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then Spring 2005Midterm Practical Review

Practical Exam:March 2, 2005

•Again- be careful of times! The exam schedule is different from that for the reviews. Students are responsible for taking note of the sessions they signed up for…and keeping to this schedule!

The actual exam lasts less than 40 minutes. We have a built in buffer at the end for business, but we will start them on time!

Limit 25 students per session.

Special Needs Students

• Students needing special assistance (e.g. extra time) must sign up for the LAST review & LAST exam session.

• They must have their signed documentation on file with the coordinator prior to entry into either.

Exam - Grade / Question Distribution

~15% OF YOUR OVERALL GRADE

~1/3 Taxonomy & identification

~1/3 Structure & function

~1/3 Comparisons between phyla

Exam - Point / Time Distribution

25 stations - 2 questions per station

50 questions total - 1 point per question

Round 1 - 60 SECONDS (I min.) per station

= 25 minutes for round 1

Round 2 - 30 SECONDS (1/2 min.) per station

= 12.5 minutes for round 2

Total exam time given = 37.5 minutes- ¾ minute (45 seconds) per question!

Exam - Grading Policies• Capitalize taxa

Points WILL be deducted for not doing so.If you wish to use all capitals, make sure the first letter is most definitely TWICE as big as the rest.

• Spelling 1 letter will be over looked2 letters - lose ½ point3 letters - lose 1 point

These rules only apply if 1 or 2 letters do notcreate another word that could mean that thestudent does not know the answer to the Q.

Mesohyl (of Porifera) Mesophyll (of Plants)

Exam - Rules!•Sign up for one exam!

•Arrive at least 10 minutes prior to your session. If you are late you may not be let in!

•Bring only a couple of pencils and an eraser (Pencil enables you to change your response and leave only the part that you wish to be graded.) You may use a pen if you insist!

•You will be given a pre-exam introduction re exam rules! No cheating! Keep eyes on your own paper (Turn caps around, pull hair away from face.) etc, etc……

•Sign your sheet if you want your grades posted. If you choose not to sign it you will have to see the Coordinator in person to get your grade.

•Grade information will not be given out over the phone or by e-mail.

Student ‘flow’ around the lab

49, 50 1,2

DOOR

WINDOWS41, 42

SIN

K &

AQ

UA

RIU

MS

Note - the following slides may look different from what you saw in lab!!!

These images are to be used in conjunction with

your lab drawings, your notes &

the lab manual.

DON’T FORGET ……STUDY the MICROSCOPE- USAGE & PARTS!!!

*Compound vs. Dissection*How to illuminate an opaque vs.

transparent object*Magnification formula (M=OO) etc.

KINGDOM ANIMALIAPHYLUM PoriferaPHYLUM CnidariaPHYLUM PlatyhelminthesPHYLUM NemertinaPHYLUM NematodaPHYLUM RotiferaPHYLUM AnnelidaPHYLUM Arthropoda

(SUPHYLA Trilobitmorpha, Crustacea & Chelicerata.)These are the phyla that you will be tested on for the midterm practical

• CELLULAR level of body organization

• Middle layer = MESOHYLAcellular matrix - location of spicules, spongin & archeocytes

• Diagnostic cell type: CHOANOCYTE – the flagellated collar cell

PHYLUM

PORIFERA

The Three TYPES of Sponges

Asconoid = smallest

Leuconoid = Largest

Syconoid = middle-sized

PHYLUM Porifera TYPE Asconoid

Too small to dissect in lab, you could only look at a whole specimen (as above) or prepared slides (mini green cacti).

This sponge looks white in the jar, but most of our slide specimens have been stained green so they look like green cacti! This is the smallest and simplest sponge type. Too small to dissect.

PHYLUM Porifera TYPE ?

BSU – Basic Sponge UnitIt’s choanocytes are located in the spongocoel. Note the buds (asexual reproduction) and many oscula(plural of osculum). What are gemmules?

PHYLUM Porifera TYPE Asconoid

PHYLUM Porifera TYPE ?

Name this hole?

What is this?

PHYLUM Porifera TYPE Asconoid

Note: Spicules at the

neck of the osculum

Terms you need to know: spicules, spongocoel, osculum& bud. Compare to fig 1.3-A in your lab manuals.

PHYLUM Porifera TYPE Syconoid

Note the prominent spicules

The choanocytes are located in the radial canals. These are the ‘middle-sized’ sponges

Osculum (O) Spongocoel (S) Incurrent canal (I) Radial canals (R) Choanocytes (C) Water enters via the ostium - > l - > via the Prosopyle (P) (a porocyte cell type) - > radial canal - > Apopyle - > S - > O

O

l.s.

S

SR

I

I

II

R

l.s. & c.s. views

Ostium

R

P

PHYLUM PoriferaTYPE Syconoid

Choanocytes are located where?

PHYLUM PoriferaTYPE LeuconoidThese are examples of the most complex sponge type. The choanocytes are located in the many flagellated chambers.Any large sponge is most likely a leuconoid - type sponge.

Sponge Reproduction

SEXUAL• Male & female gametes

are formed. Archeocytes become eggsChoanocytes filter sperm out of the water

• Fertilization is involved.• Planktonic larvae or mini

flagellated colonies are released to colonize new

ASEXUALMarine• Budding• Fragmentation• RegenerationFreshwater sponges• Gemmules• + 3 methods above

areas.

• TISSUE level of body organization

• Middle layer = MESOGLEA = Acellular matrix (Just jelly!)

• Diagnostic cell type = CNIDOCYTEIt contains the Nematocyst organelle

PHYLUM

CNIDARIA

AB C

Cnidocyte vs. Nematocyst

A = ?

B = ?

C = ?

?

Insert: A Cnidocyte (C) – cell containing a Nematocyst - organellenot yet triggered.

Cnidarians areDIPLOBLASTIC

E

E

G

G M

(2 tissue layers)C = Epidermis (E) & A = Gastrodermis (G)with B = Mesoglea in between the two

Specialized cells called cnidocytes contain nematocysts. These are used for anchorage, defense and capture ofprey.

Phylum Cnidaria

Close-up of Nematocysts

Cnidarian Life Cycles

• Hydrozoa Polyp dominantMedusa does exist

(Hydra is cute but odd!)Remember the fire coral!

• Scyphozoa Medusa dominantPolyp does exist

• Anthozoa Polyp only

Do you know the difference between a bud and a gonad?

PHYLUM Cnidaria

cLASS Hydrozoa

Cnidocyte-bearing tentacles, mouth, GVC & bud (branch = asexual reproduction) [fig 2.2]

PHYLUM Cnidaria

CLASS Hydrozoa

Polyp with gonads for sexual reproduction & close-up view of the gonads [fig 2.2] (bumps)

Which structure is used for what?

PHYLUM Cnidaria

CLASS Hydrozoa

Obelia colony slide with close-up of the some of the polyps or zooids. Note polymorphism - gastrozooids (with feeding tentacles) & gonozooids for reproduction [fig 2.3-6]

It floats like like boat and

Stings like a bee

It’s squishy and ghoulish

Unlike Mohamed Ali

So what is it?

Clue - Hydrozoan

PHYLUM Cnidaria

CLASS Hydrozoa

Portuguese Man-O-War is an excellent example of polymorphism. It is a colony of many individuals –again = zooids – modified for different tasks (feeding, floating, reproduction, etc.)

This next specimen is on almost EVERY practical exam!

PHYLUM CnidariaCLASS Hydrozoa

Calcium-carbonate skeletons of a fire coral. This is a hydrozoan(not an anthozoan corals) because it has both a POLYP stage (dominant = above) & a MEDUSA stage in its life cycle.

Ventral view of a Hydrozoan Medusa [fig 2.3-7]Note Long knobby tentacles with batteries ofnematocysts along them. (S) Statocysts are for balance

PHYLUM Cnidaria

CLASS Hydrozoa

S

Please pass the jelly!

What am I talking about?

Clue – It’s NOT Polander All-fruit

A Scyphozoan = A jelly!

Statocysts can be at the base of the tentacles or in between them.

3 examples of jellyfish. Note the large amount of mesoglea present in this class. MEDUSA is dominant in Scyphozoans, butpolyp stage is also present at some point during their life cycle.

PHYLUM CnidariaCLASS Scyphozoa

You need to know the order of the following life-cycle structures…..

Again – they appear in almost every exam….

Life cycle (fig 2.6)P A S St E A

P Planula A Actinula (No slide)S ScyphistomaSt StrobilaE Ephyra A Adult

PHYLUM CnidariaCLASS Scyphozoa

P S St

E

Close-up of planula stage [fig 2.6-B] Bilateral motile larval stage able to move away from parent to settle in a new area.

PHYLUM Cnidaria

CLASS Scyphozoa

Close-up of scyphistoma stage [fig 2.6-D]

PHYLUM Cnidaria

CLASS Scyphozoa

Close-up of strobila stage. Buds form from asexual reproduction [fig 2.6-E]

PHYLUM CnidariaCLASS Scyphozoa

PHYLUM CnidariaCLASS Scyphozoa

Close-up of ephyra larva [fig 2.6-F]

Calcium-carbonate skeletons of various corals, sea fans & sea whips. All = Anthozoa: ONLY the POLYP stage is present.

PHYLUM Cnidaria CLASS Anthozoa

PHYLUM CnidariaCLASS Anthozoa

Note that ONLY the POLYP stage is present. In their life cycle

Remember you saw them fight in slow motion in the ‘Shapes of Life’video????

Some Anthozoa grow as individual polyps such as this Sea anemone. [fig 2.7]

Other Anthozoa grow as colonies of polyps. Examples of this include sea pansies (shown here,) sea fans, sea whips, sea pens and of course corals.

Remember, ONLY the POLYP stage is present in the Anthozoa class of cnidarians.

PHYLUM Cnidaria

CLASS Anthozoa

ACOELOMATESPHYLUM

PLATYHELMINTHES&

PHYLUM

NEMERTINA

The

ACOELOMATE Condition

Lumen of gut

Endoderm

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

Any triploblastic organism which lacks a body cavity is said to be an acoelomate...

PLATYHELMINTHES‘Flatworms’

• ORGAN grade of body organization

• TRIPLOBLASTIC

• MESENCHYME = Middle layer derived from mesoderm germ layer = space-filling packing tissue

• ACOELOMATE - Mesoderm obliterates the blastocoel in the embryo

PLATYHELMINTHES3 main classes

• CLASS Turbellaria - Free-living flatworms

• CLASS Trematoda - Endoparasitic Flukes

• CLASS Cestoda - Endoparasitic Tapeworms

These next guys caused a laugh in the video…

(Ooh, yes their going to do it………….. Yes, Yes, YES! Oh wow! That was great!)

It was violent and yet the participants were quite beautiful…

What am I referring to?

Marine flatworms…

But what we saw in lab was a freshwater flatworm. It was brown and looked as if it were boss-eyed.

PHYLUM PlatyhelminthesCLASS Turbellaria

M

PPO

PO P M

I

Note extensible pharynx (P), pharyngeal opening (PO), mouth (M) & intestine (I) [fig 3.2-A]

PHYLUM PlatyhelminthesCLASS Turbellaria

Anterior

Pharyngeal regionPosterior

cs through anterior of organism [fig 3.4] aka Batman’s plane. Note No pharynx, only caeca

PHYLUM PlatyhelminthesCLASS Turbellaria

c.s. through pharyngeal region [fig 3.4] Note Pharynx, gastric caeca & Mesenchyme (Cilia!?) Fist of 2 Acoelomate c.s

View of whole fluke organism. Note the two suckers. Anterior (A) one is for feeding, the ventral (V) one is for attachment

PHYLUMPlatyhelminthesCLASS Trematoda

A

V

PHYLUMPlatyhelminthesCLASS Trematoda

C

C

VS

OS

P

Anterior end of fluke. Note oral sucker (OS), pharynx (P), caeca (C) & ventral sucker (VS) (for attachment) [fig 3.5]

PHYLUMPlatyhelminthesCLASS Trematoda

E

O

C

T

U

OC

Note eggs E, ovaries O, shell gland, caeca C, uterus U and testes T [fig 3.5]

PHYLUMPlatyhelminthesCLASS Cestoda

Scolex (I) and maturing proglottids.

The most reproductively mature sections are at the posterior end of the tapeworm.

What are these sections called?

Scolex region. Note rostellum (R) (rings of hooks) & suckers (S) for attachment [fig 3.7-A]

PHYLUMPlatyhelminthesCLASS Cestoda

S

R

S

PHYLUMPlatyhelminthesCLASS Cestoda

Sperm in from partner

Ovary

Uterus & Shell Gland

Speckled background = Testes

Sperm exit here

to enter another partner’s proglottid

Uterus will swell with many out-pockets as the eggs develop

Mature proglottid w/ reproductive structures [fig 3.7-D]

PHYLUMPlatyhelminthesCLASS Cestoda

Uterus has swollen with eggs - fertilized with a partner tapeworm’s sperm

Gravid proglottid chock full o’ eggs [close-up of fig 3.7-E]

PHYLUM

NEMERTINA(Acoelomate)

This is our 1st organism with a COMPLETE digestive tract -

(i.e. it has an anus)

PHYLUM Nemertina

You did not see the specimen but had to fill out labels on a diagram in your lab manual showing a slide of a c.s.

= 2nd acoelomate c.s.

c.s. through anterior end of a flatworm

??

?

PHYLUM Nemertina

Rhynchocoel

Proboscis

Intestine

Note proboscis in the rhynchocoel & the flattened intestine (outlined). [fig 4.3-B]

PSEUDOCOELOMATES

PHYLUM NEMATODAPHYLUM ROTIFERA

The PSEUDOCOELOMATE Condition

Lumen of gut

PSEUDOCOELOM

Mesoderm

Endoderm

Ectoderm

Any organism which has a “false” body cavity (pseudocoel) is said to be a pseudocoelomate...

Definition of a pseudocoelom?- a fluid-filled body cavity, (derived from the

blastocoel), which surrounds the gut.

Functions (i.e. what’s it used for?)

• Hydrostatic skeleton• Circulatory

• Location of organs – reproduction & excretion

PHYLUM

NEMATODA • (Roundworms)• Eutely• Only longitudinal muscles• Pseudocoelom functions as

circulatory system• Complete digestive system• Renette cells - excretion• Amoeboid sperm

Phylum Nematoda

P

cs through esophagus. Note triradiate esophagus, pseudocoel (P) & thick cuticle [fig 5.4]

Male or female? Which one is which? How do you tell?

A

c.s. through female (A) & male (B) nematode worms. Notice the 2 large round structures in the female (uteri) and the thick cuticles on both the male and female worms. [fig 5.3]

Phylum Nematoda

B

Phylum Nematoda

Lumen of gut

P

c.s. of male, note reproductive structures, and pseudocoel (P) [fig 5.3]

Phylum Nematoda

PI

O

ODU

c.s. of female Note intestine (I), pseudocoel (P), ovaries (O), oviducts (OD), & one of the 2 LARGE uteri (U) [fig 5.3]

PHYLUM

ROTIFERA• Cirri, corona & trochus bring in

water currents and therefore aid in feeding, respiration and locomotion

• Mastax & trophi = internal feeding apparatus

• Pedal glands and spurs (toes) –attachment

• Flame bulb – excretory canals• Parthenogenesis, Mictic, viviparous

PHYLUM Rotifera What was the other one???

The other pseudocoelomate phylum we studied!!! Note corona (for feeding, locomotion & respiration), mastax/trophi, pedal glands & spurs (toes) [fig 5.5]

EUCOELOMATESPHYLUM ANNELIDA

onwards….

TheEUCOELOMATE Condition

Lumen of gut

Endoderm

Ectoderm

Mesoderm

COELOM

Any triploblastic organism which has a TRUE body cavity is said to be a (eu)coelomate...

PHYLUM

ANNELIDA3 CLASSES:

CLASS PolychaetaCLASS OligochaetaCLASS Hirudinea

PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Polychaeta

A

Note parapodium w/ setae & acicula (A). Parapodia are used for locomotion, sensory purposes & respiration. [fig 6.3-A]

PHYLUMAnnelida

CLASSPolychaeta.

MP

EC

Esophagus

EC

Polychaete dissection. Note esophageal caeca (EC) and muscular pharynx (MP). Remember, polychaete worms have parapodia (which look like “fins”) [fig 6.4]

This image is a give-away…….it is usually on an exam…. What is this?

Note typhlosole. This increases the surface area to aid in absorption of the food in the intestine that has already beendigested although some scientists still claim that the typhlosole may also play a part in digestion itself. [fig 6.8]

PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Oligochaeta

Dorsal blood vessel

TyphlosoleCoelom

PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Oligochaeta

N

C

Note longitudinal & circular muscles, nephridium (N), and the coelom (C). [fig 6.8]

You gave them a bath

You gave them some bubbly

And then you put them to sleep….

So that you could rip their guts open

What were they?

PHYLUM Annelida CLASS Oligochaeta. Earthworm dissection [fig 6.7]

Gizzard (G)

Pharynx (P)

Nephridia

Esophageal region (P - G) w/ pseudohearts

They are not all blood-suckers….

A B

PHYLUM AnnelidaCLASS Hirudinea

?

?

(A) Preserved organism (B) whole mount Note segmentation (annuli), as well as the 2 suckers. [fig 6.9]

A B

PHYLUM AnnelidaCLASS Hirudinea

T

O

(O) Long slender ovary (T) Round testis

PHYLUM

ARTHROPODA4 SUBPHYLA:

SUBPHYLA TrilobitmorphaSUBPHYLA CrustaceaSUBPHYLA ChelicerataSUBPHYLA Uniramia (not on Midterm)

SUBPHYLUMTrilobitmorpha

Trilobites are the most diverse group of extinct animals preserved in the fossil record.

PHYLUM

ARTHROPODASUBPHYLUM Crustacea

5 CLASSES:CLASS MalacostracaCLASS CopepodaCLASS OstracodaCLASS CirripediaCLASS Branchiopoda

Subphylum Crustacea

…to recap

–Class Malacostraca »Order Isopoda »Order Amphipoda »Order Stomatopoda»Order Decapoda

SUBPHYLUM

CrustaceaClass Cirripedia

Acorn & Stalked Barnacles

Largest class3 ORDERS

Isopoda = Rolly polies

AmphipodaBeach Hoppers & Sand Fleas

DecapodaCrabs, Lobsters etc..

ClassBranchiopoda

“Lung feet”

Fairy Shrimp

Class Malacostraca

Class Ostracoda

Class Copepoda

Can you remember how to tell a male from a female crayfish?

1st pleopod is reduced or absent in females

SUBPHYLUM

Crustacea

The male crab has the T-shaped abdomen whereas the female abdomen is much broader

Any dissected crab in the lab will not be stained like this but you should be familiar with the structures…..

PHYLUM

ARTHROPODASUBPHYLUM Chelicerata

3 CLASSES:CLASS ArachnidaCLASS Merostomata (Horsehoe crabs)

CLASS Pycnogonida (Sea spiders)

SUBPHYLUMChelicerata

Merostomata Arachnida

Araneae

ArachnidaAcarina

TAGMOSISChelicerata Crustacea

Cephalothorax & Abdomen

Prosoma & Opisthosoma

The line delineating the head from the thorax in the cephalothorax is the cervical groove.

COMPARISON Qs

A. How many of the following organisms

are at the organ level of organization?

B. Give the letter(s) of the organism(s) that

has(have) a CLOSED circulatory system.

Compare traits and systems such as circulatory, excretion, reproduction etc. and group Phyla when studying!!!

Body TypesAsconoid, Syconoid, Leuconoid

PHYLUM PoriferaBody Forms

Medusa vs. Polyp…….PHYLUM Cnidaria

Level of Organization

Cell - PHYLUM Porifera

Tissue - PHYLUM Cnidaria

Organ - PHYLUM Platyhelminthes

onward…

• Diploblastic - 2 Cell LayersPH - PHYLUM Cnidaria

• Triploblastic - 3 Cell LayersPH- PHYLUM Platyhelminthes

onward…

Tissue Layers

Coelom Formation

Acoelomates (2 phyla)

Pseudocoelomates (2 phyla)

(Eu)Coelomates (6 phyla)

We are only dealing with two eucoelomatephyla this practical exam…

Acoelomates- PHYLUM Platyhelminthes- PHYLUM Nemertina

Pseudocoelomates- PHYLUM Nematoda- PHYLUM Rotifera

(Eu)Coelomates- PHYLUM Annelida- PHYLUM Arthropoda

PHYLUM MolluscaPHYLUM BryozoaPHYLUM EchinodermataPHYLUM Chordata

Digestive System

Incomplete (no anus)

PHYLUM Cnidaria

PHYLUM Platyhelminthes

Complete

PHYLUM Nemertinaonward……

These are the types of comparison or conceptquestions that might

appear on the practical.

This list is by no means exhaustive…

Good Luck!From: Matt Schrader – Instructor

Me – Lab CoordinatorJon – HonchoMia, Pete, Matt A. Brendan & Tim - TAs