OCEANOGRAPHY Timeline Surface Exploration Undersea Exploration Timeline Surface Exploration Undersea...

OCEANOGRAPHYOCEANOGRAPHYTimeline

Surface ExplorationUndersea Exploration

Timeline Surface ExplorationUndersea Exploration

Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration600 B.C.

Phoenicians “Hug the Coast”Near-shore environs

600 B.C.

Phoenicians “Hug the Coast”Near-shore environs

Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration500-700 A.D.

PolynesiansElaborate navigation system

in the South Pacific10 million square milesUsed sun, planets, tides,

currents as “landmarks”

500-700 A.D.

PolynesiansElaborate navigation system

in the South Pacific10 million square milesUsed sun, planets, tides,

currents as “landmarks”

Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration900

VikingsNorth Atlantic

Greenland, Iceland, Newfoundland

Use North Star for guidance

900

VikingsNorth Atlantic

Greenland, Iceland, Newfoundland

Use North Star for guidance

Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration1000

ChineseInvent the compassNo more than

magnetized needle in bowl of water

Reduced fear

1000

ChineseInvent the compassNo more than

magnetized needle in bowl of water

Reduced fear

Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration1519

Ferdinand Megallan1st round-the-world

sailing voyageTakes 2 years

1519

Ferdinand Megallan1st round-the-world

sailing voyageTakes 2 years

Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration1768

James CookMaps the Pacific

OceanDefines LongitudeVoyage solely for

Scientific Investigation

1768

James CookMaps the Pacific

OceanDefines LongitudeVoyage solely for

Scientific Investigation

Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration1825

Charles DarwinThe HMS BeagleMarine life on/near

Galapagos Islands

1825

Charles DarwinThe HMS BeagleMarine life on/near

Galapagos Islands

Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration1853

U.S. Navy Lieutenant Matthew Maury

1st Atlas, collected info from around the world

Sailing directions, sea conditions

1853

U.S. Navy Lieutenant Matthew Maury

1st Atlas, collected info from around the world

Sailing directions, sea conditions

Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration1872-1875

Challenger Expedition1st Fully scientific

oceanographic expeditionSalinity, temp of seawaterGives birth to OceanographyPhysical, chemical, biological

and geological studies

1872-1875

Challenger Expedition1st Fully scientific

oceanographic expeditionSalinity, temp of seawaterGives birth to OceanographyPhysical, chemical, biological

and geological studies

Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration1950

Big Gov’t $$$ for Ocean Science

Follows WW II

1950

Big Gov’t $$$ for Ocean Science

Follows WW II $$$

Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration1957

Russians develop Sputnik, 1st man-made satellite

Arms race w/USA

$$$ even moreCreates NSF – National

Science Foundation

1957

Russians develop Sputnik, 1st man-made satellite

Arms race w/USA

$$$ even moreCreates NSF – National

Science Foundation

Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration1968

Deep-sea Drilling Program started

The Glomar Challenger

Takes bottom “core” samples

1968

Deep-sea Drilling Program started

The Glomar Challenger

Takes bottom “core” samples

Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration1978

US Satellites give color photos

Reflective properties of ocean surface

Today’s SeaWiFs satellites

1978

US Satellites give color photos

Reflective properties of ocean surface

Today’s SeaWiFs satellites

Surface ExplorationSurface Exploration1990

John Martin’s “Iron Hypothesis”Inc. Fe Inc. PhytoPlanktonDec. CO2 Dec. Earth Temp.Influence of Iron levels in Ocean habitats

1990

John Martin’s “Iron Hypothesis”Inc. Fe Inc. PhytoPlanktonDec. CO2 Dec. Earth Temp.Influence of Iron levels in Ocean habitats

Surface ExplorationSurface ExplorationThe Future

2000 – Creation of “Ocean US” and

IOOS: Integrated Ocean Observing System

Weather forecasting, marine preservation

The Future

2000 – Creation of “Ocean US” and

IOOS: Integrated Ocean Observing System

Weather forecasting, marine preservation

Marine GeophysicsMarine Geophysics

Study of rock structure in the ocean basin, properties of rocks such as magnetism,

occurrence of earthquakes.

Study of rock structure in the ocean basin, properties of rocks such as magnetism,

occurrence of earthquakes.

Dec 26, 20049.0 Eq, Sumatra

Dec 26, 20049.0 Eq, Sumatra

275,950 killed275,950 killed

Image courtesy of BBC

Undersea ExplorationUndersea Exploration1535

The Diving Bell

Worn on the shouldersStay under ~ 1 hour

1535

The Diving Bell

Worn on the shouldersStay under ~ 1 hour

Undersea ExplorationUndersea Exploration1825

William James (UK) Develops SCUBA equipment*Compressed air containers worn on

a belt

Many were involved in SCUBA SELF CONTAINED UNDERWATER BREATHING APPARATUS

1825

William James (UK) Develops SCUBA equipment*Compressed air containers worn on

a belt

Many were involved in SCUBA SELF CONTAINED UNDERWATER BREATHING APPARATUS

Undersea ExplorationUndersea Exploration1934

William Beebe & Otis Barton conduct first deep-sea dive

Crude steel ball, ½ mi. downGenerates much interest in

the vitality & natural resources of the ocean

1934

William Beebe & Otis Barton conduct first deep-sea dive

Crude steel ball, ½ mi. downGenerates much interest in

the vitality & natural resources of the ocean O2 tanks inside, circulated by

hand-held fans, CO2 absorbed by chemicals

Undersea ExplorationUndersea Exploration1943

Jacques CousteauAquaLungInc. SafetyInc. Time belowStill used today (with

some improvements)

1943

Jacques CousteauAquaLungInc. SafetyInc. Time belowStill used today (with

some improvements)

Undersea ExplorationUndersea Exploration1951

Mariana TrenchChallenger II (UK)Used soundwaves7 miles below ocean

surface

1951

Mariana TrenchChallenger II (UK)Used soundwaves7 miles below ocean

surface

Undersea ExplorationUndersea Exploration1964

Alvin is launched

Avoid the crushing pressure, darkness, temperature of deep sea exploration

1964

Alvin is launched

Avoid the crushing pressure, darkness, temperature of deep sea exploration

Undersea ExplorationUndersea Exploration1976

Hydrothermal Vents

Cracks in ocean floorExtreme environsNot much known

1976

Hydrothermal Vents

Cracks in ocean floorExtreme environsNot much known

Undersea ExplorationUndersea Exploration1979

Marine Biologist Sylvie Earl invents

The Jim SuitPressurizedWalk on ocean floor,1,250 feet down

1979

Marine Biologist Sylvie Earl invents

The Jim SuitPressurizedWalk on ocean floor,1,250 feet down

Undersea ExplorationUndersea ExplorationToday

LEOLong-term EcosystemObservatory

Today

LEOLong-term EcosystemObservatory