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Novel Ecological Biomass in the MB Bioeconomy
Pilot-scale harvesting of cattail (Typha spp.) for nutrient capture, bioenergy, and high value bioproducts
www.iisd.org ©2012 The International Institute for Sustainable Development
What is the What is the BioeconomyBioeconomy?? The bioeconomy encompasses the use of renewable biological resources and their conversion into food, feed, bio-based products and bioenergy via innovative and efficient technologies.
Functional
Watershed
© Ducks Unlimited Canada
Ecosystems impacted – reduced EGS
Ecosystems provide critical Environmental benefits (EGS)
•Flood storage •Drought resilience •Nutrient capture •Wildlife habitat •Biomass
Dysfunctional
Watershed
• Natural buffers gone or severely degraded
4
An abundance of water and nutrientsAn abundance of water and nutrients
Meanwhile...that noxious Meanwhile...that noxious pollutant, phosphorus, pollutant, phosphorus,
is is actually a scarce and strategic actually a scarce and strategic resourceresource
• Lake Winnipeg - one of the most eutrophic large lakes in the world
• Flooding and nutrient management issues provide economic opportunity through innovative solutions
• Surface water management
• Biomass – Bioenergy, biofuels, Bioproducts
• Phosphorus capture & recycling
• Wetland Restoration
Lake Winnipeg and The Lake Winnipeg and The
Manitoba Manitoba BioeconomyBioeconomy
• Cattail biomass harvesting for nutrient capture and bioenergy - approach intercepts, sequesters, recovers stored nutrients
• Cattail plants absorb nutrients through roots – phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N)
• Sequester carbon from the air (CO2)
• Sustainable renewable biomass for bioenergy and higher value bioproducts
• Combines bioremediation with habitat renewal and GHG reductions
• Fundamental concept - we’re turning a waste/pollution stream into an input for sustainable biomaterial production – key building block of the Bioeconomy.
NetleyNetley--LibauLibau
NutrientNutrient--Bioenergy Bioenergy
Project Project (2006(2006--2010)2010) P P P P P
P N CO2
Cattail Biomass
Cattail Harvesting for Nutrient Removal Cattail Harvesting for Nutrient Removal and Bioenergy Production
Emissions out
Ash OUT
Cattail Biomass IN
Cattail P IN
Cattail Biomass Harvest
Yield: 10 to 20 T/ha
Biomass Transport
(Baled)
Biomass Densification
(cubes, pellets)
Bioenergy
Nutrient Capture and
Removal
88%
Phosphorous
Recovery
P Recovery
Biomass Burner
Heat Energy
Phosphorus captured:
20 to 60 kg / hectare
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Summer Fall Winter Spring Ph
osp
ho
rus
(% a
s d
ry b
iom
ass)
Maximum
Median
Minimum
Translocation to roots Loss from freeze/thaw
Seasonal Nutrient Loss in Seasonal Nutrient Loss in Cattail 2006Cattail 2006--20102010
8. google earth snapshots of high-biomass sites
Lake WinnipegLake Winnipeg
Pilot Scale Cattail harvesting 2012 to 2013
Pilot Scale Cattail harvesting 2012 to 2013
Pelly’s Lake Cattail Harvesting 2012Pelly’s Lake Cattail Harvesting 2012--20132013
Cattail Harvesting 2012Cattail Harvesting 2012 •
•
•
Cattail Harvesting 2012Cattail Harvesting 2012 • MacDon windrower with 20 ft draper header
• Rated weight of windrower and header system 6635 kg – half the weight of
typical harvesters (11000-13000 kg)
• Cut and swathed dry and baled (round and square)
Cattail Harvesting 2013Cattail Harvesting 2013
•
•
•
•
Cattail Harvesting 2013Cattail Harvesting 2013
• MacDon windrower with 16 ft Rotary Disc Cutter (for forage)
• Crimping rollers to accelerate drying
• Green cattail cut and swathed (75% moisture)
• 1 to 2 weeks baled (6 - 15% moisture)
Cattail Baling 2012 and 2013Cattail Baling 2012 and 2013
•
•
Cattail Baling 2012 and 2013Cattail Baling 2012 and 2013
• 2012 – round bales and square bales
• 2013 – large square bales
Urban Ecological Biomass HarvestingUrban Ecological Biomass Harvesting
in the City of Winnipeg 2013in the City of Winnipeg 2013
• 25 km of main drainage ditch
• 50 - 75 tonnes of cattail diverted
• 45 - 150 kg of phosphorus captured
• 25 km of main drainage ditch
• 50 - 75 tonnes of cattail diverted
• 45 - 150 kg of phosphorus captured
European “Wet Agriculture” harvester & balerEuropean “Wet Agriculture” harvester & baler European “Wet Agriculture” harvester & balerEuropean “Wet Agriculture” harvester & baler
TOTALS 2012
Harvested cattails (dry basis) 260 tonnes
Phosphorus in harvested cattail 230 kg
Harvested area 75 ha
Biomass yield per area 13 T/ha
Potential biomass (dry basis) 600 tonnes
Potential phosphorus in harvested cattail 540 kg
Average phosphorus per area 7 kg/ha
Biomass and Phosphorus Biomass and Phosphorus captured captured (2012)(2012) ((1 1 tonnetonne = = 1000 1000 kgkg))
Unit Operation
MAFRI
Custom
Rate
($/hr)
Pilot
Research
Rate
($/hr)
Hours MAFRI
Custom Rate
Total
Pilot Harvest
Rate
Total
Windrower:
Self propelled, 18-24’
draper header (includes
$2.25/hr swath roller)
$117.47 $174.90 14 $1,644.58 $2,448.59
Baling :
5'x6' round bale, 80 hp
tractor
$94.03 $140.00 56 $5,265.68 $7,840.00
Bale Mover:
Pull type, 7-12 round bale,
120 hp tractor
$113.07 $168.47 *41 $4,635.87 $6,907.45
Total Estimated Cost $11,546.13 $17,196.04
Cost Per Bale (575 round bales): $20.08 $29.91
Cost Per Dry Mass (260 tonnes): $52.46 $78.13
EstimateEstimate of Field Operation of Field Operation CostsCosts
Biomass Calorific
Value MJ/kg BTU /lb
Volatile Components
(%)
Fixed Carbon (%) Ash Content
(%)
Cattail 17.29 to 18.2 7739 64 to 76 16.82 5.47 – 7.64
Cattail pellet (no binder) 19.9 8551 64.5 28.9 6.5
Cattail pellet (starch binder) 16.8 7223 68.5 25.3 6.2
Wood (15 % mc) b 15.0 to 22.3 7309 > 70 - 0.65 to 1.52
Wood chips 10.4 4471 > 70 - 0.6 to 1.5
Wheat Straw (dry) 17.3 7438 72.9 - 8.3
Wheat Straw (20 % mc) b 13.74 5907 - - 4
Flax Straw (dry) b 19.97 8586 - - -
Flax Straw (20 % mc) b 15.43 6634 - - -
Alfalfa c 16.1 6922 - - 7.94
Coal (anthracite) 29.5 12683 - - 10.5
Coal (Bituminous) 20.9 to 33.4 10748 - - 6 to 9.8
Coal (lignite) b 15.31 6582 - - 7.3
Energy value and proximate analysis (% dry basis) Energy value and proximate analysis (% dry basis) (sources: a Alberta Research Council 2009, b Pami 1995)
Carbon (%) Hydrogen (%) Nitrogen (%) Sulphur (%)
Cattail 38 - 44 5 - 6 0.8 - 1.3 0.1 - 0.3
Wood 47 - 53 6 0 - 0.4 0 - 0.1
Straw 42 5.1 0.4 0.2
Corn stover 43 - 0.6 0.01
Coal
Anthracite
80 0.9 0.7
Bituminous 52 - 82 1 - 1.5 1 - 1.5
Lignite 40 0.7 1
Natural Gas 75 24 0.9 0
ElementalElemental analysisanalysis ((%% drydry biomass)biomass)
Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin
Current Study 37 - 40 18 - 21 8 - 13
Saskatchewan (1979) 20 - 29 24 - 36 15
Minnesota (1980) 31 - 33 19 - 20 -
North Carolina (2009) 28 23 10
CelluloseCellulose andand ligninlignin cattailcattail ((%% drydry biomass)biomass)
Water Quality Trading Water Quality Trading --
Lake Lake SimcoeSimcoe
Lake Simcoe, like Lake Winnipeg, is a highly eutrophic lake in Southern Ontario subject to point and non-point phosphorus loads. Goal to reduce P load to 44 T/year from 80 T/year Actions to improve water quality
• Phosphorus Reduction Strategy
• Stormwater management
• Water Quality Trading (WQT)
Phosphorus becomes a commodity - creates values & stimulates innovation
Price schemes up to $400/kg of P removed
Water Quality TradingWater Quality Trading
• Demonstrated willingness to pay for phosphorus removal as public benefit in Canada has exceeded $400/kg for Water Quality Trading (WQT)
• Technologies under consideration for Lake Simcoe - unit phosphorus removal costs $500-2500/kg
• Estimated cost to reduce all Lake Simcoe point sources to discharge threshold of 0.05 mg P/L = $1459/kg P
• Pelly’s Lake value of P removed: 2012 harvest (230 kg) water quality trading credit ($50/kg to $400/kg) = $11,500 to $92,000
City of Winnipeg – urban ditches
Diversion From Landfill and methane avoidance
Harvested and Baled Cattail biomass
Biomass products
Biochar
Combustion
Livestock bedding
Soil amendment
Crop scale trials
Nutrient extraction
Liquid nutrient extract
Shredded loose biomass
Greenhouse fertilizer trials
Densify: Cubes & pellets
Solid Fuel
Biochar
Gasification
Treated Biomass
Syngas
High value fertilizer
Carbon Offset Credits
Ash
Rural storm and ditch wetlands
Exploration of higher value Exploration of higher value bioproductsbioproducts biofuels, biofuels, biocharbiochar, liquid fertilizer, composites, liquid fertilizer, composites
• Cattail harvesting is a sustainable and renewable resource with
significant environmental benefits and economic potential
• Important proof of concept - demonstrates harvesting ecological biomass, which soak up nutrients that would cause eutrophication, key driver for regional bioeconomy
• Nutrient management + novel biomass production combined with surface water management - applied to engineered wetlands, storm water basins, and ditches for greater economic gains
• Mechanism to capture and recover phosphorus - reduce watershed loading profitably, rather than at cost both environmentally and economically
• Creating value for ecological biomass - incentives for conservation and restoration of wetlands on marginal agricultural land
• Alternative revenue for landowners - otherwise unproductive land
ConclusionsConclusions
www.iisd.org ©2012 The International Institute for Sustainable Development
Average
Biomass yield (T/ha) 10 - 20 tonnes
Moisture (baled) 6 - 25 (% dry matter)
Phosphorus content 0.05 - 0.25 (% dry matter)
Phosphorus capture 10 - 40 (kg/hectare = 1-2 kg/bale)
Ash content 5 - 7 (% dry matter)
Phosphorus in ash 1 – 3 (% dry matter)
Average Yield (T/ha) Days to Maturity
Typha
IISD (2006-2013) 10 to 20 90
North Carolina, USA (2009) 16 (42 max) 90
Minnesota, USA (1980) 25 90
Wheat straw 1 - 3 90-100
Corn stover 5 110-120
Flax residue 1 99-110
Switchgrass 9 - 14 3 years
Miscanthus 6 - 48 3 - 5 years
Willow 7 - 10 3 years
TyphaTypha biomassbiomass characteristicscharacteristics andand comparisonscomparisons
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
5 June 06
19 June 06
11 July 06
26 July 06
15 Aug 06
30 Aug 06
19 Sept 06
03 Oct 06
1 May 07
19 June 07
04 July 07
17 July 07
3 Aug 07
21 Aug 07
30 Aug 07
21 Sept 07
04 Oct 07
20 Aug 08
11 Sept 08
27 Aug 09
Kg
of
P /
hecta
re
OP 1
OP 2
SP 3
SP 4
BP 5
SP N
Phosphorus captured (kg/hectare) in harvested Phosphorus captured (kg/hectare) in harvested TyphaTypha
20 to 60 kg of P
per Hectare of Typha ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 to 20 tonnes DM per
hectare yield
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