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8/3/2019 North East India General
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The North East of India constitutes the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura.
Flanked by hills and with themighty Brahmaputra river
slashing a central path
between its north and south,
the North East is bounded by
the States of Manipur,
Meghalaya, Mizoram,
Nagaland, Tripura with
Assam comprising the heart.
Arunachal Pradesh lies to its
north and Sikkim a littleaway in the North West
bordering China and Bhutan.
Bangladesh and Myanmar lie
to its southwest and east.
The torrential Brahmaputra
deposits its rich alluvial silt
along the banks of the plains
of Assam. Tropical rain
forest, rich in flora and fauna, spread their arms across Arunachal Pradesh into
Assam. It is a land where tea is an industry, handicrafts a major occupation and
martial arts a favoured sport.
The western side of the North East is connected to the eastern part of the Indian
subcontinent by a narrow land corridor, sometimes referred to as the Siliguri
Neck or "Chicken's Neck". The eight states that comprise the region reflect
ecological and cultural contrasts between the hills and the plains; there are also
significant elements of continuity. Available medieval and modern records
indicate interdependence and interaction between the hills and plains. The North
East is one of the most biodiverse regions in the world. The forest cover variesbut average 65 per cent is government owned. Village communities, individuals
and chiefs own the rest. The area can be divided into three geographical
divisions-the Shillong Plateau, the North Eastern hill Basin and the Brahmaputra
Valley.
The economy of Northeast India has got its definite identity due to its peculiar
physical, economic and socio-cultural characteristics. This region consists of
eight states viz., Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram,
Nagaland, Tripura, Sikkim. The NER of India covers an area of 2.62 lakh sq. km. It
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accounts for 7.9% of total geographical area of the country. With a total
population of 39 million (2001), it accounts for 3.8% of total population of India.
POPULATION:
Total Population - 2001 Census:
(Persons)
State Population Males Females Rural Urban
% age of
Urban
Population
% age of
Rural
Population
Arunachal
Pradesh1097968 579941 518027 870087 227881 20.75 79.25
Assam 26655528 13777037 12878491 23216288 3439240 12.90 87.10
Manipur* 2166788 1095634 1071154 1590820 575968 26.28 73.42
Meghalay
a2318822 1776087 1142735 1864711 454111 19.58 80.42
Mizoram 888573 459109 429464 447567 441006 49.63 50.37
Nagaland 1990036 1047141 942895 1647249 342787 17.23 82.77
Sikkim 540851 288454 252367 480981 59870 11.07 88.93
Tripura 3199203 1642225 1556978 2653453 545750 17.06 82.94
Total NER 38857769 20065658 18792111 32771156 6086613 15.66 84.34
All India102861032
8
53215677
2
49645355
6
74249063
9
28611968
927.82 72.18
* Excludes Mao Maram, Paomata and Purul sub-division of Senapati dist.
Source: Basic Statistics of NER 2006
Economy of the Northeast
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The North East India or simply the North East as usually referred to in India is aregion as interesting and varied as India itself. It comprises of the eight States of
Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and
Tripura. It is hilly, it has plains on both sides of the mighty Brahmaputra and then
the mighty Himalayan range around it.
The pace of development in the hilly areas and plains differ considerably. The
valleys are economically active areas of the region, the Brahmaputra valley
being the most active. Tribal population forms only one fourth of the population
of the North East, despite the fact that in four States i.e., Mizoram, Meghalaya,
Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh, tribals are in majority and in Mizoram, they
constitute as high as 95% of the population. Though the region is diverse and
heterogeneous, it is also homogeneous in the sense that the social stratification
found in other parts of the country is not present in the North East. There aredifferences among the eight States in the North Eastern region with respect to
their resource endowments, level of industrialisation as well as infrastructural
facilities. The industrial sector has mainly grown around tea, petroleum[crude],
natural gas etc. in Assam and mining, saw mills and steel fabrication units in
other parts of the region. The economy of the region is still primarily agrarian but
its full potential is yet to be exploited. Since agriculture and industry has not
really taken off in spite of the potential in the form of vast unexploited resource
base available in the region. The pressure for employment is on the service
sector. The contribution of agriculture to State domestic income is much higher
in this region, except for Meghalaya and Nagaland. Mining in case of Meghalaya
and forestry and logging in case of Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland are
important contributors to NSDP. The contribution of construction is also high in
this region. Growth in per capita income is almost stagnated in Assam since the
90s, was better than the national average in Meghalaya, an increasing trend in
case of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Nagaland, Sikkim & Tripura. Despite being
rich in natural resources, development in the North Eastern region has lagged
behind the rest of the country. The regions economy is generally characterized
by low per-capita income, low capital formation, in-adequate infrastructure
facilities, geographical isolation and communication bottleneck, inadequate
exploitation of natural resources like mineral resources, hydro power potential,
forests etc., low progress in industrial field, lack of private and foreign direct
investment and high un-employment rate among the relatively high literate
people.
The natural resource endowments and education levels of the population not
with standing, the NER represents one of the least developed - economically and
industrially regions of the country.
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Gross State Domestic Product, 2008-09:
(Rupee in Crores)
States Current Prices Constant Prices
Arunachal Pradesh 4536 3028
Assam 79277 53319
Manipur 6344 4899
Meghalaya 9611 6459
Mizoram 3663 2495
Nagaland 5978 (2006-07) 4850 (2006-07)
Sikkim 2612 1756
Tripura 10821 (2007-08) 8350 (2007-08)
Source: Central Statistical Organisation (As on 12-04-2010)
Net State Domestic Product, 2008-09:
(Rupee in Crores)
States Current Prices Constant Prices
Arunachal Pradesh 4016 2710
Assam 71164 48262
Manipur 8580 4408
Meghalaya 8580 5878
Mizoram 3184 2205
Nagaland 5480 (2006-07) 4493 (2006-07)
Sikkim 2234 1503
Tripura 10007 (2007-08) 7814 (2007-08)
Source: Central Statistical Organisation (As on 12-04-2010)
Per Capita Net State Domestic Product, 2008-09:
(Rupees)
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States Current Prices Constant Prices
Arunachal Pradesh 33302 22475
Assam 23993 16272
Manipur 21062 16508
Meghalaya 33674 23069
Mizoram 29576 20483
Nagaland 20892 (2006-07) 17129 (2006-07)
Sikkim 37553 25257
Tripura 28806 (2007-08) 22493 (2007-08)
Source: Central Statistical Organisation (As on 12-04-2010)
AGRICULTURE:
The pattern of agricultural growth has however remained uneven across regions
and crops. The NER continues to be a net importer of food grains even for its own
consumption. In spite of covering 7.7% of the countrys total geographical area,
NER produces only 1.5 % of the countrys total food grain production. Agriculture
provides livelihood support to 70 % of the population of NER.
State-wise Area, Production and Yield of Foodgrains, 2008-2009:
(Area : ' 000 Hectare, Production: '000 Tonne, Yield : Kilogram/Hectare)
States Area Production Yield
Arunachal Pradesh 203.8 255.8 1255
Assam 2670.8 4143.0 1551
Manipur 185.6 415.0 2236
Meghalaya 132.5 236.3 1783
Mizoram 65.6 58.9 898
Nagaland 283.9 514.2 1811
Sikkim 79.6 107.5 1351
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Tripura 251.3 634.7 2526
Source : Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.
State-wise Area, Production and Yield of Total Cereals in NER, 2008-2009:
(Area : ' 000 Hect., Production : ' 000 Tonne, Yield : Kg./Hect.)
States Area Production Yield
Arunachal Pradesh 195.3 246.8 1264
Assam 2557.1 4078.5 1595
Manipur 172.7 408.5 2365
Meghalaya 128.0 232.4 1816
Mizoram 61.6 55.3 898
Nagaland 250.9 474.5 1891
Sikkim 67.0 95.7 1428
Tripura 245.2 630.3 2571
Source : Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.
FISHERY:
State-wise Fish Production in NER:
(In ' 000 Tonne)
States 2007-08 2008-09
Arunachal Pradesh 2.83 2.88
Assam 190.32 199.41
Manipur 18.60 18.80
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Meghalaya 4.00 3.96
Mizoram 3.76 3.76
Nagaland 5.80 6.18
Sikkim 0.18 0.17
Tripura 36.25 36.00
NA : Not Available.
Source : Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.
Fish Seed Production in NER, (2004-2005 to 2007-2008):
(In Million Fry)
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08
3350.83 3970.76 2710.47 3933.63
Source : Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India. &
Indian Council of Agricultural Research &
Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
HANDICRAFTS:
Number of Craftsmen Covered under Various Schemes of Handicrafts Sector in NER:
Particular 2008-09
No of Craftsmen Covered 385657
Source : Lok Sabha Starred Question No. 297, dated on 23.07.2009.
State-wise Handicrafts Artisans Benefited under AHVY in NER, (2008-09 and 2009-10):
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StatesNo. of Artisans
2008-09 2009-10
Arunachal Pradesh 200 500
Assam 6680 2895
Manipur 2000 2584
Meghalaya 500 500
Mizoram 200 650
Nagaland 660 1000
Sikkim 1110 0
Tripura 2683 2526
Abbr. : AHVY : Ambedkar Hastshilp Vikas Yojana.
Source : Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 3772, dated 19.12.2006. &
Lok Sabha Unstarred Question No. 4862, 26.08.2010.
TOURISM:
India's NE has huge potential to develop its tourism industry, which has been
booming as a fall-out of globalization. Since tourism contributes to tourism
economy, the NE can be a partner in the Indian national growth as well.
Government of India attaches great importance to the development of touristinfrastructure in the North East region in view of immense tourist potential of the
region. The rich natural beauty, serenity and exotic flora and fauna of the area
are invaluable resources for the development of eco-tourism.
Domestic and Foreign Tourist Visits in Northeast, 2008:
Tourist Inflow 2007 2008
No. of Domestic Tourists 4726218 5145011
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No. of Foreign Tourists 43058 47561
Source : Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India.
INDUSTRY:
State-wise Principal Characteristics of Annual Survey of Industries in NER, (2007-2008):
(Value Figures in Rs. Lakh and Others in Number)
StatesFactorie
s
Fixed
Capital
Productiv
e Capital
Invested
CapitalWorkers
Total
Persons
Engaged
Wages
to
Worker
s
Total
Emolu-
ments
Total
Input
Gross
Output
Depre-
ciation
Net
Value
Added
Rent
Paid
Interes
t Paid
Assam 185989108
1
123724
0
130196
5
11313
2
13428
442729
7524
5
270532
4
310436
0
7156
3
32747
3
646
3
3688
9
Meghalaya
90 61033 116154 83251 4574 5587 2950 4839 110950 171468 6549 53969 1088
4060
Tripura 340 24494 45797 46419 20696 22896 3579 5035 60280 76615 1987 14348 296 1213
Nagaland 104 2792 5201 6953 2494 2974 501 743 9646 13606 244 3716 41 222
Manipur 69 1141 1972 2006 2442 2722 569 681 4623 5825 107 1096 31 81
Source : Compiled from Various Reports of Annual Survey of Industries.
Selected State-wise Number of Exhibitions Organised by Khadi and Village Industries
Commission (KVIC) in NER, (2005-2006 to 2009-2010):
States
Number of Exhibitions Organised
2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09
2009-10
(Upto Feb.,
2010)
Arunachal Pradesh 2 - 1 - 11
Assam 9 5 4 6 10
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Manipur - 1 1 1 2
Meghalaya - 1 3 2 3
Mizoram - - 1 2 6
Nagaland - 1 1 1 4
Sikkim 2 - - - 0
Tripura - 1 1 - 4
Source : Lok Sabha Starred Question No. 35, dated 17.02.2009
& Lok Sabha Starred Question No. 765, dated 02.03.2010.
EDUCATION:
Access to educational institutions promoting skill development is a prerequisite
for providing trained man power. As per 1991 census literacy rate of NER was
58.09% (all India 52.2%), while in 2001 it was 68.5% (all India 64.8%). Mizoram
has the second highest literacy rate in India. The following table gives the
number of educational Institutions in the NER.
State-wise Number of Higher Educational Institutions in NER, (2006-2007):
StatesUniversiti
es
Arts
Science
&
Commer
ce
Colleges
Engg.,
Tech.,
&
Arch.,
College
s #
Medical Colleges
(Allo/Ayur/Hom
eo/ Unani/Nurs
Techers
Trainin
g
College
s
Polyte
-
chnics
#
Others
(Includes,
Law
Manageme
nt
MCA/IT)
Tota
l
Arunacha
l Pradesh1 10 1 1 2 3 0 17
Assam 5 348 4 10 40 12 29 443
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Manipur 2 58 1 1 6 3 6 75
Meghala
ya
1 58 1 0 1 3 3 66
Mizoram 1 22 0 0 2 3 1 28
Nagaland 1 42 0 0 4 3 24 73
Sikkim 2 5 1 2 2 2 1 13
Tripura 1 14 1 3 1 2 4 25
Note : # : Figures estimated on the basis of intake capacity communicated by
AICTE.
Source : Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. of India.
BANKING:
The total number of branches of Scheduled Commercial Banks in NER was 2252
as on March 31, 2009. The figure was 2156 as on March 31st, 2008.
Number of Scheduled Commercial Banks and their Offices, Deposits & Credits of
Scheduled Commercial Banks in NER, upto 31st March:
YearNo. of SCBs /
Brunches
Deposit (Rs. in
Crores)
Credit (Rs. in
Crores)
2003 1915 21606 5692
2004 1920 24768 7315
2005 1952 28958 10010
2006 2027 34334 13585
2007 2076 41880 17162
2008 2156 50583 20716
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2009 2252 65599 23764
Source: Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
Deposits and Credit of Scheduled Commercial Banks According to State,
March 2009:
(Amount in Rupees Lakh)
State No. of OfficesDeposit (Rs. in
Lakh)
Credit (Rs. in
Lakh)
Credit-Deposit
Ratio (%)
Arunachal Pradesh 77 357493 91207 24.8
Assam 1421 3926605 1512277 38.3
Manipur 81 252347 90914 38.7
Meghalaya 205 620465 175331 27.6
Mizoram 94 177063 102471 58.7
Nagaland 85 344298 106052 30.7
Tripura 218 629395 193276 29.8
Sikkim 71 252235 104904 42.4
Source: Reserve Bank of India (As on 20th Aug. 2010)
POWER SECTOR:
State/Mode-wise Generation (Thermal/Nuclear and Hydro) Installed Capacity of Power
Utilities in NER (As on 31.03.2010):
(In MW)
States Mode-wise Breakup
Thermal Nuclear Hydro RES Total
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(Renewable)(MNRE)Coal Gas Diesel Total
Arunachal
Pradesh
0.00 0.00 15.88 15.88 0.00 0.00 67.42 83.30
Assam 60.00 239.00 20.69 319.69 0.00 100.00 27.11 446.80
Manipur 0.00 0.00 45.41 45.41 0.00 0.00 5.45 50.86
Meghalaya 0.00 0.00 2.05 2.05 0.00 156.00 31.03 189.08
Mizoram 0.00 0.00 51.86 51.86 0.00 0.00 28.47 80.33
Nagaland 0.00 0.00 2.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 28.67 30.67
Sikkim 0.00 0.00 5.00 5.00 0.00 0.00 47.11 52.11
Tripura 0.00 127.50 4.85 132.35 0.00 0.00 16.01 148.36
Source : Ministry of Power, Govt. of India.
State-wise Number of Towns and Villages Electrified in NER, (As on 31.03.2007 and
31.03.2008) :
States
(31.03.2007) (31.03.2008)
Towns Villages Towns Villages
Tota
l
Electrifie
dTotal
Electrified
(Provisional
)
Tota
l
Electrifie
dTotal
Electrified
(Provisional
)
% age
Electrifie
d
Arunachal
Pradesh17 17 3863 2195 17 17 3863 2195 56.8
Assam 125 1252512
419741 125 125
2512
419741 78.6
Manipur 33 33 2315 1942 33 33 2315 1966 84.9
Meghalay
a16 16 5782 3428 16 16 5782 3428 59.3
Mizoram 22 22 707 570 22 22 707 570 80.6
Nagaland 9 9 1278 823 9 9 1278 823 64.4
Sikkim 9 9 450 425 9 9 450 425 94.4
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Tripura 23 23 858 491 23 23 858 491 57.2
Source : Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation, Govt. of India.
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