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Nineteenth Century Artistic
Movements
Romanticism• Roughly 1750 – 1850• Art designed to provoke a
strong emotional response and to celebrate man as a creature of warm emotions rather than of cold logic
• A rejection of the new science and reason of the Industrial Revolution
• Often promoted patriotic sentiments or celebrated the awesomeness of nature
Romantic Literature
The Brothers Grimm• Jacob & Wilhelm• German• Gathered anthologies of
Germanic folk tales• Published Grimms’ Fairy
Tales beginning in 1812, with regularly updated editions every few years as they gathered more stories
Lord Byron• 1788 – 1824• British noble & poet• Developed the “Byronic
hero” which would become a hallmark of Romantic literature – a dark, brooding, and often violent hero who still has the ability for doing good and loving deeply
Mary Shelley• 1797 – 1851• English novelist• Student of Lord Byron• Wrote Frankenstein• Had a child out of wedlock with
the already married Percy Bysshe Shelley, the two later married after his first wife committed suicide!
• 3 of their 4 children would die very young
• Husband drowned at age 29• Died of a brain tumor at 53
The Brontë Sisters • Charlotte: 1816 – 1855• Wrote Jane Eyre• Died at 38 from
tuberculosis• Emily: 1818 – 1848• Wrote Wuthering Heights• Died of tuberculosis at
age 30• Anne: 1820 – 1849• Wrote Agnes Grey • Died of tuberculosis at
age 29
Victor Hugo• 1802 – 1885• French• Wrote Les Miserables
and The Hunchback of Notre Dame
• Highly successful within his own lifetime
• Forced into exile by Napoleon III over his political views
Alexandre Dumas• 1802 – 1870• French• Wrote The Three
Musketeers, The Man in the Iron Mask, and The Count of Monte Cristo
• Being ¼ African, Dumas was never fully accepted into French high society
Washington Irving• 1783 – 1859• American• Wrote The Legend of
Sleepy Hollow, Rip van Winkle
• Perfected the short story as a serious genre
Nathaniel Hawthorne• 1804 – 1864• American• Wrote The Scarlet
Letter• Wrote largely on
man’s tendency to sin, resulting in his work being called “dark romanticism”
Herman Melville• 1819 – 1891• American • Wrote Moby Dick• Focus was primarily on
sea yarns• Melville’s work was not
well reviewed in his own lifetime
Edgar Allan Poe• 1809 – 1849• American• Wrote many poems and short-
stories in the horror genre: The Raven, The Black Cat, The Cask of Amontillado, The Fall of the House of Usher, The Pit and the Pendulum, The Murders in the Rue Morgue, The Tell-Tale Heart
• Married his 13 year-old cousin (he was 26) but she died of tuberculosis at 15
• Poe died of unknown causes, but known to have been a heavy drinker
Romantic Music
Ludwig van Beethoven• 1770 – 1827• German• Composer of 9 full
symphonies as well as various other pieces
• Highly experimental in his music, defying established classical conventions
• Continued to compose music even after he had gone completely deaf
Frederic Chopin• 1810 – 1849• Polish• Began composing music
at age 7• Most of his works are
etudes for the piano• Much of his work
celebrated his Polish heritage
• Died of tuberculosis
Richard Wagner• 1813 – 1883• German• Wrote mainly operas,
most of which celebrated German history or folklore
• Openly racist and anti-Semitic, his works would be repopularized under the Nazi regime
Romantic Art
Francisco Goya
The Third of May, 1808
1814oil on canvas8 ft. 8 in. x 11 ft. 3 in.
Francisco Goya
Saturn Devouring His Children
1819-1823fresco on canvas4 ft. 9 in. x 2 ft. 8 in.
Eugène Delacroix
Death of Sardanapalus
1826oil on canvas12 ft. 1 in. x 16 ft. 3 in.
Eugène Delacroix
Liberty Leading the People
1830oil on canvas8 ft. 6 in. x 10 ft. 8 in.
Caspar David Friedrich
Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog
1818oil on canvas
Caspar David Friedrich
Abbey in the Oak Forest
1810oil on canvas3 ft. 7 1/2 in. x 5 ft. 7 1/4 in.
Théodore Géricault
Raft of the Medusa
1818-1819oil on canvas16 x 23 ft.
Thomas Cole
The Oxbow
1836oil on canvas4 ft. 3 1/2 in. x 6 ft. 4 in.
Albert Bierstadt
Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California
1868oil on canvas6 ft. x 10 ft.
John Everett Millais
Ophelia
1852oil on canvas2 ft. 6 in. x 3 ft. 8 in.
Her clothes spread wide,And mermaidlike awhile they bore her up-Which time she chanted snatches of old tunes,As one incapable of her own distress.
Realism• Roughly 1850 – 1900• Art designed to show
the world as it really is• Artists often sought to
improve the situation of the poor by exposing the conditions in which they lived and worked
Realist Literature
Charles Dickens• 1812 – 1870• English• Wrote Oliver Twist, A
Tale of Two Cities, Great Expectations, A Christmas Carol
• Much of his work focused on the suffering of the poor in London
Mark Twain• 1835 – 1910• American• Wrote Tom Sawyer,
Huckleberry Finn• Real name – Samuel
Clemens• Worked as a riverboat
pilot, confederate soldier, journalist
Stephen Crane• 1871 – 1900• American• Wrote The Red Badge
of Courage• Worked as a war
correspondent during the Spanish-American War
• Died at age 28 from tuberculosis
Realist Art
Gustave Courbet
The Stone Breakers
1849oil on canvas5 ft. 3 in. x 8 ft. 6 in.
Jean-François Millet
The Gleaners
1857oil on canvas2 ft. 9 in. x 3 ft. 8 in.
Édouard Manet
Olympia
1863oil on canvas4 ft. 3 in. x 6 ft. 3 in.
Winslow Homer
The Veteran in a New Field
1865oil on canvas2 ft. 1/8 in. x 3 ft. 2 1/8 in.
Thomas Eakins
The Gross Clinic
1875oil on canvas8 ft. x 6 ft. 6 in.
John Singer Sargent
The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit
1882oil on canvas7 ft. 3 3/8 in. x 7 ft. 3 5/8 in.
Henry Ossawa Tanner
The Thankful Poor
1894oil on canvas2 ft. 11 1/2 in. x 3 ft. 8 1/4 in.
Jean-Léon Gérôme
Police Verso
1872oil on canvas100.5 x 148.8 cm
Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre
Still Life in Studio
1837Daguerreotype
Eugène Durieu & Eugène Delacroix
Draped Model (back view)
ca. 1854albumen print7 5/16 x 5 1/8 in.
Hippolyte Jouvin
The Point Neuf, Paris
ca. 1860-1865albumen stereograph
Eadweard Muybridge
Horse Galloping
1878collotype print
Impressionism• Roughly 1870 - 1900• Art designed to show
only the impression of things, not the full details of realism
• Art is characterized by rough brushstrokes, unfinished look
Impressionist Art
Claude Monet• 1840 – 1926• French• Considered the master
of the Impressionist movement
• Winning the lottery afforded him the luxury of honing his art; very successful artist in his lifetime
Claude Monet
Impression: Sunrise
1872oil on canvas1 ft. 7 1/2 in. x 2 ft. 1 1/2 in.
Claude Monet
Saint-LazareTrain Station
1877oil on canvas2 ft. 5 3/4 in. x 3 ft. 5 in.
Claude Monet
Rouen Cathedral: The Portal
1892-95oil on canvaseach approximately 3 ft. 3 1/4 in. x 2 ft. 1 7/8 in.
Edgar Degas• 1834 – 1917• French• Unlike others, born into
wealth, formally trained as an artist
• Never married• Spent his last years
nearly blind
Edgar Degas
Ballet Rehearsal
1874oil on canvas1 ft. 11 in. x 2 ft. 9 in.
Edgar Degas
Little Fourteen-Year-Old Dancer
1879-81bronze, paint, tulle, satin, wood
Edgar Degas
L’absinthe
1876oil on canvas
36 1/4 x 26 3/4 in.
Edgar Degas
The Tub
1886pastel1 ft. 11 1/2 in. x 2 ft. 8 3/8 in.
Edouard Manet• 1832 – 1883• French• Married his father’s
mistress (and his half-brother’s mother!)
• Had to have a foot amputated due to gangrene caused by untreated syphilis and died several days later
Édouard Manet
A Bar at the Folies-Bergère
1882oil on canvas3 ft. 1 in. x 4 ft. 3 in.
Pierre Auguste Renoir• 1841 – 1919• French• Painter and sculptor• Married one of his
models• Developed severe
arthritis later in life, which kept him from painting
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Le Moulin de la Galette
1876oil on canvas4 ft. 3 in. x 5 ft. 8 in.
Post-Impressionism• Roughly 1890 –
1920• Art has a variety of
styles, usually using sharp lines, bright colors
Post-Impressionist Art
Vincent van Gogh• 1853 – 1890• Dutch• Considered the master of
the Post-Impressionist era• Produced over 2000
pieces• Cut off his own ear due to
depression, later committed suicide by shooting himself in the chest
Vincent van Gogh
The Night Café
1888oil on canvas2 ft. 4 1/2 in. x 3 ft.
Vincent van Gogh
Starry Night
1889oil on canvas2 ft. 5 in. x 3 ft. 1/4 in.
Vincent van Gogh
Starry Night
1889oil on canvas2 ft. 5 in. x 3 ft. 1/4 in.
Henri Toulouse-Lautrec • 1864 – 1901• French• Born into nobility• Parents were first cousins,
Henri suffered from inbreeding
• Legs stopped growing at age 15 – only stood 5’ tall
• Also suffered from hypertrophy
• Died from effects of alcoholism and syphilis
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
At the Moulin Rouge
1892-1895oil in canvas4 ft. x 4 ft. 7 in.
Georges Seurat• 1859 – 1891• French• Born wealthy• Died at 31 from
meningitis – both of his children died within days of him from the same disease
Georges Seurat
A Sunday on La Grande Jatte
1884-1886oil on canvas6 ft. 9 in. x 10 ft.
Georges Seurat
A Sunday on La Grande Jatte
1884-1886oil on canvas6 ft. 9 in. x 10 ft.
Paul Gauguin• 1848 – 1903• French• 1891: left Europe for
Tahiti• Sentenced to prison for
a conflict with the church, he died from syphilis and alcohol abuse before he could begin his sentence
Paul Gauguin
The Vision after the Sermon
1888oil on canvas2 ft. 4 3/4 in. x 3 ft. 1/2 in.
Paul Gauguin
Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?
1897oil on canvas4 ft. 6 13/16 in. x 12 ft. 3 in.
Edvard Munch• 1863 – 1944• Norwegian• Developed a new form
of Post-Impressionism called Expressionism
• His work was denounced by the Nazis as “degenerate” and banned in the 1930s
Edvard Munch
The Dance of Life
1900oil on canvas
49 1/2 x 75 1/2 in.
Edvard Munch
The Scream
1893oil, pastel and casein on cardboard2 ft. 11 3/4 in. x 2 ft. 5 in.
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