NEW EMERGING AND REEMERGING DISEASES •

NEW EMERGING AND

REEMERGING DISEASES •

2

Definitions •New Emerging infectious diseases newly identified or previously unknown infections

•Re-emerging infectious diseases re-appearance of, or increase in number of, infections from a disease previously known

3

New Emerging Infectious Diseases:

Definition Diseases of infectious origin whose incidence in humans has increased within the recent past or threatens to increase in the near future,

including: previously unknown infectious diseases; known but appearing in new geographic areas; or increase abruptly;

4

5

Infectious Diseases: A World in Transition

6

7

8

•The human species Continues to change and to change its surroundings: the ways we live, work, relax; the places we go; the foods we eat ...

•The changing nature of our interactions with each other and with our environment alters the dynamics of disease epidemiology and exposes us to new threats.

9

10

11

12

ENVIRONTMENT

13

14

15

16

EMERGING DISEASES ARE NOT NEW TO MANKIND

17

18

1973 Rotavirus 1975 Parvovirus B19 1976 Cryptosporidium parvum 1977 Ebola virus, Legionella pneumophilia, Hantaan virus, Campylobacter jejuni 1980 HTLV-1 1981 Staphylococcus toxin 1982 E. coli O157, HTLV-2, Borrelia burgdoferi 1983 HIV virus, Helicobacter pylori 1988 HHV-6, Hepatitis E 1989 Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Hepatitis C

NEWLY IDENTIFIED PHATOGENS(1973- 1989)

19

1990 Guanarito virus 1991 Encephalitozzon hellem 1992 Vibrio cholerae O139 1992 Bartonella henselae 1993 Sabia virus 1995 Hepatitis G virus 1995 Human herpesvirus-8 1996 TSE causing agent (nvCJD) 1997 Avian influenza (Type A H5N1) 1999 Nipah virus, Avian Influenza H9N1, Stealth viruses

Newly identified pathogens (1990 - 1999)

20

•1998 Nipah encephalitis •2003 SARS •2004 Avian influenza H5N1 •2006 Chikungunya- re-emergence •2009 Pandemic influenza A H1N1

Newly identified pathogens (1997 – 2009)

21

Since 1973 39 newly identified pathogens, examples :

1973 Rotavirus 1977 Ebola virus, Hantaan virus 1980 HTLV-1 1983 HIV virus H pylori 1988 Hepatitis E 1992 Vibrio cholerae O139 1996 Avian influenza A (H5N1) 1999 Nipah virus 2003 SARS

Others re-emerged

Dengue/DHF Cholera Malaria Chikungunya J. Encephalitis Leptospirosis N.meningitidis

22

Current estimates- 1,415 microbes are infectious for human.

Of these, 868 (61%) considered zoonotic.

70% of newly recognized pathogens

are zoonoses.

23

Current estimates- 1,415 microbes are infectious for human.

Of these, 868 (61%) considered zoonotic. 70% of newly recognized pathogens are zoonoses.

24

Risk factors for emerging zoonoses: close human animal interface in Asia

25

Examples of recent emerging and re-emerging diseases

26

Emergence of HPAI (H5N1) 2003-June 2008 a total of 385 cases with 243 deaths

27

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF PROBABLE CASES

28

SARS: THE FIRST EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASE OF THE 21ST CENTURY

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

EMERGENCY DENGUE FEVER/DENGUE HAEMORRHAGIC FEVER

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55