Only Children

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Only Children. G. Stanley Hall. Being an only child is a disease in itself. Overprotected Overindulged. Romeo & Juliet. Alas, Was Juliet An Only Child?. Happier by the Dozen. Early Industrial Psychologists had 12 children to demonstrate efficiency. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Only Children

G. Stanley Hall

• Being an only child is a disease in itself.

• Overprotected• Overindulged

Romeo & Juliet

• Alas,

• Was Juliet

• An Only Child?

Happier by the Dozen

• Early Industrial Psychologists had 12 children to demonstrate efficiency.

• • Happily described in

1948 book, Cheaper by the Dozen

Lillian Moller Gilbreth

Cheaper by the Dozen

• Three Movies 1950

(based on 1948 book)

2003 & 2005 (stories unlike

• 1948 book)

Meta Analyses-Falbo & Polit

• Quantitative reviews of literature

• Over 100 studies• 1925-1984

• Difference between onlies and others was small, even if statistically significant.

Key Findings

• The high achievement of only children was similar to that of children from 2-child families and firstborns.

• The achievement of only children was higher than children from 3+ child families.

Parent-Child Relations

In terms of, Expert reports, Parental descriptions of

children, & Children’s descriptions of parents

First-time parents: More anxiety -> Greater vigilanceFirst-time parents: higher expectations

for their children than more experienced parents.

Apolo Ohno

China’s One-Child Policy

Began over 30 years ago.

Extremely successful in reducing birth rate.

Intended to promote modernization.

Little Emperors

I began conducting research in China…..

Beijing, 1985

Vanessa Fong

2004

Only Hope

Teens were pushed by parents to achieve

Teens were supposed to be vanguard of modernization

2007

EthosMismatch between simple values and more complex models parents want for their children

Falbo & Poston (1993)

50Schools

50Schools

50Schools

50Schools

FourProvinces

Four Provinces in 1990

Province % Urban

* Anhui (n=1000) 44%

* Beijing (n=1000) 70%

* Gansu (n=1000) 50%

* Hunan (n=1000) 30%

Secondary Analyses

Multilevel analysis.Mediation investigated:

Parents’ reports of:Child getting wayHomework helpEducational expectations

Empty Model

Used SAS PROC MIXED

Random Variable = 200 schools

Fixed Variable = None

ICC =.34

Fixed Effects:

Birth Order

Order of birth,

such as firstborn, middle born, last born.

Sibship Size

Number of siblings in a family,

such as, 0, 1, 2, 3, etc.

Model 1: Onlies vs. Others

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1 FB MB LB

One ChildTwo ChildThree+Child

Raw Means-Sibship Size

66

68

70

72

74

76

78

80

82

84

86

0 Siblings 1 Sibling 2 Siblings 3+ Siblings

Third GradeSixthGrade

Model 2: Family Characteristics

Parents’ Education

Range:

None to College Degree

Average: Primary -Jr. High Completion

Family Income

Range:

Less than 1000 to

Over 5000 Yuan

Average: 2501 to 3500 Yuan

Model 3: Control Variables

Individual

Gender

Grade Level

School

Region

Province

Beijing vs.

Anhui,

Gansu,

Hunan

Model 4: Mediators?

Child Getting Way

Homework Help

Educational Expectations

Child Get Way

2.64

2.66

2.68

2.7

2.72

2.74

2.76

2.78

2.8

1 FB MB LB

1 child2 child3+child

Homework Help

2

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

1 FB MB LB

1 child2 child3+child

Educational Expectations

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

4

1 FB MB LB

1 child2 child3+child

2.73***

95.89 24.26

1.94*

7.07*** 7.40*** 9.52***

1.60*** -1.24***

0.57*** 0.00

0.27 0.27 0.01 1.53* 0.28

Model 4

100.68 25.45

1.77*

7.17*** 7.16*** 9.71***

1.24*** -1.32***

0.75*** 0.07

0.68 0.64 0.39 2.16** 0.86

Model 3

101.62 37.47

0.81*** 0.09

1.52** 1.43** 1.42 3.22*** 2.08**

Model 2

105.55 44.69

2.27*** 1.81** 2.40** 4.73*** 3.39***

Model 1

Educational Expectations

Level One VarianceLevel Two Variance

School-Level Control Variables Region (Urban) Province Beijing (1) vs. Anhui (0) vs. Hunan (0) vs. Gansu (0)

Individual-Level Control Variables Gender (female) Grade (sixth)

Family Characteristics Parents’ Education Family Income

Sibling Effect One (1) vs. FB, 2C (0) vs. LB, 2C (0) vs. FB, 3+C (0) vs. MB, 3+C (0) vs. LB, 3+C (0)

Measure

Table. Results of Multilevel Models Predicting School Achievement

Note. Unstandardized regression coefficients presented here. *p < .05; **p < .01; *** p < .0001

What’s Next?

• 2008 Chinese Data– Secondary Students– College Students– Young Adults

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