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Native Plants in the Pacific Northwest
Adding Diversity to Your Gardens
Benefits of Native Plants
Native plants are adapted to the local climate and soil conditions where they naturally occur. These important plant species provide nectar, pollen, and seeds that serve as food for native butterflies, insects, birds and other animals. Unlike natives, common horticultural plants do not provide energetic rewards for their visitors and often require insect pest control to survive.
What makes a plant “native”?
• Plants which are endemic to an area are considered native. These species were here prior to European colonization, and adapted to local conditions, such as available water, resources, temperature, herbivory and pests/disease.
What then is “non-native”?• As humans colonized the globe,
they brought plants with them, both intentionally and unintentionally.
• Many of these species are beautiful garden plants which we cultivate and protect.
• Many others are prone to escaping cultivation, and invade native habitats or colonize the disturbed areas we create.
What are Invasive Weeds?• These species can become invasive weeds,
or become designated as “noxious” species – those that cause significant ecological and economic harm in our state. Others become common “weeds.” These can still degrade the quality of natural habitats, and reduce the value to wildlife.
• Your responsibility as a gardener is to be aware of these invasive species, and watch out for plants in your garden which appear to be escaping.
Photo Linda Cartwright
What are Invasive Weeds?• Oregon State Law, Noxious Weeds 603-052-1200
• All plants covered in section 3 of this rule are prohibited entry into the State of Oregon.
• All plants listed in section 3 of this rule are prohibited from transport, purchase, sale or offering for sale in the State of Oregon.
• All plants listed in section 3 of this rule are prohibited from being propagated in the State of Oregon.
• All plants listed in section 3 may be collected from the wild in areas that are already infested with the specific species that is collected, provided that the plants, plant parts, or seed are not used for propagation or sale within the State of Oregon.
What are Invasive Weeds?• Example: Scotch broom was introduced from Europe, where it is used
as a garden plant, and as a natural barrier for grazing fields. It has now invaded most of the PNW.
Photo Eric Coombs, ODA
Benefits of Native Plants• Native plants do not require fertilizers and
require fewer pesticides than lawns.• Native plants require less water than lawns
and help prevent erosion.• The deep root systems of many native Pacific
Northwest plants increase the soil's capacity to store water. Native plants can significantly reduce water runoff and, consequently, flooding.
Native plant garden, dry site without irrigation.
Benefits of Native Plants
• Native plants provide shelter and food for wildlife.
• Native plants promote biodiversity and stewardship of our natural heritage.
• Native plants are beautiful and increase scenic values.
Native digger bee, visiting a broadleaf lupine
Identifying Native Plants• As with all plants, there are key ways to identify native plants. • There is an entirely separate language dealing with botanical
terminology. As gardeners, you have seen many of these terms before.
Identifying Native Plants• To give you a solid foundation, we will go through several of the most
common plant families in the Pacific Northwest, and discuss characteristics of each, as well as examples.
• At the end of the lecture, we will provide photos or dried specimens that illustrate certain characteristics.
• If you are interested, you can participate in a scavenger hunt to locate certain features and identify families. We will be available for questions, discussions and more information.
Basic Plant ID
http://www.saps.org.uk/secondary/teaching-resources/707-parts-of-a-plant-and-a-flower
• Growth form/Life cycle
• Inflorescence• Leaf arrangement• Hairs• Type of fruit or
seed
Basic Plant ID
http://www.saps.org.uk/secondary/teaching-resources/707-parts-of-a-plant-and-a-flower
Plant Families• Plants and animals are all organized in a taxonomical system to help
us understand how they evolved and how they are related. • The narrowest classification is the Genus and Species. These together
are the Scientific Name.• Example: human = Homo sapiens• Example: sunflower = Helianthus annuus
• The next broadest grouping is the family. Families share distinctive traits, and are a good place to begin learning plants.
The Plant Families
POLYGONACEAE – The Buckwheat Family• Small flowers,
sometimes without petals
• Simple leaves• Swollen nodes• Common weeds:
sheep sorrel, dock• Noxious weeds:
Knotweed species
1024 ×600Images may be subject to copyright.Learn Mor
Japanese knotweed. By Ancatdubh43 at English Wikipedia
POLYGONACEAE – The Buckwheat Family
Eriogonum strictum, strict buckwheat
Eriogonum compositumand E. douglasii, heartleaf buckwheat and Douglas buckwheat Eriogonum umbellatum, sulfur buckwheat
PORTULACACEAE: The Purslane Family
• Plants more or less fleshy, succulent
• usually with 2 sepals • petals free from each other • stamens usually opposite the
petals
Miner's lettuce (Montia perfoliata), Oregon State University
PORTULACACEAE: The Purslane Family • Weeds: common purslane
https://oregonstate.edu/dept/nursery-weeds/weedspeciespage/common_purslane/Common_purslane_Portulaca_oleraceae.html
PORTULACACEAE: The Purslane Family
• Native examples:• Claytonia
lanceolata, spring beauty
PORTULACACEAE: The Purslane Family
• Native examples:• Lewissia redivida, bitter root
CARYOPHYLLACEAE: The Pink Family• Opposite and entire leaves with
swollen nodes; petals free, often lobed
• Garden examples: Carnations, pinks• Weed: white cockle
CARYOPHYLLACEAE: The Pink Family• Native examples
• Silene oregana
https://www.pbase.com/diana_bradshaw/image/100541195
CARYOPHYLLACEAE: The Pink Family• Native examples
• Moehringia macrophylla (formerly Arenaria), bigleaf sandwort
© 2011 Jean Pawek© 2018 Matt Berger
RANUNCULACEAE: The Buttercup Family
• Petals free (or absent)• Many stamens• Flowers regular or
irregular• Fruit is a cluster of many
achenes• Leaves entire or deeply
lobed
Buttercup (Ranunculus) species
RANUNCULACEAE: The Buttercup Family
• Garden examples: clematis, columbine• Noxious Weeds: lesser celandine, old man’s beard
Cathy McQueeny, Clackamas SWCD
RANUNCULACEAE: The Buttercup Family
• Native examples• Anemone deltoidea, Columbia wind
flower• Anemone oregana, Oregon anemone
RANUNCULACEAE: The Buttercup Family
• Native examples• Aquilegia formosa,
western columbine
RANUNCULACEAE: The Buttercup Family
• Native examples• Delphinium nuttallianum, upland larkspur
BRASSICACEAE: The Mustard Family• 4 sepals• 4 free petals• Usually 6 stamens, 4 long
and 2 short• Often with forked or
branched hairs• Fruits a distinctive pod –
siliques or silicles
Sickle-pod rockcress, Boechera atrorubens
BRASSICACEAE: The Mustard Family
Rockcress Fringe-pod, Thysanocarpos curvipes
• Mustard fruits are explosive –as they dry they will suddenly split and fling their seeds violently.
• Siliques are sleek• Silicles are
circular
BRASSICACEAE: The Mustard Family• Garden examples:
cauliflower, broccoli• Weeds: garlic mustard,
tumble mustard, moneyplant (honesty)
BRASSICACEAE: The Mustard Family• Native examples:
• Cardamine pulcherrima, oaks toothwort
BRASSICACEAE: The Mustard Family• Native examples:
• Draba verna, spring Whitlow-grass
SAXIFRAGACEAE: • Petals free• Hypanthium present
• A structure formed when the stamens, petals and sepals are all joined at the base to create a cup.
• Stamens 10 or less• Often with basal leaves
SAXIFRAGACEAE:
• Native examples: • Lithophragma spp, prairie star
SAXIFRAGACEAE: • Native examples:
• Mitella spp, miterwort
©Robert L. CarriNaturalist
ROSACEAE: The Rose Family • Petals free• Hypanthium present• Stamens 10 or more• Leaves usually stipulate
http://www.gardenatoz.com/what%27s-up!/scrabbling-in-the-garden/steeped-in-stipules/
ROSACEAE: The Rose Family • Garden examples: roses, cherry, apples• Noxious weeds: sulfur cinquefoil, Himalayan blackberry
http://stanleyparkproject.com/blog/2013/8/13/plant-id-himalayan-blackberry-vs-salmonberry-shrubs
https://weedwise.conservationdistrict.org/weeds/himalayan-blackberry-rubus-armeniacus
ROSACEAE: The Rose Family
• Native examples: • Amelanchier alnifolia, serviceberry
ROSACEAE: The Rose Family
• Native examples: • Purshia tridentata, bitterbrush
ROSACEAE: The Rose Family
• Native examples:
• Spiraeabetulifolia, white spiraea
• Spiraeadouglassii, western spiraea
FABACEAE: The Pea Family• Flowers
irregular (regular in some non-native species)
• Petals free at base; leaves mostly alternate and compound.
• Fruit is a pod• Leaves often
compound
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph8b.htm
FABACEAE: The Pea Family• Garden examples: peas,
clover• Noxious Weeds: sweet
pea (everlasting pea), indigo, Scotch broom, gorse
FABACEAE: The Pea Family
• Natives: • Astragalus spp, milk-vetch• Astragalus purshii, wooly pod milk-vetch
FABACEAE: The Pea Family• Natives:
• Lupinus spp, lupines• Lupinus latifolius, broad-leaf lupine
FABACEAE: The Pea Family• Natives:
• Trifolium spp, native clovers. • Trifolium macrocephalum, _______ clover
APIACEAE: The Parsley Family
• Inflorescence an umbel• Petioles sheathing• Petals free• Leaves often compound,
pinnate
Lomatium columbianum, Columbia desert-parsley
APIACEAE: The Parsley Family
• Garden: carrots, parsley• Weeds: wild carrot, Queen
Anne’s lace, burr chervil • Noxious Weeds: poison
hemlock, hogweed
APIACEAE: The Parsley Family• Natives:
• Lomatium spp, desert-parsley
Lomatium grayii, pungent desert-parsley
Lomatium nudicaule, naked stem desert-parsley
Lomatium macrocarpum, gray leaf desert-parsley
ERICACEAE: The Heath Family• Petals free or more often
united in a bell-like corolla• Anthers opening by pores and
often awned• Leaves often evergreen, or
hardy• Garden examples: heath,
blueberry, rhododendron, azalea
ERICACEAE: The Heath Family
• Natives: • Arctostaphylos spp,
manzanita (Columbia, green leaf)
• Arctostaphylos nevadensis, pine-mat manzanita
ERICACEAE: The Heath Family
Pterospora andromedea, pinedrops
Pyrola aphylla, leafless pyrolaMonotropa uniflora, Indian pipe
BORAGINACEAE: The Borage Family
• Petals united into a corolla, flowers regular
• Inflorescence usually a scorpioidcyme
• Often hairy • Hispid = course and firm, sometimes
pungent• Sericeous = silky
• Garden examples: bluebells, forget-me-nots
• Noxious Weeds: houndstongue
BORAGINACEAE: The Borage Family
• Natives: • Cynoglossum grande,
giant houndstongue
BORAGINACEAE: The Borage Family
• Natives: • Lithospermum
ruderale, puckoon
HYDROPHYLLACEAE: The Waterleaf Family• Petals united forming a
corolla, flower regular• Many, long stamens• Inflorescence a helicoid cyme.
Hydrophyllum capitatum, ballhead waterleaf
LAMIACEAE: The Mint Family• Petals fused into a corolla; flowers
irregular• Labiate = lipped
• Stems square in cross-section, unless plants are woody
• Leaves opposite• Often odiferous (good or bad)
http://www.backyardnature.net/n/13/130804.htm
LAMIACEAE: The Mint Family• Garden: spearmint, lemon balm,
bee balm, lavender, rosemary• Noxious Weeds: yellow archangel• Common Weeds: dead-nettle,
catnip
LAMIACEAE: The Mint Family• Natives:
• Agastache urticifolia, horsemint
LAMIACEAE: The Mint Family• Natives:
• Prunellavulgaris, self-heal
SCROPHULARIACEAE: • Petals fused into a corolla; flowers
irregular• Catch-all family• This family has recently been broken
into a few other families• Garden: snapdragon, foxglove• Noxious Weeds: Dalmatian toadflax,
butter and eggs
www.kingcounty.gov
SCROPHULARIACEAE:
• Natives: • Castilleja hispida, rough paintbrush
SCROPHULARIACEAE: • Natives:
• Pedicularis groenlandica, elephant’s head lousewort
SCROPHULARIACEAE: • Natives:
• Penstemon species (so many!)
Penstemon barrettae, Barrett’s beardtongue
Penstemon rupicola, rock beardtongue
Penstemon euglaucus, glaucous beardtongue
CAPRIFOLIACEAE: The Honeysuckle Family
• Woody• Petals fused into corolla• Leaves opposite,
sometimes perfoliate• Garden: honeysuckle• Native example:
• Lonicera ciliosa, orange honeysuckle
CAPRIFOLIACEAE: The Honeysuckle Family
• Natives: • Linnaea borealis, twinflower
ASTERACEAE: The Aster Family• Flowers in involucrate heads
• Bracts surround the actual flowers. These are called involucre bracts. • Bract = a specialized, modified leaf
• Petals united; anthers united• Aster flowers are radically different than simple flowers.• An inflorescence of aster flowers is made up of 10s-100s of individual flowers.• Ray flowers = a flower with a long, tongue-like extension. This is the petal of
an aster.• Disc flowers = a simple corolla centered on the face of an aster inflorescence.
• Garden: sunflowers, daisies, cosmos
ASTERACEAE: The Aster FamilyBalsamorhiza sagittata, arrowleaf balsamroot
ASTERACEAE: The Aster Family• Noxious Weeds: orange and meadow
hawkweed, knapweeds, yellow starthistle, skeletonweed, Canada thistle and other thistles, tansy ragwort
• Common weeds: chicory, bachelor’s buttons, dandelion, salsify, burdock, chamomile, oxe-eye daisy
Meadow hawkweed infestation
ASTERACEAE: The Aster Family• Natives:
• Achillea millefolium, yarrow• Agoseris, Microseris, Hieracium – dandelion look alikes• Native thistles, wavy leaf thistle, mountain thistle• Anaphalis margaritacea, pearly everlasting• Antennaria spp, pussy toes• Arnica cordifolia, heartleaf arnica• Artemisia, sagebrush, white sage, wormwood• Aster and Eucephalus, (eg Eucephalus ledophyllus, Cascades aster)• Balsamorhiza sagittata, arrowleaf balsamroot• Crocidium multicaule, goldstars• Coreopsis atkinsoniana, Columbia tickseed• Chrysothamnus spp, rabbitbrush• Erigeron, daisies• Eriophyllum lanatum, wooly sunflower• Gaillardia aristata, blanketflower• Helianthella uniflora, little sunflower• Solidago spp., goldenrod
ASTERACEAE: The Aster Family
Gaillardia aristata, blanket flower
Crocidium multicaule, gold stars
Eriophyllum lanatum, wooly sunshine or Oregon sunshine
ASTERACEAE: The Aster Family
Solidago canadensis, goldenrod Antennaria microphylla, rosy pussytoes
Artemisia ludoviciana, white sage
Happy Botanizing!• This presentation only brushes the surface of the wildflower and
plant diversity in our area.• Unless otherwise cited, all the pictures in this slideshow were taken
by Sarah Hall or Christina Mead.• Please contact us for more information about plants in this area:
• Sarah Callaghan, Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Botanist• sacallaghan@fs.fed.us, 541-308-1717
• Sarah Hall, Eastzone Botanist Mt. Hood National Forest (Parkdale office)• sarahhall@fs.fed.us, 541-352-1219
• Christina Mead, Eastzone Botanist Mt. Hood National Forest (Dufur office)• christinaamead@fs.fed.us, 541-467-5132
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