: Improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity
10. By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically representative and well-connected systems of protected areas and
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other effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscape and seascapes.
11. By 2020 the extinction of known threatened species has been prevented and their conservation status, particularly of those most in decline, has been improved and sustained.
12. By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and of wild relatives, including other socio-economically as well as culturally valuable species, is maintained, and strategies have been developed and implemented for minimizing genetic erosion and safeguarding their genetic diversity.
Strategic Goal D: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services.
13. By 2020, ecosystems that provide essential services, including services related to water, and contribute to health, livelihoods and wellbeing, are restored and safeguarded, taking into account the needs of women, indigenous and local communities, and the poor and vulnerable.
14. By 2020, ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks has been enhanced, through conservation and restoration, including restoration of at least 15 per cent of degraded ecosystems, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation and to combating desertification.
15. By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization is in force and operational, consistent with national legislation.
Strategic Goal E: Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building
16. By 2015 each Party has developed, adopted as a policy instrument, and has commenced implementing an effective, participatory and updated national biodiversity strategy and action plan.
17. By 2020, the traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, and their customary use of biological resources, are respected, subject to national legislation and relevant international obligations, and fully integrated and reflected in the implementation of the Convention with the full and effective participation of indigenous and local communities, at all relevant levels.
18. By 2020, knowledge, the science base and technologies relating to biodiversity, its values functioning, status and trends, and the consequences of its loss, are improved, widely shared and transferred, and applied.
19. By 2020, at the latest, the mobilization of financial resources for effectively implementing the Strategic Plan 2011-2020 from all sources and in accordance with the consolidated and agreed process in the Strategy for Resource Mobilization should increase substantially from the current levels. This target will be subject to changes contingent to resources needs assessments to be developed and reported by Parties.
130
Ann
ex 5
: T
he I
UC
N R
ed L
ist
for
Som
alia
N
ote:
Thi
s lis
t of
spec
ies
reco
rded
fro
m S
omal
ia i
s in
clud
ed o
n th
e 20
06 I
UCN
Red
List
of
Thre
aten
ed S
peci
es (
IUC
N 2
006)
. The
list
incl
udes
spe
cies
that
may
be
vagr
ants
in
Som
alia
or
occu
r ve
ry
occa
siona
lly w
ithin
its
terri
toria
l wat
ers.
The
abbr
evia
tions
for
the
Red
Lis
t Cat
egor
ies
used
in th
e 5th
colu
mn
are:
CR
– C
ritic
ally
End
ange
red,
EN
– E
ndan
gere
d, V
U –
Vul
nera
ble
(thes
e th
ree
cate
gorie
s co
mbi
ned
are
the
thre
aten
ed c
ateg
orie
s), L
R/nt
and
NT
– N
ear T
hrea
tene
d, L
R/c
d –
Low
er R
isk
cons
erva
tion
depe
nden
t, an
d D
D –
Dat
a D
efic
ient
. Spe
cies
ass
esse
d as
Lea
st C
once
rn (L
R/lc
or L
C) a
re n
ot
incl
uded
her
e.
M
ajor
Gro
up
Fam
ily
Spec
ies N
ame
Eng
lish
Com
mon
Nam
e R
ed L
ist C
ateg
ory,
&
Cri
teri
a A
nim
als:
Ins
ects
Li
bellu
lidae
U
roth
emis
thom
asi L
ongf
ield
, 193
2 EN
C2a
(i)
Ani
mal
s: F
ish
Alo
piid
ae
Alo
pias
vul
pinu
s (B
onna
terr
e, 1
788)
Th
resh
er S
hark
D
D
Car
char
hini
dae
Car
char
hinu
s am
blyr
hync
hoid
es (W
hitle
y, 1
934)
G
race
ful S
hark
LR
/nt
Car
char
hini
dae
Car
char
hinu
s am
blyr
hync
hos
(Ble
eker
, 185
6)
Gra
y R
eef S
hark
LR
/nt
Car
char
hini
dae
Car
char
hinu
s am
boin
ensi
s (M
ülle
r & H
enle
, 183
9)
Java
Sha
rk, P
igey
e Sh
ark
DD
C
arch
arhi
nida
e C
arch
arhi
nus
brev
ipin
na (M
ülle
r & H
enle
, 183
9)
Spin
ner S
hark
LR
/nt
Car
char
hini
dae
Car
char
hinu
s le
ucas
(Mül
ler &
Hen
le, 1
839)
B
ull S
hark
LR
/nt
Car
char
hini
dae
Car
char
hinu
s li
mba
tus
(Val
enci
enne
s, 1
839)
B
lack
tip S
hark
LR
/nt
Car
char
hini
dae
Car
char
hinu
s lo
ngim
anus
(Poe
y, 1
861)
O
cean
ic W
hite
tip S
hark
, Whi
te-ti
pped
Sha
rk, W
hite
tip O
cean
ic S
hark
, Whi
tetip
Sh
ark
VU
A2a
d+3d
+4ad
Car
char
hini
dae
Car
char
hinu
s m
elan
opte
rus
(Quo
y &
Gai
mar
d, 1
824)
B
lack
tip R
eef S
hark
LR
/nt
Car
char
hini
dae
Car
char
hinu
s pl
umbe
us (N
ardo
, 182
7)
Sand
bar S
hark
LR
/nt
Car
char
hini
dae
Gal
eoce
rdo
cuvi
er (P
éron
& L
esue
ur, 1
822)
Ti
ger S
hark
LR
/nt
Car
char
hini
dae
Pri
onac
e gl
auca
(Lin
naeu
s, 17
58)
Blu
e Sh
ark
LR/n
t C
arch
arhi
nida
e Sc
olio
don
lati
caud
us M
ülle
r & H
enle
, 183
8 Sp
aden
ose S
hark
LR
/nt
Car
char
hini
dae
Tri
aeno
don
obes
us (R
üppe
ll, 1
837)
W
hite
tip R
eef S
hark
LR
/nt
Cen
troph
orid
ae
Cen
trop
horu
s gr
anul
osus
(Blo
ch &
Sch
neid
er, 1
801)
G
ulpe
r Sha
rk
VU
A2a
bd+3
d+4d
C
entro
phor
idae
C
entr
opho
rus
tess
ella
tus
Gar
man
, 190
6 M
osai
c D
ogfis
h, M
osai
c G
ulpe
r Sha
rk
DD
C
larii
dae
Ueg
itgl
anis
zam
mar
anoi
Gia
nfer
rari,
1923
V
U B
1+2c
C
laro
teid
ae
Par
digl
anis
tara
bini
i Pol
l, La
nza
& R
omol
i Sas
si, 1
972
Gia
nt C
atfis
h D
D
Cyp
rinid
ae
Bar
bops
is d
evec
chi d
i Cap
oria
cco,
192
6 V
U D
2 C
yprin
idae
P
hrea
tich
thys
and
ruzz
ii V
inci
guer
ra, 1
824
VU
D2
Das
yatid
ae
Tae
niur
a m
eyen
i Mül
ler &
Hen
le, 1
841
Bla
ck-b
lotc
hed
Stin
gray
, Bla
ck-s
potte
d St
ingr
ay, B
lotc
hed
Fant
ail R
ay, F
anta
il St
ingr
ay, G
iant
Ree
f Ray
, Rou
nd R
ibbo
ntai
l Ray
, Spe
ckle
d St
ingr
ay
VU
A2a
d+3d
+4ad
Das
yatid
ae
Uro
gym
nus
aspe
rrim
us (B
loch
& S
chne
ider
, 180
1)
Porc
upin
e Ray
V
U A
1bd,
B1+
2bcd
G
ingl
ymos
tom
atid
ae
Neb
rius
ferr
ugin
eus (
Less
on, 1
830)
Ta
wny
Nur
se S
hark
V
U A
2abc
d+3c
d+4a
bcd
Gym
nurid
ae
Gym
nura
poe
cilu
ra (S
haw
, 180
4)
Long
tail
But
terf
ly R
ay
NT
H
emig
alei
dae
Hem
ipri
stis
elo
ngat
us K
lunz
inge
r, 18
71
Foss
il Sh
ark,
Sna
ggle
toot
h Sh
ark
VU
A2b
d+3b
d+4b
d H
eter
odon
tidae
H
eter
odon
tus
ram
alhe
ira
(Sm
ith, 1
949)
W
hite
spot
ted
Bul
lhea
d Sh
ark
DD
La
brid
ae
Che
ilin
us u
ndul
atus
Rüp
pell,
183
5 G
iant
Wra
sse,
Hum
phea
d W
rass
e, H
umph
ead,
Mao
ri W
rass
e, N
apol
eon
Wra
sse,
Tr
uck
Wra
sse,
Und
ulat
e W
rass
e EN
A2b
d+3b
d
Lam
nida
e Is
urus
oxy
rinc
hus
Rafin
esqu
e, 1
810
Shor
tfin
Mak
o LR
/nt
Mob
ulid
ae
Man
ta b
iros
tris
(Don
ndor
ff, 1
798)
D
evil
Fish
, Dev
il R
ay, G
iant
Man
ta, M
anta
Ray
, Prin
ce A
lfred
's R
ay
NT
131
Maj
or G
roup
F
amily
Sp
ecie
s N
ame
Eng
lish
Com
mon
Nam
e R
ed L
ist C
ateg
ory,
&
Cri
teri
a
M
obul
idae
M
obul
a er
egoo
doot
enke
e (B
leek
er, 1
859)
Py
gmy
Dev
ilray
N
T M
obul
idae
M
obul
a ja
pani
ca (M
ülle
r & H
enle
, 184
1)
Dev
ilray
, Jap
anes
e Dev
ilray
, Spi
neta
il D
evilr
ay, S
pine
tail
Mob
ula
NT
Myl
ioba
tidae
A
etob
atus
nar
inar
i (Eu
phra
sen,
179
0)
Bon
netra
y, M
ayla
n, S
potte
d Ea
gle
Ray
N
T O
dont
aspi
dida
e C
arch
aria
s ta
urus
Raf
ines
que,
181
0 G
rey
Nur
se S
hark
, San
d Ti
ger S
hark
, Spo
tted
Rag
ged-
toot
h Sh
ark
VU
A1a
b+2d
Pe
gasi
dae
Eur
ypeg
asus
dra
coni
s (L
inna
eus,
1766
) Li
ttle
Dra
gonf
ish,
Sho
rt D
rago
nfis
h D
D
Pris
tidae
A
noxy
pris
tis
cusp
idat
a (L
atha
m, 1
794)
K
nife
toot
h Sa
wfis
h, N
arro
w S
awfis
h, P
oint
ed S
awfis
h C
R A
2bcd
+3cd
+4bc
d Pr
istid
ae
Pri
stis
pec
tina
ta L
atha
m, 1
794
Smal
ltoot
h, W
ide
Saw
fish
CR
A2b
cd+3
cd+4
bcd
Pris
tidae
P
rist
is z
ijsr
on B
leek
er, 1
851
Nar
row
snou
t Saw
fish
CR
A2b
cd+3
cd+4
bcd
Rhi
ncod
ontid
ae
Rhi
ncod
on ty
pus
Smith
, 182
8 W
hale
Sha
rk
VU
A1b
d+2d
R
hini
dae
Rhi
na a
ncyl
osto
ma
Blo
ch &
Sch
neid
er, 1
801
Bow
mou
th G
uita
rfish
, Mud
Ska
te, S
hark
Ray
V
U A
2bd+
3bd+
4bd
Rhi
noba
tidae
R
hino
bato
s th
ouin
(Ano
nym
ous,
1798
) C
lubn
ose G
uita
rfish
V
U A
2abd
+3bd
+4ab
d R
hino
pter
idae
R
hino
pter
a ja
vani
ca M
ülle
r & H
enle
, 184
1 Fl
apno
se R
ay, J
avan
ese C
owno
se R
ay
VU
A2d
+3cd
+4cd
R
hino
chim
aerid
ae
Neo
harr
iott
a pu
mil
a D
idie
r & S
tehm
ann,
199
6 A
rabi
an S
ickl
efin
Chi
mae
ra
DD
R
hync
hoba
tidae
R
hync
hoba
tus
djid
dens
is (F
orss
kål,
1775
) G
iant
Gui
tarf
ish,
Whi
tesp
otte
d W
edge
fish
VU
A2d
+3d+
4d
Scom
brid
ae
Thu
nnus
ala
lung
a (C
etti,
177
7)
Alb
acor
e Tun
a D
D
Scom
brid
ae
Thu
nnus
obe
sus
(Low
e, 1
839)
B
igey
e Tun
a V
U A
1bd
Scyl
iorh
inid
ae
Byt
hael
urus
luta
rius
(Spr
inge
r & D
'Aub
rey,
197
2)
Bro
wn
Cat
shar
k, M
ud C
atsh
ark
DD
Se
rrani
dae
Der
mat
olep
is s
trio
lata
(Pla
yfai
r, 18
67)
Smoo
th G
roup
er
DD
Se
rrani
dae
Epi
neph
elus
coi
oide
s (H
amilt
on, 1
822)
Es
tuar
y C
od, O
rang
e-sp
otte
d G
roup
er
NT
Serra
nida
e E
pine
phel
us fu
scog
utta
tus
(For
sskå
l, 17
75)
Bro
wn-
Mar
bled
Gro
uper
N
T Se
rrani
dae
Epi
neph
elus
lanc
eola
tus
(Blo
ch, 1
790)
B
rindl
e B
ass,
Brin
dled
Gro
uper
, Gia
nt G
roup
er, Q
ueen
slan
d G
rope
r V
U A
2d
Serra
nida
e E
pine
phel
us m
alab
aric
us (B
loch
& S
chne
ider
, 180
1)
Mal
abar
Gro
uper
N
T Se
rrani
dae
Epi
neph
elus
pol
yphe
kadi
on (B
leek
er, 1
849)
C
amou
flage
Gro
uper
N
T Sp
hyrn
idae
Sp
hyrn
a le
win
i (G
riffit
h &
Sm
ith, 1
834)
Sc
allo
ped
Ham
mer
head
LR
/nt
Sphy
rnid
ae
Sphy
rna
mok
arra
n (R
üppe
ll, 1
837)
G
reat
Ham
mer
head
D
D
Torp
edin
idae
T
orpe
do p
anth
era
Olfe
rs, 1
831
Leop
ard
Torp
edo
DD
To
rped
inid
ae
Tor
pedo
sin
uspe
rsic
i Olfe
rs, 1
831
Gul
f Tor
pedo
, Mar
bled
Ele
ctric
Ray
D
D
Xip
hiid
ae
Xip
hias
gla
dius
Lin
naeu
s, 17
58
Swor
dfis
h D
D
Ani
mal
s: F
rogs
B
ufon
idae
B
ufo
lang
anoe
nsis
Lar
gen,
Tan
dy &
Tan
dy, 1
978
DD
R
anid
ae
Lan
zara
na la
rgen
i (La
nza,
197
8)
NT
Ran
idae
P
tych
aden
a fi
lwoh
a La
rgen
, 199
7 D
D
Ani
mal
s: B
irds
A
ccip
itrid
ae
Cir
caet
us fa
scio
latu
s K
aup,
185
0 So
uthe
rn B
ande
d Sn
ake-
eagl
e N
T A
ccip
itrid
ae
Cir
cus
mac
rour
us (G
mel
in, 1
770)
Pa
llid
Har
rier
NT
Acc
ipitr
idae
T
orgo
s tr
ache
liot
os (F
orst
er, 1
791)
La
ppet
-face
d V
ultu
re
VU
C1
Ala
udid
ae
Het
erom
iraf
ra a
rche
ri C
lark
e, 1
920
Arc
her's
Lar
k C
R B
1ab(
iii,v
); C
2a(ii
) A
laud
idae
M
iraf
ra a
shi C
olst
on, 1
982
Ash
's La
rk
EN B
1ab(
i,ii,i
ii,v)
A
laud
idae
Sp
izoc
orys
obb
iens
is W
hite
rby,
190
5 O
bbia
Lar
k D
D
Ard
eida
e A
rdeo
la id
ae (H
artla
ub, 1
860)
M
adag
asca
r Pon
d-he
ron
EN C
2a(ii
) C
hara
driid
ae
Van
ellu
s gr
egar
ius
(Pal
las,
1771
) So
ciab
le L
apw
ing
CR
A3b
c C
istic
olid
ae
Cis
tico
la r
estr
ictu
s Tr
aylo
r, 19
67
Tana
Riv
er C
istic
ola
DD
C
olum
bida
e C
olum
ba o
livi
ae C
lark
e, 1
918
Som
ali P
igeo
n D
D
Col
umbi
dae
Stre
ptop
elia
rei
chen
owi (
Erla
nger
, 190
1)
Whi
te-w
inge
d C
olla
red-
dove
N
T C
orac
iidae
C
orac
ias
garr
ulus
Lin
naeu
s, 17
58
Euro
pean
Rol
ler
NT
132
Maj
or G
roup
F
amily
Sp
ecie
s N
ame
Eng
lish
Com
mon
Nam
e R
ed L
ist C
ateg
ory,
&
Cri
teri
a
Fa
lcon
idae
F
alco
nau
man
ni F
leis
cher
, 181
8 Le
sser
Kes
trel
VU
A2b
ce+3
bce
Falc
onid
ae
Fal
co v
espe
rtin
us L
inna
eus,
1766
R
ed-fo
oted
Fal
con
NT
Frin
gilli
dae
Car
duel
is jo
hann
is (C
lark
e, 1
919)
W
arsa
ngli
Linn
et
EN B
1ab(
iii);
C2a
(ii)
Gla
reol
idae
G
lare
ola
nord
man
ni F
isch
er, 1
842
Bla
ck-w
inge
d Pr
atin
cole
N
T G
lare
olid
ae
Gla
reol
a oc
ular
is V
erre
aux,
183
3 M
adag
asca
r Pra
tinco
le
VU
C1
Hyd
roba
tidae
O
cean
odro
ma
mat
suda
irae
Kur
oda,
192
2 M
atsu
daira
's St
orm
-Pet
rel
DD
La
ridae
L
arus
leuc
opht
halm
us T
emm
inck
, 182
5 W
hite
-eye
d G
ull
NT
Larid
ae
Ryn
chop
s fl
avir
ostr
is V
ieill
ot, 1
816
Afr
ican
Ski
mm
er
NT
Mal
acon
otid
ae
Lan
iari
us
libe
ratu
s S
mith
, A
rcta
nder
, Fj
elds
å &
Am
ir,
1991
B
ulo
Bur
ti B
oubo
u C
R D
Mot
acill
idae
A
nthu
s m
elin
dae
Shel
ley,
190
0 M
alin
di P
ipit
NT
Mus
cica
pida
e C
erco
mel
a du
bia
(Blu
ndel
l & L
ovat
, 189
9)
Som
bre C
hat
DD
M
usci
capi
dae
Fic
edul
a se
mit
orqu
ata
(Hom
eyer
, 188
5)
Sem
icol
lare
d Fl
ycat
cher
N
T M
usop
hagi
dae
Tau
raco
fisc
heri
(Rei
chen
ow, 1
878)
Fi
sche
r's T
urac
o N
T O
tidid
ae
Eup
odot
is h
umil
is (B
lyth
, 185
6)
Littl
e Bro
wn
Bus
tard
N
T Ph
alac
roco
raci
dae
Pha
lacr
ocor
ax n
igro
gula
ris
Ogi
lvie
-Gra
nt &
For
bes,
1899
So
cotra
Cor
mor
ant
VU
A2c
e+3c
e;
B2a
b(i,i
i,iii,
iv,v
) Ph
oeni
copt
erid
ae
Pho
enic
opte
rus
min
or G
eoffr
oy S
aint
-Hila
ire, 1
798
Less
er F
lam
ingo
N
T Pr
ocel
larii
dae
Bul
wer
ia fa
llax
Joua
nin,
195
5 Jo
uani
n's P
etre
l N
T R
allid
ae
Cre
x cr
ex (L
inna
eus,
1758
) C
ornc
rake
N
T Sc
olop
acid
ae
Gal
lina
go m
edia
(Lat
ham
, 178
7)
Gre
at S
nipe
N
T Sc
olop
acid
ae
Lim
osa
lim
osa
(Lin
naeu
s, 17
58)
Blac
k-ta
iled
God
wit
NT
Sylv
iidae
A
croc
epha
lus
gris
eldi
s (H
artla
ub, 1
891)
B
asra
Ree
d-w
arbl
er
EN A
2bc+
3bc
Sylv
iidae
Sy
lvie
tta
phil
ippa
e W
illia
ms,
1955
Sh
ort-b
illed
Cro
mbe
c D
D
Thre
skio
rnith
idae
G
eron
ticu
s er
emit
a (L
inna
eus,
1758
) N
orth
ern
Bal
d Ib
is
CR
C2a
(ii)
Turd
idae
T
urdu
s lu
dovi
ciae
(Phi
llips
, 189
5)
Som
ali T
hrus
h C
R A
2c+3
c A
nim
als:
Mam
mal
s B
ovid
ae
Alc
elap
hus
buse
laph
us (P
alla
s, 17
66)
Com
mon
Har
tebe
est,
Har
tebe
est
LR/c
d B
ovid
ae
Am
mod
orca
s cl
arke
i (Th
omas
, 189
1)
Cla
rke's
Gaz
elle
, Dib
atag
V
U C
1
B
ovid
ae
Bea
trag
us h
unte
ri (P
.L.S
clat
er, 1
889)
H
irola
, Hun
ter's
Ant
elop
e, H
unte
r's H
arte
bees
t C
R A
1a
Bov
idae
C
epha
loph
us h
arve
yi (T
hom
as, 1
893)
H
arve
y's D
uike
r, H
arve
y's R
ed D
uike
r LR
/cd
Bov
idae
D
amal
iscu
s lu
natu
s (B
urch
ell,
1823
) Ts
esse
be
LR/c
d B
ovid
ae
Dor
catr
agus
meg
alot
is (M
enge
s, 18
94)
Bei
ra A
ntel
ope,
Bei
ra
VU
C1
Bov
idae
G
azel
la d
orca
s (L
inna
eus,
1758
) D
orca
s Gaz
elle
V
U A
1a
Bov
idae
G
azel
la g
rant
i Bro
oke,
187
2 G
rant
's G
azel
le
LR/c
d B
ovid
ae
Gaz
ella
soe
mm
erri
ngii
(Cre
tzsc
hmar
, 182
6)
Soem
mer
ring'
s Gaz
elle
V
U C
1 B
ovid
ae
Gaz
ella
spe
kei B
lyth
, 186
3 Sp
eke's
Gaz
elle
V
U C
1 B
ovid
ae
Kob
us e
llip
sipr
ymnu
s (O
gilb
y, 1
833)
W
ater
buck
LR
/cd
Bov
idae
Li
tocr
aniu
s wal
leri
(Bro
oke,
187
9)
Ger
enuk
LR
/cd
Bov
idae
M
adoq
ua p
iace
ntin
ii D
rake
-Bro
ckm
an, 1
911
Silv
er D
ik-d
ik
VU
C1
Bov
idae
O
reot
ragu
s or
eotr
agus
(Zim
mer
man
n, 1
783)
K
lipsp
ringe
r LR
/cd
Bov
idae
O
ryx
gaze
lla
(Lin
naeu
s, 17
58)
Gem
sbok
LR
/cd
Bov
idae
O
ureb
ia o
ureb
i (Zi
mm
erm
ann,
178
3)
Orib
i LR
/cd
Bov
idae
Sy
ncer
us c
affe
r (S
parrm
an, 1
779)
A
fric
an B
uffa
lo
LR/c
d
133
Maj
or G
roup
F
amily
Sp
ecie
s N
ame
Eng
lish
Com
mon
N
ame
Red
Lis
t Cat
egor
y, &
C
rite
ria
B
ovid
ae
Tra
gela
phus
imbe
rbis
(Bly
th, 1
869)
Le
sser
Kud
u LR
/cd
Bov
idae
T
rage
laph
us s
trep
sice
ros
(Pal
las,
1766
) G
reat
er K
udu
LR/c
d C
anid
ae
Vul
pes
ruep
pell
i (Sc
hinz
, 182
5)
Rüe
ppel
l's F
ox, R
üppe
l's F
ox, R
üppe
ll's S
and
Fox,
San
d Fo
x D
D
Cer
copi
thec
idae
P
apio
ham
adry
as (L
inna
eus,
1758
) H
amad
ryas
Bab
oon,
Sac
red
Bab
oon
LR/n
t C
hrys
ochl
orid
ae
Cal
coch
lori
s ty
toni
s (S
imon
etta
, 196
8)
Som
ali G
olde
n M
ole
DD
C
teno
dact
ylid
ae
Pec
tina
tor
spek
ei B
lyth
, 185
6 Sp
eke's
Pec
tinat
or
DD
D
elph
inid
ae
Fer
esa
atte
nuat
a G
ray,
187
4 Py
gmy
Kill
er W
hale
, Sle
nder
Bla
ckfis
h D
D
Del
phin
idae
L
agen
odel
phis
hos
ei F
rase
r, 19
56
Fras
er's
Dol
phin
, Sar
awak
Dol
phin
D
D
Del
phin
idae
So
usa
chin
ensi
s (O
sbec
k, 1
765)
C
hine
se W
hite
Dol
phin
, Ind
o-Pa
cific
Hum
pbac
ked
Dol
phin
D
D
Del
phin
idae
St
enel
la lo
ngir
ostr
is (G
ray,
182
8)
Long
-Bea
ked
Dol
phin
, Lon
g-sn
oute
d D
olph
in, S
pinn
er D
olph
in
LR/c
d D
elph
inid
ae
Sten
o br
edan
ensi
s (G
. Cuv
ier i
n Le
sson
, 182
8)
Rou
gh-T
ooth
ed D
olph
in
DD
D
elph
inid
ae
Tur
siop
s ad
uncu
s (E
hren
berg
, 183
3)
Indi
an O
cean
Bot
tleno
se D
olph
in, I
ndo-
Paci
fic B
ottle
nose
Dol
phin
D
D
Dug
ongi
dae
Dug
ong
dugo
n (M
ülle
r, 17
76)
Dug
ong,
Sea
Cow
V
U A
2bcd
El
epha
ntid
ae
Lox
odon
ta a
fric
ana
(Blu
men
bach
, 179
7)
Afr
ican
Ele
phan
t V
U A
2a
Emba
llonu
ridae
T
apho
zous
ham
ilto
ni T
hom
as, 1
920
Ham
ilton
's To
mb
Bat
N
T Eq
uida
e E
quus
afr
ican
us (H
eugl
in &
Fitz
inge
r, 18
66)
Afr
ican
Ass
, Afri
can
Wild
Ass
, Ass
C
R A
1b
Equi
dae
Equ
us g
revy
i Ous
tale
t, 18
82
Gre
vy's
Zebr
a EN
A1a
+2c
Felid
ae
Aci
nony
x ju
batu
s (S
chre
ber,
1775
) C
heet
ah, H
untin
g Le
opar
d V
U C
2a(i)
Fe
lidae
P
anth
era
leo
(Lin
naeu
s, 17
58)
Afr
ican
Lio
n, L
ion
VU
A2a
bcd
Gal
agon
idae
G
alag
o ga
llar
um T
hom
as, 1
901
Som
ali G
alag
o, S
omal
i Les
ser G
alag
o LR
/nt
Gal
agon
idae
G
alag
o za
nzib
aric
us M
atsc
hie,
189
3 M
atun
du D
war
f Gal
ago,
Zan
ziba
r Bus
hbab
y, Z
anzi
bar G
alag
o LR
/nt
Gira
ffida
e G
iraf
fa c
amel
opar
dali
s (L
inna
eus,
1758
) G
iraff
e LR
/cd
Hip
popo
tam
idae
H
ippo
pota
mus
am
phib
ius
Linn
aeus
, 175
8 C
omm
on H
ippo
pota
mus
, Hip
popo
tam
us, L
arge
Hip
po
VU
A4c
d H
ippo
side
ridae
H
ippo
side
ros
mar
unge
nsis
Noa
ck, 1
887
NT
H
ippo
side
ridae
H
ippo
side
ros
meg
alot
is (H
eugl
in, 1
862)
Et
hiop
ian
Larg
e-ea
red
Rou
ndle
af B
at
NT
Hya
enid
ae
Cro
cuta
cro
cuta
(Erx
lebe
n, 1
777)
Sp
otte
d H
yaen
a LR
/cd
Hya
enid
ae
Hya
ena
hyae
na (L
inna
eus,
1758
) St
riped
Hya
ena
LR/n
t M
acro
scel
idid
ae
Ele
phan
tulu
s re
voil
i (H
uet,
1881
) So
mal
i Ele
phan
t Shr
ew, S
omal
i Sen
gi
DD
M
anid
ae
Man
is te
mm
inck
ii S
mut
s, 18
32
Cap
e P
ango
lin,
Gro
und
Pan
golin
, Sc
aly
Ant
eate
r, S
outh
Afri
can
Pa
ngol
in, T
emm
inck
's G
roun
d Pa
ngol
in
LR/n
t
Mur
idae
A
mm
odill
us im
bell
is (d
e W
into
n, 1
898)
A
mm
odile
D
D
Mur
idae
A
rvic
anth
is so
mal
icus
Tho
mas
, 190
3 So
mal
i Gra
ss R
at
DD
M
urid
ae
Ger
bill
us a
ctic
ola
Thom
as, 1
918
Ber
bera
Ger
bil
DD
M
urid
ae
Ger
bill
us b
rock
man
i (Th
omas
, 191
0)
Bro
ckm
an's
Ger
bil
DD
M
urid
ae
Ger
bill
us d
unni
Tho
mas
, 190
4 So
mal
ia G
erbi
l D
D
Mur
idae
G
erbi
llus
ros
alin
da S
t Leg
er, 1
929
Ros
alin
da G
erbi
l D
D
Mur
idae
G
erbi
llus
som
alic
us (T
hom
as, 1
910)
So
mal
ian
Ger
bil
DD
M
urid
ae
Gra
mm
omys
can
icep
s H
utte
rer &
Die
terle
n, 1
984
Gra
y-H
eade
d Th
icke
t Rat
D
D
Nyc
terid
ae
Nyc
teri
s au
rita
And
erse
n, 1
912
DD
N
ycte
ridae
N
ycte
ris
pari
sii d
e B
eaux
, 192
4 Pa
rissi
's Sl
it-fa
ced
Bat
D
D
Rhi
nolo
phid
ae
Rhi
nolo
phus
bla
sii P
eter
s, 18
66
Bla
sius's
Hor
sesh
oe B
at
NT
Rhi
nolo
phid
ae
Rhi
nolo
phus
elo
quen
s K
. And
erse
n, 1
905
Eloq
uent
Hor
sesh
oe B
at
DD
R
hino
pom
atid
ae
Rhi
nopo
ma
mac
inne
si H
aym
an, 1
937
Mac
inne
s's M
ouse
-taile
d B
at
VU
D1
134
Maj
or G
roup
F
amily
Sp
ecie
s N
ame
Eng
lish
Com
mon
N
ame
Red
Lis
t Cat
egor
y, &
C
rite
ria
So
ricid
ae
Cro
cidu
ra n
ana
Dob
son,
189
0 D
war
f Whi
te-T
ooth
ed S
hrew
D
D
Ves
perti
lioni
dae
Hyp
sugo
eis
entr
auti
(Hill
, 196
8)
Eise
ntra
ut's
Pipi
stre
lle
DD
V
espe
rtilio
nida
e N
eoro
mic
ia h
elio
s (H
elle
r, 19
12)
Hel
ler's
Pip
istre
lle
DD
V
espe
rtilio
nida
e Sc
otoe
cus
albi
gula
Tho
mas
, 190
9 W
hite
-bel
lied
Less
er H
ouse
Bat
D
D
Ves
perti
lioni
dae
Scot
oecu
s hi
ndei
Tho
mas
, 190
1 H
inde
's Le
sser
Hou
se B
at
DD
V
espe
rtilio
nida
e Sc
otoe
cus
hiru
ndo
de W
into
n, 1
899
Dar
k-w
inge
d Le
sser
Hou
se B
at
DD
V
iver
ridae
G
enet
ta a
byss
inic
a (R
üppe
ll, 1
836)
A
byss
inia
n G
enet
D
D
Ziph
iidae
In
dopa
cetu
s pa
cifi
cus
(Lon
gman
, 192
6)
Indo
-Pac
ific
Bea
ked
Wha
le, L
ongm
an's
Bea
ked
Wha
le
DD
Zi
phiid
ae
Mes
oplo
don
dens
iros
tris
(Bla
invi
lle, 1
817)
B
lain
ville
's B
eake
d W
hale
D
D
Ziph
iidae
M
esop
lodo
n gi
nkgo
dens
Nis
hiw
aki &
Kam
iya,
195
8 G
inkg
o-to
othe
d B
eake
d W
hale
D
D
Ani
mal
s: T
orto
ises
& T
urtl
es
Che
loni
idae
C
helo
nia
myd
as (L
inna
eus,
1758
) G
reen
Tur
tle
EN A
2bd
Che
loni
idae
E
retm
oche
lys
imbr
icat
a (L
inna
eus,
1766
) H
awks
bill
Turtl
e C
R A
1bd
Test
udin
idae
G
eoch
elon
e su
lcat
a (M
iller
, 177
9)
Afri
can
Spur
red
Torto
ise,
Gro
oved
Tor
tois
e V
U A
1cd
Ani
mal
s: S
nails
A
mpu
llarid
ae
Pil
a sp
ecio
sa P
hilip
pi, 1
849
VU
B1+
2bc
Ner
itida
e N
erit
ina
nata
lens
is R
eeve
D
D
Pla
nts:
Con
ifer
s C
upre
ssac
eae
Juni
peru
s pr
ocer
a H
ochs
t. ex
End
l. A
fric
an P
enci
l Ced
ar, E
ast A
frica
n C
edar
woo
d LR
/nt
Pla
nts:
Flo
wer
ing
Pla
nts
Alo
acea
e A
loe
emin
ens
Rey
nold
s & B
ally
LR
/nt
Ana
card
iace
ae
Pis
taci
a ae
thio
pica
Kok
war
o LR
/nt
Bor
agin
acea
e C
ordi
a ob
ovat
a B
alf.f
. LR
/nt
Bor
agin
acea
e C
ordi
a su
cker
tii C
hiov
. LR
/nt
Bur
sera
ceae
B
osw
ellia
sac
ra F
leuc
kige
r LR
/nt
Bur
sera
ceae
C
omm
ipho
ra a
lata
Chi
ov.
VU
D2
B
urse
race
ae
Com
mip
hora
alb
iflo
ra E
ngl.
LR/n
t B
urse
race
ae
Com
mip
hora
cha
etoc
arpa
J.B
.Gill
ett
VU
D2
Bur
sera
ceae
C
omm
ipho
ra c
ilia
ta V
olle
sen
LR/n
t B
urse
race
ae
Com
mip
hora
cor
ruga
ta J.
B.G
illet
t & K
.Vol
lese
n LR
/nt
Bur
sera
ceae
C
omm
ipho
ra g
uido
ttii
Chi
ov.
LR/n
t B
urse
race
ae
Com
mip
hora
hod
ai S
prag
ue
LR/n
t B
urse
race
ae
Com
mip
hora
obo
vata
Chi
ov.
LR/n
t B
urse
race
ae
Com
mip
hora
pse
udop
aoli
i J.B
.Gill
ett
LR/n
t B
urse
race
ae
Com
mip
hora
sph
aero
phyl
la C
hiov
. LR
/nt
Bur
sera
ceae
C
omm
ipho
ra s
ulca
ta C
hiov
. LR
/nt
Bur
sera
ceae
C
omm
ipho
ra tr
unca
ta E
ngl.
LR/n
t B
urse
race
ae
Com
mip
hora
uni
loba
ta J.
B.G
illet
t & K
.Vol
lese
n LR
/nt
Com
bret
acea
e C
onoc
arpu
s la
ncif
oliu
s En
gl. &
Die
ls
LR/n
t D
irach
mac
eae
Dir
achm
a so
mal
ensi
s D
.A.L
ink
EN C
2b, D
D
raca
enac
eae
Dra
caen
a om
bet K
otsc
hy &
Pey
r. EN
A1c
d Eb
enac
eae
Dio
spyr
os g
reen
way
i F. W
hite
V
U B
1+2c
Eb
enac
eae
Dio
spyr
os w
ajir
ensi
s F.
Whi
te
LR/n
t Eu
phor
biac
eae
Cro
ton
meg
aloc
arpo
ides
Frii
s & G
ilber
t LR
/nt
Euph
orbi
acea
e C
roto
n ta
laep
oros
R.-S
m.
LR/n
t Eu
phor
biac
eae
Eup
horb
ia n
oxia
Pax
V
U D
2 Eu
phor
biac
eae
Eup
horb
ia th
ulin
ii S
.Car
ter
VU
D2
13
Maj
or G
roup
F
amily
Sp
ecie
s N
ame
Eng
lish
Com
mon
R
ed L
ist C
ateg
ory,
& C
rite
ria
Le
gum
inos
ae
Aca
cia
anko
kib
Chi
ov.
LR/n
t Le
gum
inos
ae
Aca
cia
cara
nian
a C
hiov
. LR
/nt
Legu
min
osae
A
caci
a ce
rnua
M.T
hulin
& A
.S.H
assa
n LR
/nt
Legu
min
osae
A
caci
a co
ndyl
ocla
da C
hiov
. LR
/nt
Legu
min
osae
A
caci
a de
nsis
pina
M.T
hulin
V
U B
1+2c
Le
gum
inos
ae
Aca
cia
flag
ella
ris
M.T
hulin
V
U B
1+2c
Le
gum
inos
ae
Aca
cia
man
uben
sis
J.H.R
oss
VU
B1+
2c
Legu
min
osae
A
caci
a m
oggi
i M.T
hulin
& M
.Tar
delli
LR
/nt
Legu
min
osae
A
caci
a oc
hrac
ea M
.Thu
lin &
A.S
.Has
san
LR/n
t Le
gum
inos
ae
Aca
cia
sarc
ophy
lla
Chi
ov.
LR/n
t Le
gum
inos
ae
Ade
nopo
dia
rotu
ndif
olia
(Har
ms)
Bre
nan
VU
B1+
2c
Legu
min
osae
A
lbiz
ia o
bbia
dens
is (C
hiov
.) B
rena
n V
U B
1+2c
Le
gum
inos
ae
Cor
deau
xia
edul
is H
emsle
y V
U A
2cd
Legu
min
osae
C
ordy
la s
omal
ensi
s J.B
.Gill
ett
LR/n
t Le
gum
inos
ae
Dal
berg
ia e
rem
icol
a Po
lh.
LR/n
t Le
gum
inos
ae
Del
onix
bac
cal (
Chio
v.) B
aker
f.
LR/n
t Le
gum
inos
ae
Dia
lium
ori
enta
le B
aker
.f.
LR/n
t Le
gum
inos
ae
Dic
hros
tach
ys k
irki
i Ben
th.
LR/n
t Le
gum
inos
ae
Dic
raeo
peta
lum
sti
pula
re H
arm
s V
U A
2cd
Legu
min
osae
L
onch
ocar
pus
kanu
rii B
rena
n &
J.B
.Gill
ett
LR/n
t
Le
gum
inos
ae
New
toni
a er
lang
eri (
Har
ms)
Bre
nan
LR/n
t Le
gum
inos
ae
Par
kins
onia
rai
mon
doi B
rena
n LR
/nt
Mal
vace
ae
Sym
phyo
chla
mys
erl
ange
ri G
uerk
e LR
/nt
Palm
ae
Liv
isto
na c
arin
ensi
s (C
hiov
.) D
rans
f. &
Uhl
V
U B
1+2c
R
ubia
ceae
W
endl
andi
a ar
abic
a D
C.
LR/n
t Sa
pota
ceae
M
imus
ops
ange
l Chi
ov.
LR/n
t St
ercu
liace
ae
Hil
dega
rdia
gil
lett
ii L
.J.D
orr &
L.C
.Bar
nett
EN C
2b, D
Sa
pind
acea
e B
otte
goa
insi
gnis
Chi
ov.
LR/n
t Sa
pind
acea
e C
ampt
olep
is r
amif
lora
(Tau
b.) R
adjk
. V
U B
1+2c
Sa
pind
acea
e H
aplo
coel
um tr
igon
ocar
pum
Rad
lk.
LR/n
t U
mbe
llife
rae
Steg
anot
aeni
a co
mm
ipho
roid
es M
.Thu
lin
LR/n
t
13 A
nnex
6:
Loc
al B
iodi
vers
ity
Stra
tegy
and
Act
ion
Pla
ns fo
r So
mal
iland
and
Pun
tlan
d
Con
tent
s So
mal
iland
Pu
ntla
nd
Vis
ion
"By
2050
B
iodi
vers
ity
of
Som
alila
nd
is
appr
ecia
ted
prop
erly
man
aged
and
sus
tain
ably
ut
ilize
d".
“By
2050
, bio
dive
rsity
is m
anag
ed, r
esto
red
and
expl
oite
d in
a
man
ner
mai
ntai
ning
he
alth
y ec
osys
tem
se
rvic
es,
and
deliv
erin
g be
nefit
s es
sent
ial f
or th
e pr
esen
t and
futu
re g
ener
atio
ns.”
P
rinc
iple
s
Bio
logi
cal
reso
urce
s ar
e pr
oper
ly u
tiliz
ed a
nd
equi
tabl
e ac
cess
to
bene
fits
and
oblig
atio
ns
aris
ing
from
the
use
of th
ese
reso
urce
s
Con
sist
ency
an
d in
tegr
atio
n of
bi
odiv
ersi
ty
cons
erva
tion
stra
tegy
w
ith
the
Som
alila
nd
Nat
iona
l Dev
elop
men
t Pla
n
Bio
logi
cal r
esou
rces
sha
ll be
use
d by
not
onl
y th
is
gene
ratio
n bu
t al
so
by
the
com
ing
gene
ratio
n
Polic
y (N
BSA
P) s
uppo
rt th
roug
h al
l le
vels
(N
atio
nal,
Reg
iona
l, D
istri
ct a
nd c
omm
unity
le
vel)
Su
stai
nabl
e us
e of
Bio
Div
ersi
ty o
f Som
alila
nd
and
loca
l pro
duct
ion
shou
ld b
e en
cour
aged
Educ
atio
n an
d Pu
blic
A
war
enes
s to
be
im
plem
ente
d in
an
effic
ient
way
foc
ussi
ng o
n bi
olog
ical
reso
urce
s
Use
r's o
f B
iodi
vers
ity s
houl
d m
inim
ize
the
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
s an
d w
ith t
he p
rinci
ple
of "P
ollu
ters
Pay
s"
G
over
nmen
t sh
ould
en
cour
age
publ
ic
ente
rpris
e
Su
stai
nabl
e us
e of
Bio
logi
cal
reso
urce
s w
ith
fair
dist
ribut
ion
of b
enef
its a
nd o
blig
atio
ns
whi
le m
anag
ing
thes
e re
sour
ces
N
BSA
P an
d th
e Pu
ntla
nd
over
all
Dev
elop
men
t Pl
an
are
base
d on
m
utua
l co
mpl
emen
tarit
y ra
ther
than
com
petit
ion
In
ter-
gene
ratio
nal
cons
ider
atio
n in
the
use
of
biol
ogic
al
reso
urce
s;
stre
ngth
enin
g th
e st
ewar
dshi
p ro
le o
f pr
esen
t ge
nera
tion
for
bette
r re
sour
ce
avai
labi
lity
for
futu
re
gene
ratio
ns
A
ttain
ing
polit
ical
su
ppor
t fr
om
all
leve
ls
(Nat
iona
l, R
egio
nal,
Dis
trict
and
com
mun
ity
leve
l) fo
r NB
SAP
Enco
urag
ing
entre
pren
eurs
hip
with
loc
al a
nd
com
mun
ity
base
d m
anag
emen
t an
d va
lue
adde
d pr
oduc
tion
of b
iolo
gica
l res
ourc
es
Ed
ucat
ion
and
Publ
ic
Aw
aren
ess
for
biod
iver
sity
con
serv
atio
n
"P
ollu
ters
Pay
s" P
rinci
ples
Goa
ls
Stra
tegi
c G
oal
A:
Add
ress
th
e un
derl
ying
ca
uses
of
In
Som
alila
nd,
the
driv
ers
of b
iodi
vers
ity
are
adeq
uate
ly
unde
rsto
od
and
the
resp
onse
In
P
untl
and,
th
e ex
isti
ng
cush
ion
for
envi
ronm
ent
in t
he 2
nd 5
-yea
r D
evel
opm
ent
13 bi
odiv
ersi
ty l
oss
by m
ains
trea
min
g bi
odiv
ersi
ty
acr
oss
gove
rnm
ent
and
soci
ety
mea
sure
s ar
e in
corp
orat
ed i
n th
e de
velo
pmen
t ag
enda
s of
th
e go
vern
men
t an
d ot
her
key
acto
rs (
civi
l soc
iety
and
pri
vate
sec
tor)
Pla
n is
app
ropr
iate
ly a
vaile
d fo
r bi
odiv
ersi
ty
cons
erva
tion
, ho
wev
er i
n th
e 3rd
5-y
ear
plan
ex
plic
it m
easu
res
of s
usta
inab
le b
iodi
vers
ity
man
agem
ent
are
inco
rpor
ated
for
enh
ance
d m
ains
trea
min
g.
Targ
et 1
B
y 20
22,
at t
he l
ates
t, pe
ople
are
aw
are
of t
he v
alue
s of
bio
dive
rsity
an
d th
e st
eps
they
ca
n ta
ke
to
cons
erve
and
use
it su
stai
nabl
y.
• P
rom
ote
publ
ic a
war
enes
s an
d un
ders
tand
ing
of th
e va
lues
of
biod
iver
sity
and
the
need
for
co
nser
vatio
n,
prot
ectio
n an
d su
stai
nabl
e us
e/m
anag
emen
t thr
ough
the
diss
emin
atio
n of
in
form
atio
n on
th
e va
lues
of
bi
odiv
ersi
ty
(spe
cies
and
eco
syst
ems)
and
its
rele
vanc
e to
hu
man
surv
ival
; •
Som
alila
nd’s
st
akeh
olde
rs
at
natio
nal
and
dist
rict l
evel
s to
supp
ort b
iodi
vers
ity p
olic
ies
• 20
16
wor
ksho
ps,
train
ing,
fo
cus
grou
p di
scus
sion
are
hel
d in
bot
h an
d ur
ban
, •
By
2019
the
re s
houl
d be
in
plac
ed b
est
prac
tices
fo
r su
stai
nabl
y co
nser
ving
bi
odiv
ersi
ty b
y us
ing
frie
ndly
mec
hani
sms.
•
2021
sch
ools
cur
ricul
ums
have
com
pone
nts
of E
nviro
nmen
tal E
duca
tion
•
By
2021
re
ligio
us
lead
ers
shou
ld
held
co
nfer
ence
s ta
lkin
g ab
out
impo
rtanc
e of
bi
olog
ical
life
div
ersi
ty a
s Isl
am is
con
cern
ed
• B
y 20
22
rura
l vo
catio
nal
Envi
ronm
enta
l sc
hool
s sho
uld
be d
evel
oped
Ta
rget
2
By
2023
, at
the
lat
est,
biod
iver
sity
va
lues
ha
ve
been
in
tegr
ated
in
to
natio
nal
and
loca
l de
velo
pmen
t an
d po
verty
re
duct
ion
stra
tegi
es
and
plan
ning
pr
oces
ses
and
are
bein
g in
corp
orat
ed in
to n
atio
nal a
ccou
ntin
g,
as a
ppro
pria
te, a
nd re
porti
ng s
yste
ms.
B
y 20
20,
Con
tribu
te
to
the
succ
essf
ul
impl
emen
tatio
n of
So
mal
iland
N
BSA
P by
co
nduc
ting
an a
dvoc
acy
cam
paig
n to
con
vinc
e So
mal
iland
le
ader
s to
pr
iorit
ize
biod
iver
sity
co
nser
vatio
n,
prot
ectio
n an
d su
stai
nabl
e m
anag
emen
t by
m
ains
tream
ing
them
int
o th
e So
mal
iland
de
velo
pmen
t pl
an
and
prov
idin
g ap
prop
riate
fina
ncia
l and
hum
an re
sour
ces.
B
y 20
16,
the
Envi
ronm
ent
Min
istry
of
Punt
land
w
ill
proa
ctiv
ely
take
up
th
e m
ains
tream
ing
agen
da
with
th
e Pl
anni
ng
and
Fina
nce
Dep
artm
ents
of S
omal
iland
.
By
2021
, th
e So
mal
iland
go
vern
men
t co
nduc
ts s
yste
mat
ic a
sses
sing
/acc
ount
ing
of t
he
• Pr
oact
ivel
y en
gagi
ng
Plan
ning
an
d In
tern
atio
nal
Coo
pera
tion
Dep
artm
ent
for
mai
nstre
amin
g bi
odiv
ersi
ty
in
Punt
land
D
evel
opm
ent p
lans
•
By
2016
phy
sica
l in
vent
orie
s of
bio
logi
cal
asso
ciat
ed e
cosy
stem
is d
evel
oped
. •
By
2017
pr
ogra
ms
refle
ctin
g bi
odiv
ersi
ty
and
ecos
yste
m v
alue
s sh
ould
inco
rpor
ated
in
natio
nal a
nd lo
cal l
evel
pla
ns a
nd in
itiat
ed.
• B
y 20
16 t
ools
and
mec
hani
sms
that
ass
ess
biod
iver
sity
in te
rm o
f so
cial
, eco
nom
ic a
nd
finan
cial
shou
ld b
e in
tegr
ated
and
initi
ated
. •
By
2016
na
tiona
l st
rate
gic
envi
ronm
enta
l pl
an sh
ould
be
in p
lace
•
By
2017
M
inis
try
of
plan
ning
an
d in
tern
atio
nal
coop
erat
ion
shou
ld i
nclu
de
its
13
biod
iver
sity
sh
are
in
the
GD
P an
d se
t as
ide
prop
ortio
nate
fin
ance
s fo
r its
su
stai
nabl
e m
anag
emen
t.
B
y 20
23,
the
Som
alila
nd
gove
rnm
ent
mob
ilizi
ng
prop
ortio
nate
fu
ndin
g fr
om
the
inte
rnat
iona
l co
mm
unity
th
roug
h m
ultip
le
win
dow
s inc
ludi
ng c
arbo
n cr
edits
.
five
year
m
aste
r pl
an
a co
mpo
nent
of
bi
odiv
ersi
ty c
onse
rvat
ion
prog
ram
s,
Targ
et 3
B
y 20
21,
at t
he l
ates
t, in
cent
ives
, in
clud
ing
subs
idie
s, ha
rmfu
l to
bi
odiv
ersi
ty
are
elim
inat
ed,
phas
ed
out o
r re
form
ed in
ord
er to
min
imiz
e or
av
oid
nega
tive
impa
cts,
and
posi
tive
ince
ntiv
es
for
the
cons
erva
tion
and
sust
aina
ble
use
of
biod
iver
sity
ar
e de
velo
ped
and
appl
ied,
con
sist
ent
and
in h
arm
ony
with
th
e C
onve
ntio
n an
d ot
her
rele
vant
in
tern
atio
nal
oblig
atio
ns,
taki
ng
into
ac
coun
t na
tiona
l so
cio
econ
omic
con
ditio
ns.
• B
y 20
16, t
he s
ubsi
dies
are
pro
perly
ass
esse
d an
d ex
amin
ed t
hat
dam
age
and/
or b
enef
iting
th
e bi
odiv
ersi
ty o
f Som
alila
nd a
nd a
ctio
n pl
an
for a
ddre
ssin
g th
ese
subs
idie
s are
form
ulat
ed.
• B
y 20
17, t
he g
over
nmen
t sha
ll co
mm
ence
the
phas
ing
out
of t
he s
ubsi
dies
, w
ith s
peci
al
emph
asiz
e on
the
that
dam
age
biod
iver
sity
•
By
2020
al
l th
e ha
rmfu
l su
bsid
ies
are
com
plet
ely
phas
ed o
ut a
nd m
easu
res a
re ta
ken
to
prov
ide
biod
iver
sity
fr
iend
ly
subs
titut
e ph
ased
out
subs
idie
s.
• B
y 20
17 p
oten
tial
tour
ist
area
s in
Pun
tland
sh
ould
be
cons
erve
d by
giv
ing
ince
ntiv
es to
th
e lo
cal c
omm
uniti
es
• B
y 20
17 c
harc
oal
burn
ers
shou
ld b
e gi
ven
othe
r al
tern
ativ
e in
com
e so
urce
Eg
B
ee
Kee
ping
, col
lect
ion
of re
cycl
e w
aste
and
sel
l it
from
recy
clin
g co
mpa
nies
•
By
2018
sub
side
s w
ill b
e gi
ven
to c
ompa
nies
of
LPG
gas
, Sol
ar a
nd o
ther
ene
rgy
sour
ces
com
pani
es w
ho a
re e
nviro
nmen
tal f
riend
ly
• B
y 20
19 i
ncen
tives
and
sub
side
s sh
ould
be
give
n to
the
com
mun
ities
tha
t pr
omot
e be
st
prac
tices
to
cons
erve
bio
dive
rsity
•
By
2021
com
pani
es t
hat
prom
ote
harm
ful
mat
eria
ls t
hat
effe
ct e
nviro
nmen
t sh
ould
be
puni
shed
by
payi
ng h
igh
taxa
tion
Targ
et 4
B
y 20
20, a
t the
lat
est,
Gov
ernm
ents
, bu
sine
ss a
nd s
take
hold
ers
at a
ll le
vels
ha
ve t
aken
ste
ps t
o ac
hiev
e or
hav
e im
plem
ente
d pl
ans
for
sust
aina
ble
prod
uctio
n an
d co
nsum
ptio
n an
d ha
ve
kept
th
e im
pact
s of
us
e of
na
tura
l re
sour
ces
wel
l w
ithin
sa
fe
ecol
ogic
al li
mits
.
• B
y 20
16 g
over
nmen
t fa
cilit
ate
the
inte
rfac
e w
ith b
usin
ess
ente
rpris
e an
d co
mm
uniti
es t
o co
mm
ence
the
dem
onst
ratio
n of
con
serv
atio
n an
d su
stai
nabl
e us
e of
bio
dive
rsity
res
ourc
es
in
all
repr
esen
tativ
e ec
o-re
gion
s of
So
mal
iland
. •
By
2016
, Som
alila
nd g
over
nmen
t co
mm
ence
th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of r
esou
rce
mob
iliza
tion
stra
tegy
for
mul
ated
as
supp
ort
docu
men
t to
• B
y 20
18
gove
rnm
ent
and
busi
ness
en
terp
rises
sho
uld
wor
k in
a c
oope
ratin
g m
anne
r to
pr
omot
e bi
odiv
ersi
ty
cons
erva
tion.
•
By
2017
de
velo
pmen
t pa
rtner
s an
d st
akeh
olde
r sh
ould
m
ake
a pr
iorit
y fo
r fu
ndin
g bi
odiv
ersi
ty
and
ecos
yste
m
cons
erva
tion
prog
ram
s •
By
2019
bu
sine
ss
ente
rpris
es
and
14
this
NB
SAP
• B
y 20
19 b
usin
ess
ente
rpris
es a
nd g
over
nmen
t sh
ould
pr
omot
e co
mpa
nies
th
at
can
dem
onst
rate
the
sus
tain
able
man
agem
ent
of
biod
iver
sity
pro
duct
s and
serv
ices
.
gove
rnm
ent
shou
ld p
rom
ote
com
pani
es t
hat
recy
cle
was
te
Stra
tegi
c G
oal B
: R
educ
e th
e di
rect
pr
essu
res
on
biod
iver
sity
an
d pr
omot
e su
stai
nabl
e us
e
Red
uce
the
dire
ct p
ress
ures
on
the
biol
ogic
al
dive
rsit
y of
So
mal
iland
an
d pr
omot
e co
nser
vati
on
and
sust
aina
ble
use
of
the
com
pone
nt o
f bi
odiv
ersi
ty
Red
uce
the
dir
ect
pres
sure
s o
n P
untl
and
Bio
logi
cal
Div
ersi
ty a
nd p
rom
ote
wis
e us
e of
N
atur
al R
esou
rces
Targ
et 5
. B
y 20
24, t
he ra
te o
f los
s of a
ll na
tura
l ha
bita
ts, i
nclu
ding
for
ests
, is
at l
east
ha
lved
and
whe
re f
easi
ble
brou
ght
clos
e to
zer
o, a
nd d
egra
datio
n an
d fr
agm
enta
tion
is
sign
ifica
ntly
re
duce
d.
• B
y 20
16,
the
Som
alila
nd
gove
rnm
ent
com
men
ces
the
stoc
k ta
king
of
its r
enew
able
na
tura
l re
sour
ces
both
ter
rest
rial
and
coas
tal
and
com
plet
es th
is b
y 20
17.
• B
y 20
16 a
ll th
e ef
ficac
y of
exi
stin
g pr
otec
ted
area
s ar
e ad
equa
tely
ass
esse
d an
d ad
ditio
nal
prot
ecte
d ar
eas
4 te
rres
trial
and
3 m
arin
e ar
e no
tifie
d.
• B
y 20
17,
conc
rete
st
eps
are
plan
ned
for
redu
cing
the
loss
of
natu
ral h
abita
t are
tak
en
that
incl
ude
addr
essi
ng t
he d
river
s in
clud
ing,
bu
t not
lim
ited
to, c
harc
oal l
ed d
efor
esta
tion,
in
vasi
ve
spec
ies,
rang
elan
ds
degr
adat
ion,
m
angr
ove
&
cora
l re
efs
degr
adat
ion,
in
stitu
tiona
l lim
itatio
ns, e
tc.
• B
y 20
18,
the
Eco
zone
sp
ecifi
c re
habi
litat
ion/
cons
erva
tion
sche
mes
im
plem
ente
d th
roug
h th
e do
mes
tic a
nd O
DA
(b
oth
mul
tilat
eral
an
d bi
-late
ral)
finan
cial
w
indo
ws
• B
y 20
22,
the
loss
of
the
five
repr
esen
tativ
e ha
bita
ts o
f So
mal
iland
are
red
uced
to
40%
co
mpa
red
to th
e pr
esen
t situ
atio
n •
By
2024
at
leas
t 40
% o
f al
l th
e Pr
otec
ted
• Th
e go
vern
men
t of P
untla
nd h
as a
gree
d w
ith
LPG
impo
rted
com
pani
es s
uch
as (
Punt
Gas
an
d Sa
hal g
as) a
nd su
bsid
ized
them
. •
MoE
WT
plan
s to
co
nduc
t 3
feas
ibili
ty
stud
ies
on
loca
l po
tent
ial
natu
ral
ener
gy
sour
ces
such
as
sola
r, w
ind,
coa
l, w
aves
etc
. an
d M
oEW
T an
d LP
G c
ompa
nies
will
inst
all
5 IS
O ta
nks a
t Bos
saso
por
t •
By
2016
all
the
effic
acy
of e
xist
ing
prot
ecte
d ar
eas
are
adeq
uate
ly a
sses
sed
and
addi
tiona
l pr
otec
ted
area
s 4
terr
estri
al a
nd 3
mar
ine
are
notif
ied.
•
Reh
abili
tatio
n of
50
0 km
2 de
grad
ed
rang
elan
ds s
uch
as th
ose
affe
cted
by
mov
ing
sand
dun
es, w
ater
ero
sion
s etc
. •
Esta
blis
hmen
t of
in
tegr
ated
bi
odiv
ersi
ty
proj
ects
in a
ll th
e re
pres
enta
tive
eco-
regi
ons,
nam
ely
Alu
la,
Dha
har,
Eyl,
dhar
or
and
Nug
al v
alle
ys
• C
reat
e al
tern
ativ
e liv
elih
oods
and
inc
ome
gene
ratio
n ac
tiviti
es t
hrou
gh s
kills
tra
inin
g an
d de
velo
pmen
t of
in
nova
tive
entre
pren
eurs
hip
for 5
00,0
00 h
ouse
hold
s •
By
2024
at
leas
t 30
% o
f al
l th
e Pr
otec
ted
14
Are
as
(PA
) an
d M
arin
e Pr
otec
ted
Are
as
(MPA
) ar
e ef
fect
ivel
y m
anag
ed
and
the
doss
ier
for
at le
ast 2
rep
rese
ntat
ive
prot
ecte
d ar
eas
are
prep
ared
as
B
iosp
here
R
eser
ves
unde
r th
e M
an a
nd B
iosp
here
Pro
gram
me
of
UN
ESC
O
Are
as
and
Mar
ine
Prot
ecte
d A
reas
ar
e ef
fect
ivel
y m
anag
ed a
nd t
he d
ossi
er f
or a
t le
ast
2 re
pres
enta
tive
prot
ecte
d ar
eas
are
prep
ared
as
Bio
sphe
re R
eser
ves
unde
r th
e M
an a
nd B
iosp
here
Pro
gram
me
of U
NES
CO
Targ
et 6
B
y 20
27
all
fish
and
inve
rtebr
ate
stoc
ks
and
aqua
tic
plan
ts
are
man
aged
and
har
vest
ed s
usta
inab
ly,
lega
lly a
nd a
pply
ing
ecos
yste
m b
ased
ap
proa
ches
, so
th
at
over
fishi
ng
is
avoi
ded,
reco
very
pla
ns a
nd m
easu
res
are
in p
lace
for
all
depl
eted
spe
cies
, fis
herie
s ha
ve n
o si
gnifi
cant
adv
erse
im
pact
s on
thr
eate
ned
spec
ies
and
vuln
erab
le
ecos
yste
ms
and
the
impa
cts o
f fis
herie
s on
stoc
ks, s
peci
es
and
ecos
yste
ms
are
with
in
safe
ec
olog
ical
lim
its.
By
2026
, whi
le f
ocus
sing
on
4 M
PAs
alon
g th
e co
ast o
f the
Som
alila
nd, c
oast
al re
sour
ces
such
as
crus
tace
ans,
man
grov
es,
cora
l re
efs,
etc.
ar
e su
stai
nabl
y m
anag
ed
and
the
on-g
oing
de
grad
atio
n is
redu
ced
by 4
0% th
roug
h in
tegr
ated
co
asta
l re
sour
ces
man
agem
ent
in g
ener
al a
nd
com
mun
ity b
ased
inte
rven
tions
in p
artic
ular
. The
in
terv
entio
ns sh
all i
nclu
de th
e fo
llow
ing:
• St
reng
then
ing
the
capa
city
of
fis
hery
de
partm
ent,
coas
tal c
omm
unity
org
aniz
atio
ns
and
asso
ciat
ed p
rivat
e se
ctor
com
pani
es i
n in
tegr
ated
sus
tain
able
res
ourc
es m
anag
emen
t th
at
focu
s on
co
nser
vatio
n,
valu
e ad
ded
sust
aina
ble
use
and
fair
&
trans
pare
nt
dist
ribut
ion
of
bene
fits
and
oblig
atio
ns
aris
ing
from
th
e m
anag
emen
t of
co
asta
l bi
odiv
ersi
ty,
• R
esto
ratio
n of
co
ral
reef
ar
eas
thro
ugh
man
grov
e pl
anta
tions
in
Sa,a
dudi
n &
Eib
ad
isla
nd, K
hora
Sho
ra
and
Lask
orey
•
Prov
ide
soci
al s
ervi
ces
for
Coa
stal
peo
ple
in
Mai
t Is
land
(R
AB
SHI)
Sa,
adud
in &
Eib
ad
isla
nd,
Kho
ra
Shor
a an
d La
skor
ey
and
Dev
elop
ap
prop
riate
co
nser
vatio
n an
d
By
2026
, all
mar
ine
reso
urce
s in
clud
ing
aqua
tic
plan
ts
are
soun
dly
man
aged
an
d ha
rves
t su
stai
nabl
y th
roug
h re
duci
ng i
llega
l fis
hing
and
w
aste
di
spos
al
by
40%
an
d ap
plyi
ng
cons
erva
tion
mea
sure
s w
hich
w
ill
enco
urag
e
reco
very
pla
ns f
or e
ndan
gere
d an
d th
reat
ened
aq
uatic
spec
ies t
hrou
gh:
• St
reng
then
ing
the
capa
city
of
PMPF
and
in
crea
sing
thei
r num
ber i
nto
6 th
ousa
nd
• R
esto
ratio
n of
co
ral
reef
ar
eas
thro
ugh
man
grov
e pl
anta
tions
in
Alu
la a
nd Q
anda
la
coas
tal a
reas
•
Prov
ide
soci
al s
ervi
ces
for C
oast
al p
eopl
e in
Ey
l, Q
anda
la, L
asqo
ray
and
Alu
la d
istri
cts
• D
evel
op in
fras
truct
ures
of c
oast
al a
reas
.
14
sust
aina
ble
man
agem
ent
infr
astru
ctur
es
in
thes
e co
asta
l are
as.
Targ
et 7
B
y 20
27
area
s un
der
agric
ultu
re,
aqua
cultu
re a
nd fo
rest
ry a
re m
anag
ed
sust
aina
bly,
ens
urin
g co
nser
vatio
n of
bi
odiv
ersi
ty.
By
2025
, si
gnifi
cant
ar
eas
unde
r ag
ricul
ture
, aq
uacu
lture
and
fore
stry
are
sus
tain
ably
man
aged
by
div
ersi
fyin
g th
e m
anag
emen
t re
gim
e th
roug
h in
tegr
ated
w
ater
shed
m
anag
emen
t, w
ater
ha
rves
ting,
clim
ate
smar
t ag
ricul
ture
, con
serv
ing
the
indi
geno
us
geno
me/
agric
ultu
re
varie
ties,
com
mun
ity
base
d in
tegr
ated
aq
uacu
lture
, di
vers
ify
agric
ultu
ral
crop
s, en
cour
age
salt
&
drou
ght t
oler
ant c
rops
By
2027
a r
eadi
ness
pro
gram
me
for
Red
ucin
g Em
issi
ons
from
Def
ores
tatio
n an
d D
egra
datio
n of
Fo
rest
s (R
EDD
) is
com
men
ced
and
2 ar
eas
unde
r G
olis
Jun
iper
s and
1 si
te fo
r Man
grov
e fo
rest
s ar
e se
t as
ide
for
RED
D
impl
emen
tatio
n in
So
mal
iland
By
2027
, ar
eas
unde
r ag
ricul
ture
, aq
uacu
lture
an
d fo
rest
ry
are
impr
oved
thro
ugh
dive
rsify
ing
thei
r co
mpo
nent
s by
40%
to e
nsur
e bi
odiv
ersi
ty
richn
ess a
nd c
onse
rvat
ion
thro
ugh:
• In
trodu
ce a
nd p
rom
ote
appr
opria
tes
agro
-fo
rest
ry p
ract
ices
in
Gal
gala
, Ji
baga
lle,
and
Lasa
roh.
•
Div
ersi
fy a
gric
ultu
ral c
rops
•
Enco
urag
e sa
lt an
d dr
ough
t tol
eran
t cro
ps
Targ
et 8
B
y 20
24,
pollu
tion,
inc
ludi
ng f
rom
ex
cess
nut
rient
s, ha
s be
en b
roug
ht to
le
vels
th
at
are
not
detri
men
tal
to
ecos
yste
m fu
nctio
n an
d bi
odiv
ersi
ty.
By
2018
toxi
c w
aste
alo
ng th
e So
mal
iland
coa
st
line
are
prop
erly
as
sess
ed
and
mea
sure
s fo
r ab
atin
g th
is p
ollu
tion
are
in p
lace
. Th
is i
nclu
de
both
terr
estri
al a
nd m
arin
e/co
asta
l. B
y 20
22 m
echa
nism
is in
pla
ce a
nd d
emon
stra
ted
to b
ring
dow
n th
e le
vel o
f pol
luta
nts
to li
mits
that
ca
n be
ab
sorb
ed
with
out
dam
agin
g th
e bi
odiv
ersi
ty.
By
2024
, to
xic
disp
osal
in
Punt
land
mar
ine
wat
er in
clud
ing
from
exc
ess
nutri
ents
load
, hav
e be
en f
easi
ble
brou
ght
clos
e to
lev
els
that
are
en
viro
nmen
t can
abs
orb,
sink
and
not
har
mfu
l to
ecos
yste
m
func
tion
and
bi
odiv
ersi
ty
prod
uctiv
ity a
s wel
l thr
ough
:
• St
reng
then
ing
the
capa
city
of
PM
F an
d in
crea
sing
thei
r num
ber i
nto
6 th
ousa
nd
• R
educ
e us
e of
fer
tiliz
ers
for
agric
ultu
re in
to
10%
or l
ess
• D
evel
op s
olid
was
te m
anag
emen
t po
licie
s an
d w
aste
recy
clin
g st
rate
gies
•
Initi
ate
plan
s fo
r av
oidi
ng
nitro
gen
depo
sitio
n
14
• Pr
omot
e ve
geta
tion
cove
r fo
r ba
re a
reas
in
daba
r val
ley
area
s Ta
rget
9
By
2026
, in
vasi
ve a
lien
spec
ies
and
path
way
s ar
e id
entif
ied
and
prio
ritiz
ed,
prio
rity
spec
ies
are
cont
rolle
d or
er
adic
ated
, an
d m
easu
res
are
in
plac
e to
m
anag
e pa
thw
ays
to
prev
ent
thei
r in
trodu
ctio
n an
d es
tabl
ishm
ent.
By
2017
the
ext
ent
of a
rea
unde
r Pr
osop
is a
nd
cact
us i
n So
mal
iland
is
adeq
uate
ly a
sses
sed
and
man
agem
ent p
lan
for e
radi
catio
n is
in p
lace
. B
y 20
18 th
e na
ture
and
ext
ent o
f Ind
ian
crow
and
ot
her
inva
sive
ani
mal
/bird
spe
cies
are
ass
esse
d an
d m
anag
emen
t pla
n in
pla
ce
By
2020
, th
e er
adic
atio
n is
de
mon
stra
ted
in
sele
cted
si
tes
and
the
larg
e sc
ale
erad
icat
ion/
man
agem
ent i
s pla
nned
B
y 20
25 a
t lea
st 2
0% o
f th
e in
vasi
ve s
peci
es a
re
erad
icat
ed a
nd th
e co
ntro
l mec
hani
sm o
f 40
% o
f th
e pr
iorit
ized
inva
sive
spec
ies i
s in
plac
e
By
2017
, in
vasi
ve a
lien
spec
ies
and
path
way
s ar
e id
entif
ied,
era
dica
ted
by 3
0% a
nd p
ut i
n pl
ace
mea
sure
s th
at
can
prev
ent
thei
r in
trodu
ctio
n an
d es
tabl
ishm
ent t
hrou
gh:
• Id
entif
y cu
rren
t inv
asiv
e sp
ecie
s in
Punt
land
•
Car
ry o
ut i
nter
vent
ions
whi
ch c
an c
ontro
l in
vasi
ve sp
ecie
s and
fina
lly e
radi
cate
•
Esta
blis
h on
e H
erba
rium
and
tw
o zo
os f
or
surv
ival
of
criti
cally
end
ange
red
spec
ies
and
gene
s. B
y 20
24 a
t lea
st 2
0% o
f the
inva
sive
spe
cies
are
er
adic
ated
and
the
cont
rol m
echa
nism
of 4
0% o
f th
e pr
iorit
ized
inva
sive
spec
ies i
s in
plac
e Ta
rget
10
B
y 20
23, t
he m
ultip
le a
nthr
opog
enic
pr
essu
res
on c
oral
ree
fs,
and
othe
r vu
lner
able
eco
syst
ems
impa
cted
by
clim
ate
chan
ge o
r oce
an a
cidi
ficat
ion
are
min
imiz
ed, s
o as
to m
aint
ain
thei
r in
tegr
ity a
nd fu
nctio
ning
.
By
2023
, the
mul
tiple
ant
hrop
ogen
ic p
ress
ures
on
cora
l ree
fs n
ear
the
bord
er o
f D
jibou
ti an
d ot
her
site
s on
the
coas
t of
Som
alila
nd a
nd th
e Ju
nipe
rs
fore
st o
f G
olis
ran
ge th
at a
re a
ffec
ted
by c
limat
e ch
ange
are
dim
inis
hed
by 3
0%,
so a
s to
sus
tain
th
eir i
nteg
rity
and
func
tioni
ng
By
2023
, th
e m
ultip
le a
nthr
opog
enic
pre
ssur
es
on c
oral
ree
fs, a
nd o
ther
vul
nera
ble
ecos
yste
ms
affe
cted
by
clim
ate
chan
ge a
re d
imin
ishe
d by
40
%,
so
as
to
sust
ain
thei
r in
tegr
ity
and
func
tioni
ng:
• Pr
omot
e su
stai
nabl
e fis
hery
in
Alu
la,
Eyl,
Lasq
oray
and
Bos
aso
dist
ricts
. •
Intro
duct
ion
and
rest
orat
ion
of m
angr
oves
in
Haf
un, A
lula
and
Qan
dala
. •
Prot
ectio
n of
clim
ate
impa
cted
eco
syst
ems
such
as
dhar
or v
alle
y, c
oast
al a
reas
lik
e H
afun
, Eyl
, and
Ben
derb
ayla
. St
rate
gic
Goa
l C
: T
o im
prov
e th
e st
atus
of
bi
odiv
ersi
ty
by
safe
guar
ding
ec
osys
tem
s,
spec
ies
and
gene
tic
dive
rsit
y
To
stat
us
of
biod
iver
sity
is
im
prov
ed
by
safe
guar
ding
eco
syst
ems,
spe
cies
and
gen
etic
di
vers
ity
in
Som
alila
nd
by
achi
evin
g th
e fo
llow
ing
targ
ets:
To
stat
us
of
biod
iver
sity
is
im
prov
ed
by
safe
guar
ding
eco
syst
ems,
spe
cies
and
gen
etic
di
vers
ity
in
Pun
tlan
d by
at
tain
ing
the
follo
win
g ta
rget
s:
14 Ta
rget
11
By
2025
, at
lea
st 1
7 pe
r ce
nt o
f te
rres
trial
and
inl
and
wat
er,
and
10
per
cent
of
coas
tal a
nd m
arin
e ar
eas,
espe
cial
ly
area
s of
pa
rticu
lar
impo
rtanc
e fo
r bi
odiv
ersi
ty
and
ecos
yste
m
serv
ices
, ar
e co
nser
ved
thro
ugh
effe
ctiv
ely
and
equi
tabl
y m
anag
ed,
ecol
ogic
ally
rep
rese
ntat
ive
and
wel
l-con
nect
ed
syst
ems
of
prot
ecte
d ar
eas
and
othe
r ef
fect
ive
area
-bas
ed
cons
erva
tion
mea
sure
s, an
d in
tegr
ated
in
to
the
wid
er
land
scap
es a
nd se
asca
pes.
By
2025
, at l
east
33%
of
the
coas
tal a
nd m
arin
e ar
ea e
spec
ially
the
are
as o
f pa
rticu
lar
ecol
ogic
al
impo
rtanc
e ar
e co
nser
ved
and
prot
ecte
d. T
his
incl
udes
co
nser
vatio
n an
d su
stai
nabl
e m
anag
emen
t of
co
asta
l re
sour
ces
such
as
M
angr
oves
(A
vaci
nea
and
Riz
opho
ra M
erca
ta),
Cor
al R
eefs
, se
a bi
rds,
crus
tace
ans
and
pela
gic
fish,
mig
rato
ry b
irds,
Bre
edin
g si
te fo
r tur
tles
and
terr
estri
al r
esou
rces
suc
h as
Bla
nate
s Eg
yptic
a (K
ulan
), W
ildlif
e (S
omar
in G
azel
, Pel
san
Gaz
el.
Ost
rich,
Gar
nuug
and
Dic
k-D
ik),
korib
usta
rd i
n th
e fo
llow
ing
pote
ntia
l/exi
stin
g pr
otec
ted
area
s:
• Sa
,adu
din
and
Eiba
d is
land
•
Mar
shla
nd/w
etla
nd
• Za
ils –
Kar
in
• La
skor
ey
• K
hora
Sho
ra i
n K
arin
•
Mai
t Isl
and
(RA
BSH
I)
By
2025
, at l
east
33%
of
the
coas
tal a
nd m
arin
e ar
ea e
spec
ially
the
area
s of
par
ticul
ar e
colo
gica
l im
porta
nce
are
cons
erve
d an
d pr
otec
ted.
Thi
s in
clud
es:
I. Ey
l coa
stal
line
II.
C
alul
a co
asta
l lin
e
III.
Las’
Qor
ay c
oast
al li
ne
• B
y 20
20,
at l
east
thr
ee f
ish
bond
s –f
ish
farm
ing
dem
o pl
ots-
est
ablis
hed
in m
ajor
fis
hing
zon
es o
f Pun
tland
coa
stlin
e ar
eas
• B
y 20
20, a
t lea
st 2
5% o
f te
rres
trial
& in
land
w
ater
res
ourc
es r
ehab
ilita
ted
and
man
aged
(th
is in
clud
es; w
ater
shed
man
agem
ent,
wat
er
catc
hmen
t reh
ab..)
Targ
et 1
2 B
y 20
23
the
extin
ctio
n of
kn
own
thre
aten
ed sp
ecie
s has
bee
n pr
even
ted
and
thei
r co
nser
vatio
n st
atus
, pa
rticu
larly
of
thos
e m
ost i
n de
clin
e,
has b
een
impr
oved
and
sust
aine
d.
• B
y 20
16, t
he e
xact
sta
tus
of v
ario
us k
ey w
ild
faun
a an
d flo
ra is
ass
esse
d •
By
2017
, man
agem
ent p
lan
for
reve
rsin
g th
e en
dang
ered
sta
tus
is i
n pl
ace
with
fla
gshi
p sp
ecie
s not
ified
•
By
2018
, im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e m
anag
emen
t is
in p
lace
•
The
focu
s of
th
is
plan
ning
an
d im
plem
enta
tion
proc
ess
will
be
on a
ll th
e zo
nes,
how
ever
spe
cific
ally
the
coa
stal
bel
t an
d th
e G
olis
mou
ntai
n ra
nge.
•
Agr
icul
ture
bio
dive
rsity
will
als
o be
focu
sed
•
by 2
023,
35%
of
the
fore
st c
anop
y re
stor
ed;
ende
mic
th
reat
ened
sp
ecie
s of
A
caci
a &
A
ngel
tree
spec
ies a
ffor
este
d an
d re
fore
sted
• B
y 20
16, t
he e
xact
sta
tus
of v
ario
us k
ey w
ild
faun
a an
d flo
ra is
ass
esse
d •
By
2017
, man
agem
ent p
lan
for r
ever
sing
the
enda
nger
ed s
tatu
s is
in
plac
e w
ith f
lags
hip
spec
ies n
otifi
ed
• B
y 20
19, i
mpl
emen
tatio
n of
the
man
agem
ent
is in
pla
ce
• B
y 20
23,
Deg
azza
te (
5) p
revi
ous
rang
elan
d en
clos
ures
and
oth
er d
emar
cate
d si
tes
for
ecol
ogic
al
prot
ectio
n an
d co
nser
vatio
n in
Pu
ntla
nd re
gion
s •
by 2
023,
35%
of
the
fore
st c
anop
y re
stor
ed;
ende
mic
th
reat
ened
sp
ecie
s of
A
caci
a &
A
ngel
tre
e sp
ecie
s af
fore
sted
and
ref
ores
ted
(Soo
l, K
arka
r, Sa
nag
& B
ari)
14
Ta
rget
13
B
y 20
20,
the
gene
tic
dive
rsity
of
cu
ltiva
ted
plan
ts
and
farm
ed
and
dom
estic
ated
an
imal
s an
d of
w
ild
rela
tives
, in
clud
ing
othe
r so
cio-
econ
omic
ally
as
wel
l as
cul
tura
lly
valu
able
spe
cies
, is
mai
ntai
ned,
and
st
rate
gies
hav
e be
en d
evel
oped
and
im
plem
ente
d fo
r m
inim
izin
g ge
netic
er
osio
n an
d sa
fegu
ardi
ng
thei
r ge
netic
div
ersi
ty.
• B
y 20
17,
the
stat
us o
f N
on-w
oode
d Fo
rest
Pr
oduc
ts
(NW
FP)
such
as
Fr
anki
ncen
se
, M
yrrh
, m
edic
inal
and
aro
mat
ic p
lant
s of
the
G
olis
ra
nge
are
adeq
uate
ly
asse
ssed
an
d el
abor
ate
plan
for
sus
tain
able
man
agem
ent i
s in
pla
ce.
• B
y 20
18,
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
th
e m
anag
emen
t pla
n is
com
men
ced
and
•
By
2020
, a
t le
ast
two
syst
emat
ic G
ene
&
Seed
Ban
ks a
re s
et u
p to
ens
ure
the
arre
st o
f ge
netic
ero
sion
in a
gric
ultu
re v
arie
ties
• by
202
0, p
rom
ote
impr
oved
man
agem
ent o
f Fr
anki
ncen
se
tre
e sp
ecie
s in
clud
ing
the
Com
mip
hora
; re
seed
ing,
ex
ploi
tatio
n an
d de
velo
ping
stra
tegi
c m
arke
ting
rout
es a
nd
prot
ecte
d pr
icin
g •
by 2
020,
est
ablis
h at
leas
t tw
o so
phis
ticat
ed
Gen
e B
ank
and
seed
ba
nk
to
keep
an
d
mai
ntai
n th
e di
ffer
ent g
enes
and
see
d sp
ecie
s re
stor
ed in
thes
e ba
nks
Stra
tegi
c G
oal
D:
Enh
ance
th
e be
nefi
ts
to
all
from
bi
odiv
ersi
ty
and
ecos
yste
m s
ervi
ces
Enh
ance
the
ben
efit
s to
all
from
bio
dive
rsit
y an
d ec
osys
tem
se
rvic
es
in
Som
alila
nd,
wit
h sp
ecif
ic e
mph
asis
on
mar
gina
lized
gro
ups
Enh
ance
the
ben
efit
s to
all
from
bio
dive
rsit
y an
d ec
osys
tem
ser
vice
s in
Pun
tlan
d
Targ
et 1
4
By
2024
, ec
osys
tem
s th
at
prov
ide
esse
ntia
l se
rvic
es,
incl
udin
g se
rvic
es
rela
ted
to w
ater
, an
d co
ntrib
ute
to
heal
th,
livel
ihoo
ds
and
wel
l-bei
ng,
are
rest
ored
and
saf
egua
rded
, ta
king
in
to a
ccou
nt t
he n
eeds
of
wom
en,
indi
geno
us
and
loca
l co
mm
uniti
es,
and
the
poor
and
vul
nera
ble.
• B
y 20
17, a
sses
s th
e di
strib
utio
n an
d ac
cess
of
the
bene
fits
and
oblig
atio
n ar
isin
g fr
om t
he
use
of b
iodi
vers
ity in
Som
alila
nd
• B
y 20
20,
docu
men
t an
d in
stitu
tiona
lize
the
indi
geno
us k
now
ledg
e(ta
cit
know
ledg
e) a
nd
incr
ease
the
equi
tabl
e re
sour
ce s
harin
g of
the
loca
l com
mun
ity
• B
y 20
24,
impr
ove
the
dist
ribut
ion
and
acce
ssib
ility
by
35%
fro
m t
he c
urre
nt l
evel
, w
ith p
artic
ular
focu
s on
the
vuln
erab
le g
roup
s in
th
e ec
osys
tem
s th
at
prov
ide
esse
ntia
l se
rvic
es t
o th
ese
grou
ps (
poor
, vu
lner
able
, w
omen
, un
empl
oyed
yo
uth,
in
dige
nous
gr
oups
) •
• B
y 20
20, i
mpr
ove
the
acce
ssib
ility
(30
%)
of
the
vuln
erab
le g
roup
s in
the
ecos
yste
ms
that
pr
ovid
e es
sent
ial
serv
ices
to
thes
e gr
oups
(p
oor,
vuln
erab
le,
wom
en,
and
yout
h,
indi
geno
us c
omm
uniti
es)
• B
y 20
20,
docu
men
t an
d in
stitu
tiona
lize
the
indi
geno
us k
now
ledg
e (ta
cit k
now
ledg
e) a
nd
incr
ease
the
equi
tabl
e re
sour
ce s
harin
g of
the
loca
l com
mun
ity
• B
y 20
24,
impr
ove
the
dist
ribut
ion
and
acce
ssib
ility
by
30%
fro
m th
e cu
rren
t lev
el,
with
pa
rticu
lar
focu
s on
th
e vu
lner
able
gr
oups
in
th
e ec
osys
tem
s th
at
prov
ide
esse
ntia
l se
rvic
es
to
thes
e gr
oups
(p
oor,
vuln
erab
le,
wom
en,
unem
ploy
ed
yout
h,
indi
geno
us g
roup
s)
14 Ta
rget
15
By
2027
, ec
osys
tem
res
ilien
ce a
nd
the
cont
ribut
ion
of
biod
iver
sity
to
ca
rbon
st
ocks
ha
s be
en
enha
nced
, th
roug
h co
nser
vatio
n an
d re
stor
atio
n,
incl
udin
g re
stor
atio
n of
at l
east
15
per
cent
of d
egra
ded
ecos
yste
ms,
ther
eby
cont
ribut
ing
to
clim
ate
chan
ge
miti
gatio
n an
d ad
apta
tion
and
to
com
batin
g de
serti
ficat
ion.
• B
y 20
17, t
he c
arbo
n st
ock
asse
ssm
ent
in th
e G
olis
rang
e an
d M
angr
ove
zone
is d
one
• B
y 20
22,
man
agem
ent
plan
for
enh
anci
ng
15%
of
the
carb
on s
tock
in
the
Gol
is a
nd
othe
r for
est t
ype
is c
omm
ence
d. T
his
incl
udes
m
easu
res
such
as
prot
ectio
n, a
ffor
esta
tion
&
re-a
ffor
esta
tion.
•
By
2026
, at
le
ast
30%
of
th
e de
grad
ed
man
grov
e fo
rest
s, co
ral
reef
s an
d ot
her
coas
tal b
iodi
vers
ity s
pots
are
rest
ored
and
the
man
agem
ent
plan
of
th
e ca
rbon
st
ock
enha
ncem
ent
to
20%
is
kick
ed o
ff,
with
sp
ecifi
c fo
cus o
n ca
rbon
sequ
estra
tion
• B
y 20
27,
at
leas
t 33
%
of
the
degr
aded
co
asta
l fo
rest
res
tore
d an
d re
-aff
ores
ted
–M
angr
oves
(u
p to
40
%
of
carb
on
sequ
estra
tion)
•
By
2025
, 30
%
of
the
terr
estri
al
fore
st
enha
nced
- af
fore
stat
ion
&
re-a
ffor
esta
tion
(17-
25%
car
bon
sequ
estra
tion)
Targ
et 1
6 B
y 20
17,
the
Nag
oya
Prot
ocol
on
Acc
ess
to G
enet
ic R
esou
rces
and
the
Fair
and
Equi
tabl
e Sh
arin
g of
B
enef
its
Aris
ing
from
th
eir
Util
izat
ion
is in
forc
e an
d op
erat
iona
l, co
nsis
tent
with
nat
iona
l leg
isla
tion.
By
2016
, in
Som
alila
nd, t
he s
tatu
s of
the
fair
and
equi
tabl
e sh
arin
g of
ben
efits
aris
ing
from
the
ut
iliza
tion
of b
iodi
vers
ity p
rodu
cts
and
serv
ices
is
asse
ssed
an
d en
forc
emen
t is
in
pl
ace
by
inco
rpor
atin
g th
e N
agoy
a Pr
otoc
ol
in
to
the
natio
nal
polic
y an
d pl
anni
ng f
ram
ewor
k su
ch a
s Po
licie
s, la
ws,
stra
tegi
es a
nd p
lans
.
By
2016
, in
Punt
land
, the
sta
tus
of th
e fa
ir an
d eq
uita
ble
shar
ing
of b
enef
its a
risin
g fr
om t
he
utili
zatio
n of
bio
dive
rsity
pro
duct
s an
d se
rvic
es
is
asse
ssed
an
d en
forc
emen
t is
in
pl
ace
by
inco
rpor
atin
g th
e N
agoy
a Pr
otoc
ol i
n to
the
na
tiona
l pol
icy
and
plan
ning
fra
mew
ork
such
as
Polic
ies,
law
s, st
rate
gies
and
pla
ns.
Stra
tegi
c G
oal
E:
Enh
ance
im
plem
enta
tion
th
roug
h pa
rtic
ipat
ory
plan
ning
, kn
owle
dge
man
agem
ent
and
capa
city
bui
ldin
g
The
im
plem
enta
tion
of
part
icip
ator
y pl
anni
ng,
know
ledg
e m
anag
emen
t an
d ca
paci
ty b
uild
ing
is e
nhan
ced
in S
omal
iland
In
Pun
tlan
d th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of
pa
rtic
ipat
ory
plan
ning
, kn
owle
dge
man
agem
ent
and
capa
city
bu
ildin
g is
en
hanc
ed
Targ
et 1
7 B
y 20
15 e
ach
Party
has
dev
elop
ed,
adop
ted
as a
pol
icy
inst
rum
ent,
and
has
com
men
ced
impl
emen
ting
an
effe
ctiv
e, p
artic
ipat
ory
and
upda
ted
natio
nal
biod
iver
sity
st
rate
gy
and
actio
n pl
an.
By
June
201
5, S
omal
iland
has
dev
elop
ed a
nd
final
ized
th
e Lo
cal
Bio
dive
rsity
St
rate
gy
and
Act
ion
Plan
an
d is
m
ains
tream
ed
thro
ugh
inco
rpor
atio
n in
th
e N
atio
nal
Bio
dive
rsity
St
rate
gy a
nd A
ctio
n Pl
an
By
June
20
15,
Punt
land
ha
s de
velo
ped
and
final
ized
the
Loc
al B
iodi
vers
ity S
trate
gy a
nd
Act
ion
Plan
an
d is
m
ains
tream
ed
thro
ugh
inco
rpor
atio
n in
th
e N
atio
nal
Bio
dive
rsity
St
rate
gy a
nd A
ctio
n Pl
an
Targ
et 1
8
• B
y 20
15, i
n So
mal
iland
, the
com
patib
ility
of
• B
y 20
15,
in P
untla
nd,
the
com
patib
ility
of
14 B
y 20
20,
the
tradi
tiona
l kn
owle
dge,
in
nova
tions
an
d pr
actic
es
of
indi
geno
us
and
loca
l co
mm
uniti
es
rele
vant
fo
r th
e co
nser
vatio
n an
d su
stai
nabl
e us
e of
bio
dive
rsity
, an
d th
eir
cust
omar
y us
e of
bi
olog
ical
re
sour
ces,
are
resp
ecte
d, s
ubje
ct t
o na
tiona
l le
gisl
atio
n an
d re
leva
nt
inte
rnat
iona
l ob
ligat
ions
, an
d fu
lly
inte
grat
ed
and
refle
cted
in
th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of
the
Con
vent
ion
with
th
e fu
ll an
d ef
fect
ive
parti
cipa
tion
of i
ndig
enou
s an
d lo
cal
com
mun
ities
, at a
ll re
leva
nt le
vels
.
tradi
tiona
l kn
owle
dge
and
man
agem
ent
prac
tices
are
ass
esse
d w
ith r
efer
ence
to
its
graf
ting
in
the
gove
rnm
ent
spon
sore
d m
anag
emen
t sy
stem
an
d pr
evai
ling
know
ledg
e st
ream
•
By
2015
, th
ese
elem
ents
are
inc
orpo
rate
d in
th
e Lo
cal
Bio
dive
rsity
Stra
tegy
and
Act
ion
Plan
•
By
2018
, the
gra
fted
man
agem
ent k
now
ledg
e an
d pr
actic
es
are
mai
nstre
amed
in
th
e de
mon
stra
tion
proj
ects
and
initi
ativ
es
tradi
tiona
l kn
owle
dge
and
man
agem
ent
prac
tices
are
ass
esse
d w
ith r
efer
ence
to
its
graf
ting
in
the
gove
rnm
ent
spon
sore
d m
anag
emen
t sy
stem
an
d pr
evai
ling
know
ledg
e st
ream
•
By
2015
, the
se e
lem
ents
are
inco
rpor
ated
in
the
Loca
l B
iodi
vers
ity S
trate
gy a
nd A
ctio
n Pl
an
• B
y 20
18, t
he g
rafte
d m
anag
emen
t kno
wle
dge
and
prac
tices
ar
e m
ains
tream
ed
in
the
dem
onst
ratio
n pr
ojec
ts a
nd in
itiat
ives
Targ
et 1
9 B
y 20
20,
know
ledg
e,
the
scie
nce
base
an
d te
chno
logi
es
rela
ting
to
biod
iver
sity
, its
val
ues,
func
tioni
ng,
stat
us
and
trend
s, an
d th
e co
nseq
uenc
es
of
its
loss
, ar
e im
prov
ed,
wid
ely
shar
ed
and
trans
ferr
ed, a
nd a
pplie
d.
• In
Som
alila
nd,
by 2
016,
the
kno
wle
dge
and
tech
nolo
gy
gap
asse
ssm
ent
is
done
w
ith
refe
renc
e to
the
req
uire
men
ts o
f su
stai
nabl
e bi
odiv
ersi
ty m
anag
emen
t •
By
2017
, a tw
o-tra
ck a
ppro
ach
of tr
ansf
errin
g of
tech
nolo
gy f
or s
elec
t ini
tiativ
es is
in p
lace
an
d ca
paci
ty b
uild
ing
in fu
rther
dis
sem
inat
ing
the
know
ledg
e an
d te
chno
logy
is c
omm
ence
d •
By
2020
, es
sent
ial
mod
ern
tech
nolo
gy a
nd
know
ledg
e is
dem
onst
rate
d in
at
leas
t fo
ur
initi
ativ
es e
ach
in o
ne e
co-z
ones
• In
Pun
tland
, by
201
6, t
he k
now
ledg
e an
d te
chno
logy
ga
p as
sess
men
t is
do
ne
with
re
fere
nce
to t
he r
equi
rem
ents
of
sust
aina
ble
biod
iver
sity
man
agem
ent
• B
y 20
17,
a tw
o-tra
ck
appr
oach
of
tra
nsfe
rrin
g of
te
chno
logy
fo
r se
lect
in
itiat
ives
is in
pla
ce a
nd c
apac
ity b
uild
ing
in
furth
er
diss
emin
atin
g th
e kn
owle
dge
and
tech
nolo
gy is
com
men
ced
• B
y 20
20,
esse
ntia
l m
oder
n te
chno
logy
and
kn
owle
dge
is d
emon
stra
ted
in a
t le
ast
four
in
itiat
ives
eac
h in
one
eco
-zon
es
Targ
et 2
0 B
y 20
20,
at
the
late
st,
the
mob
iliza
tion
of
finan
cial
re
sour
ces
for
effe
ctiv
ely
impl
emen
ting
the
Stra
tegi
c Pl
an f
or B
iodi
vers
ity 2
011-
2020
fr
om
all
sour
ces,
and
in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith th
e co
nsol
idat
ed a
nd
• B
y 20
15,
in S
omal
iland
, th
e ex
act
reso
urce
re
quire
men
ts
for
sust
aina
ble
biod
iver
sity
m
anag
emen
t will
be
asse
ssed
in S
omal
iland
•
By
2015
, a
thre
e tra
ck a
ppro
ach
will
be
adop
ted:
m
obili
zing
re
sour
ces
thro
ugh
the
loca
l re
sour
ces
such
ent
repr
eneu
rs,
priv
ate
com
pani
es,
gove
rnm
ent
reso
urce
s, di
aspo
ra,
• B
y 20
15,
Punt
land
, th
e ex
act
reso
urce
re
quire
men
ts
for
sust
aina
ble
biod
iver
sity
m
anag
emen
t will
be
asse
ssed
in S
omal
iland
•
By
2015
, a
thre
e tra
ck a
ppro
ach
will
be
adop
ted:
mob
ilizi
ng r
esou
rces
thr
ough
the
lo
cal
reso
urce
s su
ch e
ntre
pren
eurs
, pr
ivat
e co
mpa
nies
, go
vern
men
t re
sour
ces,
dias
pora
,
14 ag
reed
pro
cess
in
the
Stra
tegy
for
R
esou
rce
Mob
iliza
tion
shou
ld
incr
ease
su
bsta
ntia
lly
from
th
e cu
rren
t le
vels
. Th
is t
arge
t w
ill b
e su
bjec
t to
ch
ange
s co
ntin
gent
to
re
sour
ce
need
s as
sess
men
ts
to
be
deve
lope
d an
d re
porte
d by
Par
ties.
char
ity g
roup
s, et
c. b
, thr
ough
enh
ance
val
ue-
adde
d m
anag
emen
t of
th
e bi
odiv
ersi
ty
prod
ucts
and
ser
vice
s an
d c,
con
vent
ion
bi-
late
ral a
nd m
ulti-
late
ral d
onor
s.
• B
y 20
15, m
ultip
le P
IFs
for
GEF
6 w
ill b
e in
pl
ace
and
prep
arat
ion
for G
reen
Clim
ate
Fund
(f
or a
dapt
atio
n an
d m
itiga
tion)
car
ried
out.
•
By
2020
, the
reso
urce
bas
e is
at l
east
dou
bled
to
the
pres
ent d
ay re
sour
ce m
ap
char
ity
grou
ps,
etc.
b,
th
roug
h en
hanc
e va
lue-
adde
d m
anag
emen
t of
the
biod
iver
sity
pr
oduc
ts a
nd s
ervi
ces
and
c, c
onve
ntio
n bi
-la
tera
l and
mul
ti-la
tera
l don
ors.
•
By
2015
, mul
tiple
PIF
s fo
r GEF
6 w
ill b
e in
pl
ace
and
prep
arat
ion
for
Gre
en
Clim
ate
Fund
(fo
r ad
apta
tion
and
miti
gatio
n) c
arrie
d ou
t.
• B
y 20
20,
the
reso
urce
ba
se
is
at
leas
t do
uble
d to
the
pres
ent d
ay re
sour
ce m
ap
14
Annex 7: Cohesive Management flow chart for Conservation and Sustainable use of biodiversity (non-wooded forest/landscape products)
Phases of biodiversity resource management
1. Biodiversity resource Assessment 2. Regeneration/Rehabilitation 3. Protection & Maintenance 4. Harvesting – both consumptive & non-consumptive use 5. Value added processing 6. Certification 7. Outfitting/Marketing 8. Distribution of benefits (equitable) 9. Investment for further improvement in the management cycle 10. Distribution of obligations (equitable)
14
–
15
Skills required for the effective implementation of the above model, availability vs. requirements:
Category of skills Stakeholders’ possession vs. requirement
Government NGOs Community Private
Exist Need Exist Need Exist Need Exist Need
Resource Assessment skills such as surveys, etc.
* *** * *** ** ** * **
Rehabilitation skills * *** * ** * *** * **
Motivation, mobilization and organization
* *** *** *** ** *** ** ***
Conflict resolution * *** ** *** ** *** NA NA
Assertive communication ** *** * *** * *** ** ***
Interpersonal and harmonization
* *** * *** * *** ** ***
Effective facilitation and presentation
** *** ** *** * *** ** ***
Prioritization and time management
** *** ** *** * *** ** ***
GIS and Remote Sensing ** *** * *** 0 * NA NA
Calculation of carrying capacity of the resource
** *** 0 ** * ** 0 *
Regenerative and tending skills
** *** * ** ** *** 0 *
Intermediate harvesting skills such as culling, pruning, thinning, etc.
** *** 0 ** ** *** * ***
Identification and potential assessment skills
* *** * ** * ** * ***
Medicinal, food, etc. related values identification skills
* *** * ** ** *** * ***
15
Appropriate harvesting * *** 0 * ** *** * ***
Efficient utilization skills * *** * *** * *** * ***
Seasoning skills ** *** 0 * * ** * ***
Marketing * *** 0 ** * *** ** ***
Entrepreneurial skills 0 ** * *** * *** ** ***
Understanding the role of all other stakeholders
* *** ** *** * *** ** **
Negotiation skills * *** * *** * *** ** ** Lobbying skills 0 ** ** *** * *** ** ** Integrated planning tools * *** ** *** * *** * *** Skills to go gender specifically
* *** *** *** * *** NA NA
Skills to monitor and improve subsequent planning
* *** * *** 0 ** 0 **
Training skills to sensitize, etc.
* *** *** *** 0 ** * ***
15
Annex 8: List of Environmental Agreements actions taken on by Somalia
Actions taken on 101 Agreements including: 21 Signatures
26 Ratification, Accession, Succession, or Similars 85 Entry Into Forces
Formatted Results: Printer Friendly Excel(tab-
delimited) Citation: Data from Ronald B. Mitchell. 2002-2015.International Environmental Agreements Database Project (Version 2014.3). Available at: http://iea.uoregon.edu/ Date accessed: 31 August 2015 For more information, see publications page.
mitch_id Agreement
Signature Agreement Name Agreement
Termination (if any)
Signatures Ratifications (or similar)
Entry into force
2617 1945-10-16 Constitution Of The Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations (IEA ID# 2617)
1960-11-17
2696 1960-12-14 Statutes Of The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IEA ID# 2696)
1974-7-10
4539 1962-08-20 Convention for the Establishment of the Desert Locust Control Organization for Eastern Africa (IEA ID# 4539)
1965-07-02 1962-8-20 1962-8-20
2726 1963-08-05 Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests In The Atmosphere, In Outer Space And Under Water (IEA ID# 2726)
1963-8-19
4629 1965-07-02 Agreement regarding the Desert Locust Control Organization for Eastern Africa (established by Amendments to the Convention for the Establishment of the Desert Locust Control Organization
1965-7-2
15
for Eastern Africa) (IEA ID# 4629)
3607 1967-01-27 Treaty On Principles Governing The Activities Of States In The Exploration And Use Of Outer Space Including The Moon And Other Celestial Bodies (IEA ID# 3607)
1967-2-2
2760 1967-09-13 Phytosanitary Convention For Africa (IEA ID# 2760)
1967-9-13
3610 1968-07-01 Treaty On The Non-Proliferation Of Nuclear Weapons (IEA ID# 3610)
1968-7-1 1970-3-5 1970-3-5
2768 1968-09-03 Agreement For The Establishment For Arab Centre For The Studies Of Dry And Barren Land (IEA ID# 2768)
1968-9-3 1971-11-25
2769 1968-09-15 African Convention On The Conservation Of Nature And Natural Resources (IEA ID# 2769)
1968-9-15
4721 1970-07-10 Amendments to the Statutes Of The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IEA ID# 4721)
1974-7-10
2814 1973-03-03 Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora (IEA ID# 2814)
1985-12-2 1986-3-2
2859 1976-11-06 Amendments To Appendices I and II To The Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora (COP-1, 1976) (IEA ID# 2859)
1986-3-2
2897 1979-03-30 Amendments To Appendices I and II To The Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora (COP-2, 1979) (IEA ID# 2897)
1986-3-2
2898 1979-03-30 Amendments To Appendices III To The Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild
1986-3-2
15
Fauna And Flora (COP-2, 1979) (IEA ID# 2898)
2896 1979-06-23 Convention On The Conservation Of Migratory Species Of Wild Animals (IEA ID# 2896)
1979-6-23 1985-11-11 1986-2-1
4595 1981-03-08 Amendments To Appendices I and II To The Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora (COP-3, 1981) (IEA ID# 4595)
1986-3-2
2935 1982-02-14 Regional Convention For The Conservation Of The Red Sea And Gulf Of Aden Environment (IEA ID# 2935)
1982-2-14 1988-3-1 1988-3-31
2936 1982-02-14 Protocol Concerning Regional Cooperation In Combating Pollution By Oil And Other Harmful Substances In Cases Of Emergency (IEA ID# 2936)
1982-2-14 1988-3-1 1988-3-31
2947 1982-12-10 United Nations Convention On The Law Of The Sea (IEA ID# 2947)
1982-12-10
1989-7-24 1994-11-16
4596 1983-04-30 Amendments To Appendices I and II To The Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora (COP-4, 1983) (IEA ID# 4596)
1986-3-2
2979 1984-12-08 Third ACP-EEC Convention (IEA ID# 2979)
1984-12-8 1985-11-19 1986-5-1
2982 1985-03-22 Convention For The Protection Of The Ozone Layer (IEA ID# 2982)
2001-8-1 2001-10-30
4597 1985-05-03 Amendments To Appendices I and II To The Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora (COP-5, 1985) (IEA ID# 4597)
1986-3-2
2985 1985-06-21 Convention For The Protection, Management And Development Of The Marine And Coastal
1985-6-21 1988-3-1 1996-5-10
15
Environment Of The Eastern African Region (IEA ID# 2985)
2986 1985-06-21 Protocol Concerning Protected Areas And Wild Fauna And Flora to the Convention For The Protection, Management And Development Of The Marine And Coastal Environment Of The Eastern African Region (IEA ID# 2986)
1985-6-21 1988-3-1 1996-5-10
2987 1985-06-21 Protocol Concerning Cooperation In Combating Marine Pollution In Cases Of Emergency to the Convention For The Protection, Management And Development Of The Marine And Coastal Environment Of The Eastern African Region (IEA ID# 2987)
1985-6-21 1988-3-1 1996-5-10
2993 1985-10-26 Amendments To Appendices I And II Of The Convention On The Conservation Of Migratory Species Of Wild Animals (IEA ID# 2993)
1986-2-1
4598 1987-07-24 Amendments To Appendices I and II To The Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora (COP-6, 1987) (IEA ID# 4598)
1987-10-22
3021 1987-09-16 Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete The Ozone Layer (IEA ID# 3021)
2001-8-1 2001-11-1
4722 1987-11-20 Amendments to Articles 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9 and 10 of the Statutes Of The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IEA ID# 4722)
1987-11-20
3035 1988-10-14 Amendments To Appendices I And II Of The Convention On The Conservation Of
1989-1-12
15
Migratory Species Of Wild Animals (IEA ID# 3035)
3042 1989-03-22 Convention On The Control Of Transboundary Movements Of Hazardous Wastes And Their Disposal (IEA ID# 3042)
2010-7-26 2010-10-24
4599 1989-10-20 Amendments To Appendices I and II To The Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora (COP-7, 1989) (IEA ID# 4599)
1990-1-18
3059 1989-12-15 Fourth ACP-EEC Convention (IEA ID# 3059)
1989-12-15
4007 1990-06-29 Adjustment To The Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete The Ozone Layer (IEA ID# 4007)
2001-11-1
3071 1990-06-29 Amendment To The Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete The Ozone Layer (IEA ID# 3071)
2001-8-1 2001-10-30
3085 1991-01-30 Convention On The Ban Of The Import Into Africa And The Control Of Transboundary Movement And Management Of Hazardous Wastes Within Africa (IEA ID# 3085)
1991-6-1
4202 1991-09-13 Amendments To Appendices I And II Of The Convention On The Conservation Of Migratory Species Of Wild Animals (IEA ID# 4202)
1991-12-12
4600 1992-03-13 Amendments To Appendices I and II To The Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora (COP-8, 1992) (IEA ID# 4600)
1992-6-11
3126 1992-05-09 United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change (IEA ID# 3126)
2009-9-11 2009-12-10
3128 1992-06-05 Convention On Biological 2009-12-10 2010-
15
Diversity (IEA ID# 3128) 3-10 4300 1992-11-25 Adjustments to Annex A of
The Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete The Ozone Layer agreed to at the Fourth Meeting of the Parties (IEA ID# 4300)
2001-11-1
4301 1992-11-25 Adjustments to Annex B of The Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete The Ozone Layer agreed to at the Fourth Meeting of the Parties (IEA ID# 4301)
2001-11-1
3144 1992-11-25 Amendment To The Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete The Ozone Layer (IEA ID# 3144)
2001-8-1 2001-10-30
3174 1993-11-25 Agreement For The Establishment Of The Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IEA ID# 3174)
2014-5-22 2014-5-22
3182 1994-03-16 Instrument For The Establishment Of The Restructured Global Environment Facility (IEA ID# 3182)
2007-4-11 2007-4-11
3185 1994-06-11 Amendments To Appendices I And II Of The Convention On The Conservation Of Migratory Species Of Wild Animals (IEA ID# 3185)
1994-9-9
3188 1994-06-17 Convention To Combat Desertification In Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought And/Or Desertification, Particularly In Africa (IEA ID# 3188)
2002-7-24 2002-10-22
4601 1994-11-18 Amendments To Appendices I and II To The Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora (COP-9. 1994) (IEA ID# 4601)
1995-2-16
4302 1995-12-07 Adjustments to Annex A of The Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete The
2001-11-1
15
Ozone Layer agreed to at the Seventh Meeting of the Parties (IEA ID# 4302)
4303 1995-12-07 Adjustments to Annex B of The Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete The Ozone Layer agreed to at the Seventh Meeting of the Parties (IEA ID# 4303)
2001-11-1
4304 1995-12-07 Adjustments to Annexes C and E of The Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete The Ozone Layer agreed to at the Seventh Meeting of the Parties (IEA ID# 4304)
2001-11-1
3234 1996-04-11 African Nuclear Weapon Free Zone Treaty (IEA ID# 3234)
2006-2-23
4203 1997-04-16 Amendments To Appendices I And II Of The Convention On The Conservation Of Migratory Species Of Wild Animals (IEA ID# 4203)
1997-7-15
4602 1997-06-20 Amendments To Appendices I and II To The Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora (COP-10, 1997) (IEA ID# 4602)
1997-9-18
3267 1997-09-17 Amendment To The Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete The Ozone Layer (IEA ID# 3267)
2001-8-1 2001-10-30
4305 1997-09-17 Adjustments to Annex A of The Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete The Ozone Layer agreed to at the Ninth Meeting of the Parties (IEA ID# 4305)
2001-11-1
4306 1997-09-17 Adjustments to Annex B of The Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete The Ozone Layer agreed to at the Ninth Meeting of the Parties (IEA ID# 4306)
2001-11-1
15
4307 1997-09-17 Adjustments to Annex E of The Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete The Ozone Layer agreed to at the Ninth Meeting of the Parties (IEA ID# 4307)
2001-11-1
4859 1997-12-11 Amendment to the list in Annex I to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (deleting Czechoslovakia and adding Croatia, the Czech Republic, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Slovakia and Slovenia) (IEA ID# 4859)
2009-12-10
3273 1997-12-11 Protocol To The United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change (IEA ID# 3273)
2010-7-26 2010-10-24
4352 1998-02-27 Amendment to Annex I and Adoption of additional Annexes VIII and IX To The Convention On The Control Of Transboundary Movements Of Hazardous Wastes And Their Disposal (IEA ID# 4352)
2010-10-24
3289 1998-09-10 Convention On The Prior Informed Consent Procedure For Certain Hazardous Chemicals And Pesticides In International Trade (IEA ID# 3289)
2010-7-26
4205 1999-11-16 Amendments To Appendices I And II Of The Convention On The Conservation Of Migratory Species Of Wild Animals (IEA ID# 4205)
2000-2-14
4723 1999-11-16 Amendments Establishing Revised Statutes Of The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IEA ID# 4723)
1999-11-16
3312 1999-12-03 Amendment To The Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete The Ozone Layer (IEA ID#
2001-8-1
16
3312)
4308 1999-12-03 Adjustments to Annex A of The Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete The Ozone Layer agreed to at the Eleventh Meeting of the Parties (IEA ID# 4308)
2001-11-1
4309 1999-12-03 Adjustments to Annex B of The Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete The Ozone Layer agreed to at the Eleventh Meeting of the Parties (IEA ID# 4309)
2001-11-1
4310 1999-12-03 Adjustments to Annex E of The Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete The Ozone Layer agreed to at the Eleventh Meeting of the Parties (IEA ID# 4310)
2001-11-1
3314 2000-01-29 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention On Biological Diversity (IEA ID# 3314)
2010-10-24 2010-10-24
4603 2000-04-20 Amendments To Appendices I and II To The Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora (COP-11, 2000) (IEA ID# 4603)
2000-7-19
4849 2000-12-22 Amendment Adding Annex V to the Convention To Combat Desertification In Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought And/Or Desertification, Particularly In Africa (IEA ID# 4849)
2002-10-22
3341 2001-05-22 Convention On Persistent Organic Pollutants (IEA ID# 3341)
2010-7-26 2010-10-24
4641 2001-11-09 Amendment to the list in Annex II to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (deleting Turkey) (IEA ID# 4641)
2009-12-10
4204 2002-09-24 Amendments To Appendices 2002-
16
I And II Of The Convention On The Conservation Of Migratory Species Of Wild Animals (IEA ID# 4204)
12-23
5011 2002-10-18 Amendments to the Instrument For The Establishment Of The Restructured Global Environment Facility (IEA ID# 5011)
2007-4-11
4604 2002-11-15 Amendments To Appendices I and II To The Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora (COP-12, 2002) (IEA ID# 4604)
2003-2-13
5009 2002-12-09 Amendments to Annexex XIII and IX to The Convention On The Control Of Transboundary Movements Of Hazardous Wastes And Their Disposal (IEA ID# 5009)
2010-10-24
4445 2003-07-11 African Convention On The Conservation Of Nature And Natural Resources (Revised) (IEA ID# 4445)
2006-2-23
5010 2004-08-29 Amendments to Annexex XIII and IX to The Convention On The Control Of Transboundary Movements Of Hazardous Wastes And Their Disposal (IEA ID# 5010)
2010-10-24
4605 2004-10-14 Amendments To Appendices I and II To The Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora (COP-13, 2004) (IEA ID# 4605)
2005-1-12
4585 2005-05-06 Amendment to Add Annex G to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (Arbitration and Conciliation Procedures for Settlement of Disputes) (IEA ID# 4585)
2010-10-24
4270 2005-11-25 Amendments To Appendices 2006-
16
I And II Of The Convention On The Conservation Of Migratory Species Of Wild Animals (IEA ID# 4270)
2-23
5012 2006-08-30 Amendments to the Instrument For The Establishment Of The Restructured Global Environment Facility (IEA ID# 5012)
2007-9-14
4590 2007-07-15 Amendments To Appendices I and II To The Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora (COP-14, 2007) (IEA ID# 4590)
2007-10-13
4490 2007-09-21 Adjustments to Annex C of The Montreal Protocol On Substances That Deplete The Ozone Layer (hydrochlorofluorocarbons) (IEA ID# 4490)
2008-5-14
4558 2009-01-26 Statute of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IEA ID# 4558)
2009-6-8
4563 2009-05-09 Amendments to Annexes A, B and C to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (IEA ID# 4563)
2010-10-24
4635 2009-12-19 Amendment to the list in Annex I to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (adding Malta) (IEA ID# 4635)
2010-10-26
4614 2010-03-25 Amendments To Appendices I and II To The Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora (COP-15, 2010) (IEA ID# 4614)
2010-6-23
4612 2010-03-31 Protocol for the Protection of the Coastal and Marine Environment of the Western Indian Ocean from Land-based Sources and Activities to the Convention For The
2010-3-31
16
Protection, Management And Development Of The Marine And Coastal Environment Of The Eastern African Region (IEA ID# 4612)
4613 2010-03-31 Amended Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Western Indian Ocean (formerly The Eastern African Region) (IEA ID# 4613)
2010-3-31
5013 2010-05-28 Amendments to the Instrument For The Establishment Of The Restructured Global Environment Facility (IEA ID# 5013)
2011-2-24
4638 2010-10-29 Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity (IEA ID# 4638)
2012-1-9
4966 2011-04-29 Amendments to Annex A to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (listing technical endosulfan) (IEA ID# 4966)
2012-10-27
4869 2011-11-25 Amendments To Appendices I And II Of The Convention On The Conservation Of Migratory Species Of Wild Animals (IEA ID# 4869)
2012-2-23
4858 2011-12-11 Amendment to the list in Annex I to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (adding Cyprus) (IEA ID# 4858)
2013-1-1
4936 2013-03-14 Amendments To Appendices I and II To The Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species Of Wild Fauna And Flora (COP-16,
2013-6-12
16
2013) (IEA ID# 4936)
5004 2013-05-10 Amendments to Annex IX to The Convention On The Control Of Transboundary Movements Of Hazardous Wastes And Their Disposal (IEA ID# 5004)
2014-5-27
5032 2013-05-10 Amendments to Annex A to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (listing hexabromocyclododecane) (IEA ID# 5032)
2014-11-26
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