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Object-Process Methodology (Cont.). The basic premise of OPM is that objects and processes are two types of equally important classes of things, that together faithfully describe both the structure and the behavior of systems in a single model in virtually any domain. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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• The basic premise of OPM is that objects and processes are two types of equally important classes of things, that together faithfully describe both the structure and the behavior of systems in a single model in virtually any domain. • At any point in time, each object is at some state, and object states are transformed through the occurrence of a process. • Complexity is controlled through recursive and selective scaling (zooming) of objects and/or processes to any desired level of detail.
Object-Process Methodology (Cont.)Object-Process Methodology (Cont.)
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OPM PrinciplesOPM Principles
ObjectsObjects and and processesprocesses are the two types of are the two types of equally important things (entities) required equally important things (entities) required to describe a system in a single, unifying to describe a system in a single, unifying model.model.
Processes transform objects by changing Processes transform objects by changing their their statestate. Transformation includes creation . Transformation includes creation and elimination.and elimination.
Scaling can be applied recursively and Scaling can be applied recursively and selectively to both objects and processes. selectively to both objects and processes.
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Objects, Processes, ThingsObjects, Processes, Things
Object - Object - has the potential of has the potential of persistent persistent unconditionalunconditional existence for some positive duration existence for some positive duration of time. of time.
ProcessProcess - a pattern of changing that transforms one - a pattern of changing that transforms one or more objects by changing their state or by creating or more objects by changing their state or by creating or destroying them. or destroying them.
ThingThing: : a generalization of an object and a process. a generalization of an object and a process.
BB11
TT11
PP11
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StructureStructure
• The static, relatively stable aspect of the system
• Non-transient, long-term relationships among objects in the system
• A snapshot of the system at a given time point that describes the state of the system - the state of each of its object
• Structure is about the static aspect of the system, while behavior is about its dynamics.
• Structural Relation - an association that holds between two or more things (objects and/or processes) in the system for some non-negligible time.
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Structural relationsStructural relations
bi-directional structural link:
Disk stores
File
Disk storesis stored in
File
(a)
(b)
unidirectional structural link:
2. Fundamental structural relations
1 .General structural relations
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one of the following structural relations:
• Aggregation-Particulation
• Featuring-Characterization
• Generalization-Specialization
• Classification-Instantiation
Since those relations are so widespread, special symbols are assigned for their corresponding links
Fundamental Structural RelationFundamental Structural Relation
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Aggregation-Particulation:Aggregation-Particulation:
OPL:Image consists of Foreground and Background.
Aggregation exists between things of the same kind: An object aggregates objects and process - processes.
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Feature: a thing that characterizes a thing.Attribute: a feature which is an object.Operation: a feature which is a process
(also known as method or service).
OPL: Image exhibits Name and Situation, as well as Display.
Featuring-CharacterizationFeaturing-Characterization
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Cylinder A and Cylinder B are instances of Cylinder.Box C and Box D are instances of Box.Box C is in front of Box D.Box D is in front of Cylinder B.Box D is right of Cylinder A.Cylinder A is left of Cylinder B.
Instantiation-Materialization:Instantiation-Materialization:
A
B
C
D
is in front of
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a structural relation that defines the relation between a general things and its specializations.
• also known as gen-spec;
• induces inheritance
Symbol:
Generalization-Specialization:Generalization-Specialization:
An object generalizes objects and process - processes.
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Structural links: an exampleStructural links: an example
Lens Case
Camera
Capturing-Medium
Electronic-Camera
Analog-Camera
is attached-to
MagneticTape
PhotographicFilm
uses
uses
uses
Operation-mode
Focal-length
holds
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Procedural linkProcedural link is a link that connects a is a link that connects a process with an object that is involved in the process with an object that is involved in the occurrence of that process. occurrence of that process.
There are two types of procedural links:There are two types of procedural links: Enabling linkEnabling link is a procedural link that connects is a procedural link that connects
a process with an Enabler of that process.a process with an Enabler of that process. TransformationTransformation linklink is a procedural link that is a procedural link that
connects a process with a Transformed object connects a process with a Transformed object of that process.of that process.
OPL: OPL: Procedural linkProcedural link generalizes generalizes Enabling Enabling linklink and and TransformationTransformation linklink..
Procedural linksProcedural links
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EnablerEnabler of a process is an object that must be of a process is an object that must be present in order for that process to occur but is not present in order for that process to occur but is not transformed by the processtransformed by the process..
An enabler is a An enabler is a rolerole that an object assumes that an object assumes with with respect to a particular processrespect to a particular process..
Two Enabler types:Two Enabler types: OPL: EnablerOPL: Enabler generalizes generalizes AgentAgent and and
InstrumentInstrument..– AgentAgent: : an intelligent enabler, which can control an intelligent enabler, which can control
the process it enables by exercising common the process it enables by exercising common sense or goal-oriented considerations.sense or goal-oriented considerations.
– InstrumentInstrument: : any non-agent enablerany non-agent enabler..
EnablersEnablers
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AgentsAgents: : human, organization, a unit within a human, organization, a unit within a man-made organization, such as department, man-made organization, such as department, city council, government, team, company, city council, government, team, company, brigade. brigade.
Not any human or organization is necessarily Not any human or organization is necessarily an agent.an agent.
Instruments:Instruments: machines, tools, computers, machines, tools, computers, robots, hardware, software, documents, robots, hardware, software, documents, orders, recipes, algorithms, files, information, orders, recipes, algorithms, files, information, data and commandsdata and commands
Enabler ExamplesEnabler Examples
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EffectEffect linklink is a transformation link that connects a is a transformation link that connects a process with its affected object or with the affected process with its affected object or with the affected object states.object states.
ConsumptionConsumption linklink is a transformation link that is a transformation link that connects a process with a consumed object of that connects a process with a consumed object of that process.process.
ResultResult linklink is a transformation link that connects a is a transformation link that connects a process with a resulting object of that process.process with a resulting object of that process.
Transformation linksTransformation links
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Object-Process Diagram (OPD)Object-Process Diagram (OPD)
An OPD is a diagram An OPD is a diagram showing the objects showing the objects and processes in the and processes in the system, or part of it, at system, or part of it, at some level of detail, some level of detail, along with the structural along with the structural and procedural and procedural relations among them.relations among them.
Scene
Imaging
Image
Imaging-Device
The Imaging System: Top-level OPD
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The Imaging System: Imaging-Device unfoldedThe Imaging System: Imaging-Device unfolded
Scene
Imaging
Image
Imaging-
Device
Range-
Sensor
Lens Case
Camera
Film
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The Imaging System: Imaging unfoldedThe Imaging System: Imaging unfolded
Scene
Imaging
Image
Imaging- Device
Photography
Range-Sensing
Camera Range-Sensor
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The Imaging System: Image unfoldedThe Imaging System: Image unfolded
The OPD shows both the The OPD shows both the static static structurestructure and the and the dynamic dynamic behaviorbehavior of of the system in one the system in one model.model.
Scene
Imaging
Image
Imaging- Device
Photography
Range-Sensing
Camera Range-Sensor
Photographic-Image
Range-Image
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State is a situation at which the object can exist for some time. Status is an attribute of an object whose values are states.
Status and StateStatus and State
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Status RepresentationsStatus Representations
Implicit Status Representation
Explicit Status Representation
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The effect of Process on ObjectThe effect of Process on Object
Left: Lamp can be off or on.Lighting changes Lamp from on to of.
Right: Lamp exhibits Status.Status can be off or on.
Lighting changes Status of Lamp from off to on.
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Scaling (zooming) - the mechanism of exposing more or less details of the system. This enables shifting the focus of interest from one thing to another without loosing the “big picture”.
Each scaling yields a new OPD. The entire system is represented by the OPD set,
in which each OPD is some view emphasizing part of the system.
Scaling up: zooming in; detailing; showing more details of a thing.
Scaling down: zooming out; abstracting; showing less details of a thing.
Scaling: Scaling: a complexity management toola complexity management tool
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• UnfoldingUnfolding - uses , , or , any - uses , , or , any general structural link, or state expression. general structural link, or state expression. Reverse direction:Reverse direction: Folding.Folding.• Zooming-inZooming-in - the frame of the thing is - the frame of the thing is blown up and inner details are exposed. blown up and inner details are exposed. Reverse direction:Reverse direction: Zooming-outZooming-out..
Types of ScalingTypes of Scaling
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Two Types of Scaling: Two Types of Scaling: scaling of an objectscaling of an object
B1
B1
B1.1
B1.2
P1.1
B1
B1.1 B1.2 P1.1
Zooming into B1 Unfolding of B1
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The Flange Drilling SystemThe Flange Drilling System
Computerized Numeric Control (CNC) Machine
Drilling Flange
Disk
Operator
Legend
Transformation link
Agent link
Instrument link
Object
Process
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Structural Links:Structural Links:aggregation as an exampleaggregation as an example
Drilling Flange
Disk
Operator
Legend
Transformation link
Agent link
Instrument link
Object
Process
CNC Machine
ControlController Metal Cutting Unit
Aggregation
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Zooming into ControlZooming into Control
Drilling Flange
Disk
Operator
Control
CNC Machine
Controller
Metal Cutting Unit
Legend
Transformation link
Agent link
Instrument link
Object
Process
Aggregation
Blow-up frame
Command Generation
Command
Command Transfer
Control
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The time line flows from top to bottomThe time line flows from top to bottom
Drilling
FlangeDisk
Operator
Legend
Transformation linkAgent link
Instrument link
Object
Process
Characterization
Attribute value
Location
on in stack
on CNC
Feed
Location
on out stack
Make Holes
on CNC
Remove
Initial state
Final state
MetalCuttingUnit
Blow-up frame
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Automated Telling Machine (ATM) SystemAutomated Telling Machine (ATM) System
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Transaction Execution zoomed-inTransaction Execution zoomed-in
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Account Checking blown upAccount Checking blown up
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Transaction Processing zoomed-inTransaction Processing zoomed-in
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