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A nukleáris medicina története

Balkay LászlóDebreceni Egyetem

Nukleáris Medicina intézet

Források

Henri Becquerel

 Over a hundred years ago, in early 1896, the French physicist, Henri Becquerel, discovered that a mysterious X-ray was produced by uranium. Becquerel's achievement was itself based on the work of the German scientist, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen, who had discovered X-rays only a few months earlier in November 1895.

Marja Sklodowska Curie Pierre Curie was a Professor of Physics at the Sorbonne. He was a good friend of Becquerel, who was the head of the Physics Department at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris. In 1897, Curie's young bride, Marie (Marja Sklodowska) became Becquerel's assistant and took on the study of X-rays from uranium as her doctoral thesis. Marie found that some of the components of uranium were even more radioactive than uranium itself. By 1898 Pierre had abandoned his own work to join his wife in her search for the source of the baffling rays produced by uranium. Madame Curie called the mysterious rays "radioactivity."That July, the Curies announced the isolation of a radioactive element from uranium. They named their discovery polonium (Po-210) in honor of Marie's birthplace, Poland. Then, in December 1898, the couple discovered yet another radioactive element from uranium - one that glowed, gave off heat, and was much more radioactive than uranium. The Curies named this exciting new element radium (Ra-226). In 1903, Marie and Pierre, along with Becquerel, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their work.

Pierre és Marie Curie lányukkal Irene Curie-vel. Hárman összesen 4 Nobel díjat kaptak kutatásaikért

1903-ban professzora, Henri Becquerel felügyelete alatt Marie megkapta doktori címét, Franciaországban elsőként, mint nő. Ugyanebben az évben Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, és Henri Becquerel együttesen megkapták a fizikai Nobel-díjat.

Kémiai Nobel-díj (1911): „elismerésképpen a rádium és polónium felfedezésért, a rádium sikeres elválasztásáértt, és ennek a figyelemreméltó elemnek további tanulmányozásáért”.

Irene Curie és Frédéric Joliot ( férj és feleség) 1935-ben együtt nyerték el a kémiai Nobel-díjat a mesterségesen előállított új radioaktív elemek felfedezéséért

1905: magyar nyelvű Akadémiai Kiadvány

1905: magyar nyelvű Akadémiai Kiadvány

Ionizáló részecskék detelktálása: elektroszkóp (~1890)

This large pottery crock was lined with radium ore. Instructions on the jar

suggest that you fill it every night with water and drink an average of six or more glasses daily. After its discovery by Pierre and

Marie Curie in 1898, radium was considered a "cure-all"

until the early 1920s.

HEVESY GYÖRGYmagyar kémikus1885, Budapest – 1966, Freiburg

1913-ban fedezte fel Hevesy György a radioaktív nyomjelzés technikáját. A radioaktív nyomjelzés lényege, hogy adott rendszerben nyomon követhetünk bizonyos folyamatokat a rendszer működésének zavarása nélkül.

Hevesy a '20-as, '30-as években már a radioaktív nyomjelzés biológiai alkalmazásait kutatta. Az ő munkássága nyomán alakult ki az izotópdiagnosztika (nukleáris medicina).

A radiokatív nyomjelzés megalapozása

Kombinált „clearance” és máj vizsgálat 1963-ban

Ionizáló részecskék detelktálása: GM cső (~1930)

Kutatásaik során bórt, alumíniumot és magnéziumot bombáztak alfa-sugarakkal, eredményül eredetileg nem sugárzó elemek, a nitrogén, a foszfor és az alumínium radioaktív izotópjait kapták. Ezek a felfedezések feltárták annak a lehetőségét, hogy mesterségesen előállított radioaktív elemekkel kémiai változásokat és élettani folyamatokat lehessen nyomon követni..

Mesterséges radiokativitás felfedezése (1934)

Ernest O. Lawrence

In 1929, Ernest O. Lawrence, working at the University of California at Berkeley, invented the cyclotron which could create a number of radioisotopes that are useful in biological and medical work.

Gaál Sándor (1885-1972) magyar fizikus, a ciklotron elvének megalkotója.

Emilio Segre

In 1938, Seaborg and Emilio Segre discovered technetium-99m (Tc-99m). Today, Tc-99m is the most widely used radioisotope in nuclear medicine.

For some time, the need for a more efficient detector of the high energy photons of 1-131 had been recognized. In 1947, Kalirnann devised a scintillation detector utilizing organiccrystals of naphthalene attached to the face of a multiplier phototube. Although crude, it was more sensitive than a Geiger- Mueller tube. Hofstadter modified the basic design to produce a more sensitive detector by adding small amounts of thallium to sodium iodide (Nal). The development of these devices, however, had to wait for refinement of the photomultiplier tube and counting circuits, which really were not available until after the second World War.

Szcintillátorok I.

NaI (TI) (1940s, Hofstadter)

(ECAT II-1977, ADAC CPET-1996)

BGO (1970s, Weber)(ECAT 911-1982, GE Advance-

1994)

GSO (1980s, Takagi)(Scanditronix PC-2048, 1983)

LSO (1990s, Melcher)(ECAT ACCEL-2000)

La3Br (2004, Saint Gobain):

Szcintillátorok II

SPECT, PET-hez is alkalmas lehet!

Hal Anger

Hal Anger revolutionized the field of nuclear medicine with his development of the gamma camera in the late 1950s. He also developed the well counter, widely used in laboratory tests with small samples of radioactive materials.

http://tech.snmjournals.org/content/vol33/issue4/images/large/zl80040503130002.jpeg

SPECT

A PET módszer kialakulása I

1953

A PET módszer kialakulása II

1965-1971

A PET módszer kialakulása III1973 – tomográfia (TerPogossian, Phelps, Hoffman,Mullani)

A PET módszer kialakulása IV

1950-1975. Csak O-15, Ga-68 izotópok: H2O, CO2, CO, Ga-ATP

Izotópok és radiofarmakonok fejlődése

1976- F-18, N-13,C-11 izotópok

1980-1990 Orvosi ciklotronok fejlesztése

NaI (TI) (1940s, Hofstadter)

(ECAT II-1977, ADAC CPET-1996)

BGO (1970s, Weber)(ECAT 911-1982, GE Advance-

1994)

GSO (1980s, Takagi)(Scanditronix PC-2048, 1983)

LSO (1990s, Melcher)(ECAT ACCEL-2000)

La3Br (2004, Saint Gobain):

Szcintillátorok II

SPECT, PET-hez is alkalmas lehet!

Our PET is growing up

From P. Vernon, GE

PET-CT kamerák (2000)

Siemens Biograph Hirez GE Discovery ST Elite

Philips Gemini GXL/TF

Rat D2 (F18FMT)

Rat F18DG

PET-MR

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