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Links to Learning ObjectivesLinks to Learning Objectives
DEFINITION OF LEARNINGLO 5.1 Learning
CLASSICAL CONDITIONINGLO 5.2 Study of and important elementsLO 5.3 Conditioned emotional response
OPERANT CONDITIONING (Part 1)
OPERANT CONDITIONING (Part 2)LO 5.8 Controlling behavior and resistanceLO 5.9 Behavior modification
COGNITIVE LEARNINGLO 5.10 Latent learning, helplessness and
insight
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ObserveInsightHelplessCognitiveModify
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LO 5.4 Operant, Skinner and ThorndikeLO 5.5 Important conceptsLO 5.6 Punishment problemsLO 5.7 Reinforcement schedules
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNINGLO 5.11 Observational learning theory
Operant ConditioningOperant ConditioningOperant ConditioningOperant Conditioning
Operant Stimuli BehaviorOperant Stimuli Behavior
• Discriminative stimulus – cue to specific
f
5.8 How do operant stimuli control behavior?
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response for reinforcement
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Biological ConstraintsBiological Constraints
• Instinctive drift –animal’s conditioned behavior reverts to
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reverts to genetic patterns – e.g., raccoon
washing, pig rooting
Applicationof
ehaviormodification
ehaviormodification
operantconditioning
toeffect
change
Behavior ModificationBehavior Modification
• Use of operant techniques to change behavior
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5.9 What is behavior modification?
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Time outApplied Behavior Analysis
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ShapingShaping
Small stepsEffectivereinforcementHeavy early
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Heavy early reinforcementReinforce lessand lessIncorporateHarder steps
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Bio and NeurofeedbackBio and Neurofeedback
• Biofeedback –controlling involuntary responses
• Neurofeedback –modifying behavior via brainscanning
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(e.g., blood pressure) via biological feedback
and feedback about brain activity
Cognitive LearningCognitive LearningCognitive LearningCognitive Learning
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Cognitive Learning TheoryCognitive Learning Theory
• Early days of learning –focus on behavior
• 1950s and 1960s – increased focus on mental events (cognition)
5.10 How do latent learning, learned helplessness and insight relate to cognition?
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(cognition)• Edward Tolman – early
cognitive scientist
Tolman’s Rats & Latent LearningTolman’s Rats & Latent Learning5.17 What was Tolman’s classic study on latent learning?
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Learned HelplessnessLearned Helplessness
• Learned helplessness -tendency to fail to act to escape from a
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escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures
I know some people who live in a horrible situation but won’t leave. Is this the same thing?
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“Although Thorndike and other early learning theorists
Insight: Rapid Perception of Relationships
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believed that animals could not demonstrate insight, Kohler’s work seems to demonstrate that insight requires a sudden “coming together” of all the elements of a problem in a kind of “aha” moment that is not predicted by traditional animal learning studies.”
-Page 208 (Ciccarelli & White)
Observational LearningObservational LearningObservational LearningObservational Learning
b s e r v a t i o n a llearning
b s e r v a t i o n a llearning
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Bandura’s Bobo Doll ExperimentBandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment5.21 What was Bandura’s classic Bobo doll study?
• Two conditions– aggressive and
non-aggressive model
• viewers of
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aggression played more aggressively
• model’s behavior imitated even in absence of reward
Learning vs. PerformanceLearning vs. Performance
Learning can occur without performance
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Steps In Observational LearningSteps In Observational Learning
To learn through observation, must first attend to model
ATTENTIONATTENTION
MEMORYMEMORY
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IMITATIONIMITATION
MOTIVATIONMOTIVATION
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Steps In Observational LearningSteps In Observational Learning
Learner must be able to retain what was
ATTENTIONATTENTION
MEMORYMEMORY
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was observedIMITATIONIMITATION
MOTIVATIONMOTIVATION
Steps In Observational LearningSteps In Observational Learning
Learner must be able to reproduce actions of modelATTENTIONATTENTION
MEMORYMEMORY
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IMITATIONIMITATION
MOTIVATIONMOTIVATION
Steps In Observational LearningSteps In Observational Learning
Learner must be motivated to reproduce observed behaviorsATTENTIONATTENTION
MEMORYMEMORY
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IMITATIONIMITATION
MOTIVATIONMOTIVATION
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