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Neurons & Nervous System
Development – Genes; ~25,000 in a fertilized egg
Structure - ~ 3 lbs; fuel = glucoseglial cells (support; insulation)Neurons (brain cells)
Some Repair- no regrowth in neurons except dendrite extensions
What’s in the Central Nervous System ?
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain – (Made up of neurons) & Spinal CordWhat comprises a Neuron? (refer to diagram)• Cell body – • Dendrites –• Axon – • Myelin Sheath - • End bulbs – • Synapse –
Neuron
Peripheral Nervous System
Nerves outside the Brain & Spinal cord
Can regrow, regenerate & reattach
What is the Peripheral Nervous System?
What do Neurotransmitters do? Excitatory
Open up the chemical gates in organs/cells increase the response
InhibitoryBlock the chemical gates – decrease the organ response
Endorphins – Natural pain killers
ALL or NONE Law – transmission occurs from start to end in a neuron
What are Reflex Responses?
Unlearned, involuntary, protective
Afferent – SensoryAttach to the Spinal Cord
Efferent – MotorExit from the Spinal Cord
What is Phantom Limb Phenomena? Feeling Sensations from an amputated limb
? Stump Nerves? ? Spinal Cord?? Brain? (Apparently images & sensations are stored there)
How do drugs affect neurons?
Blocking reuptake of neurotransmitter
Blocking receptors
Mimicking neurotransmitters
Should Fetal Tissue Transplants be Allowed?
Allows growth of neurons in damaged areas
Parkinson’s disease – motor neuron recoveryAlzheimersMultiple SclerosisCells removed from aborted fetuses
The Brain – Structure / Function Anamolies: Which affect brain…
Anencephaly Hydrocephaly
Trisomy 21 – Down’s Syndrome
Fragile X syndrome – pinched X
Epilepsy / Stroke
How does the Theory of Evolution Relate?
Basis for much of psychology due to Darwin’s influence
How is behavior, growth, development adaptive or functional for the individual and/or species
How do we look at the brain?
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)Radio frequencies Structure
PET Scan-Positron Emission TopographyRadioactive absorption in areasFunctioning
What are the branches of the Peripheral Nervous System?
Somatic – VoluntaryIncludes afferent and efferent nerves
Autonomic – Involuntary (Automatic)Sympathetic –
Parasympathetic –
How does the Peripheral Nervous System Work?
Fight or Flight Response – triggered by Sympathetic system
Bodily reaction to threatening situation
Homeostasis –equilibrium
Autonomic Nervous System
What’s at the front of our brain?Frontal Lobes
Most evolvedAspects of EmotionExecutive FunctionsMotor Cortex **-Voluntary motor functionsBroca’s area – Production of language
What’s at the top of our brain? Parietal Lobes
Sensory information; temp & painSomatasensory Cortex
• Information on touch, limbs, pain & temperature, object recognition & remembering
** Contralateral – one side of brain controls opposite side of body
What’s at the side of our brain? Temporal Lobes Hearing/speaking words/ Writing
Primary Auditory Cortex – Auditory association area – Wernicke’s area – understanding speech and speaking coherently
What’s at the back of our brain?
Occipital LobesColors, Recognizing objects, animals,
people
Primary Visual Cortex –
Visual Association Area –
What is in the Hindbrain?
Cerebellum – “little brain” Co-ordinated motor movement
Pons - Sleep
Medulla – vital functions
Is there a correlation between Brain Size & Intelligence ?
Racial myths – only used confirming data leading to biases
Density, not structural size appears important
Are there Hemispheric Differences ?
Left Side of the BrainVerbal Language, Math, Analytical (pieces)
Right Side of the BrainNonverbal, Spatial, Holistic (combining parts into meaningful whole)
Split-brain video clip
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