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Op
tica
l C
oh
ere
nce
To
mo
gra
ph
y (
OC
T)
(1)
OC
Tper
form
scr
oss
-sec
tional
imag
ing
by
mea
suri
ng
the
bac
ksca
tter
edlig
ht
from
sam
ple
s.
•T
he
inte
rfer
om
etri
c bio
psy
allo
ws
hig
h-s
pee
d v
isual
izat
ion o
f ti
ssue
wit
h h
igh s
pat
ial re
solu
tion.
•R
eal-ti
me
imag
ing w
ith h
igh r
esolu
tion c
an b
e im
ple
men
ted.
•T
he
fiber
-bas
ed d
esig
n is
com
pac
t an
d p
ort
able
and a
llow
s in
tegra
tion w
ith c
athet
er/e
ndosc
ope.
•N
o n
eed t
o u
se f
luore
scen
t st
ains
or
tags.
Adva
nta
ges
•H
igh r
esolu
tion
•G
reat
pro
bin
g d
epth
( <
2 c
m f
or
eye,
1-2
mm
for
smal
l blo
od v
esse
ls)
•R
elat
ive
sim
plic
ity,
low
har
dw
are
cost
Op
tica
l C
oh
ere
nce
To
mo
gra
ph
y (
OC
T)
(2)
Op
tica
l C
oh
ere
nce
To
mo
gra
ph
y (
OC
T)
(3)
sr
EE
dE
EE
EI
sr
sr
d
rE
sE
Op
tica
l C
oh
ere
nce
To
mo
gra
ph
y (
OC
T)
(4)
sr
EE
Gt
Et
EE
EE
EI
sr
sr
sr
rE
sE
Op
tica
l C
oh
ere
nce
To
mo
gra
ph
y (
OC
T)
(5)
Issu
es invo
lved
in t
he
des
ign o
f th
e O
CT
sys
tem
Op
tica
l C
oh
ere
nce
To
mo
gra
ph
y (
OC
T)
(6)
Op
tica
l C
oh
ere
nce
To
mo
gra
ph
y (
OC
T)
(7)
OC
T im
age
and
his
tolo
gic
al
sect
ion f
rom
a
hea
vily
cal
cifi
ed
hum
an a
ort
a
Bio
imag
ing
: op
tica
l d
iffu
sio
n t
om
og
rap
hy
Light
pas
sing
thro
ugh
ahig
hly
scat
teri
ng
med
ium
mea
sure
d
Unkn
ow
nab
sorp
tion
and/o
rdif
fusi
on
cross
-sec
tion
of
mat
eria
ldet
erm
ined
KM
mea
sure
men
tsper
form
edw
ith
Kso
urc
esan
dM
det
ecto
rs
Tim
e-dom
ain
mea
sure
sdel
ayof
light
puls
eat
det
ecto
r.
Freq
uen
cyd
om
ain
mea
sure
sam
plit
ude/
phas
eof
modula
ted
light
enve
lope.
Als
okn
ow
nas
dif
fuse
opti
cal
tom
ogra
phy
or
photo
n
mig
rati
on
Dete
rmin
ati
on
of
ph
oto
n p
ath
s in
a t
issu
e
ct
Ds
a
as
: ab
sorp
tion c
oef
fici
ent
: photo
n f
lux
c
: s
pee
d o
f lig
ht
in t
he
med
ium
: sc
atte
ring c
oef
fici
ent
Da
s:
dif
fusi
on c
onst
ant
hig
h s
catt
erin
glo
w a
bso
rpti
on
Dif
fusi
on
ap
pro
xim
ati
on
the
in-v
ivo
chara
cter
izati
on a
nd m
easu
rem
ent
of
bio
logic
al
pro
cess
es o
n t
he
cellu
lar
and m
ole
cula
rle
vel th
rough t
he
use
of
imagin
g d
evic
es”
--D
.J.
Wagen
aar
PET
Biolu
min
esce
nce
im
agin
gFl
uore
scen
ce
imag
ing
Rep
ort
er G
ene
Nat
ura
l bio
logic
al
mole
cule
slu
cife
rase
GFP
Label
sPo
sitr
on-
emit
ting iso
topes
(1
5O
, 1
1C
)lu
cife
rin
Light
illum
inat
ion
Imag
ing T
ools
Scin
tilla
tor
crys
tal
+ P
MT
CC
D,
PMT
CC
D,
PMT
Mo
lecu
lar
imag
ing
From
GE
-Am
ersh
am p
rese
ntat
ion
Mo
lecu
lar
imag
ing
In s
itu
real-ti
me d
ete
ctio
n i
s p
oss
ible
.•
Volu
met
ric
spec
trosc
opy:
M
easu
re t
he
opti
cal pro
per
ties
of
each
voxel
at
eac
h s
pec
tral
w
avel
ength
•Fl
uore
scen
t ag
ents
: U
se n
ear
IR
or
visi
ble
flu
ore
scen
t tr
acer
s to
en
han
ce c
ontr
ast
•Fl
uore
scen
t lif
e-ti
me
imag
ing:
Tim
e-dec
ay p
roper
ties
of
fluore
scen
t si
gnal
pro
vide
info
rmat
ion
•Fu
nct
ional
im
agin
g:
Mea
sure
dyn
amic
pro
per
ties
of
trac
er
upta
ke f
or
applic
atio
ns
such
as
phar
mac
oki
net
ics
•M
ole
cula
r im
agin
g:
Dev
elop
fluore
scen
t tr
acer
s th
at a
re
des
igned
to p
robe
spec
ific
m
ole
cula
r pro
per
ties
and t
arget
par
ticu
lar
tiss
ues
(e.
g., t
um
ors
)
•Sa
fety
: N
o r
adio
acti
ve e
xposu
re
•Po
rtab
le:
Does
not
requir
e la
rge
mag
net
or
gam
ma
cam
era
•Fa
st:
Can
pote
nti
ally
ach
ieve
hig
h f
ram
e ra
tes
com
par
ed t
o
PET
or
MR
I
•In
expen
sive
: does
not
requir
e co
her
ent
light
•Sp
atia
l re
solu
tion
–N
eeds
to b
e hig
h e
nough t
o
separ
ate
tiss
ues
of
inte
rest
–D
oes
not
hav
e re
solu
tion o
f C
T o
r M
RI
–Se
ems
reas
onab
le t
o e
xpec
t 1m
m r
esolu
tion 1-1
0 c
m
dep
th
Op
tica
l to
mo
gra
ph
y
Bio
-im
ag
ing
: Near-
Infr
are
d S
pect
rosc
op
y (
NIR
S),
a.k
.a.,
In-v
ivo
Dif
fuse
Op
tica
l Im
ag
ing
(1
)
•M
ole
cula
r im
agin
g
•D
iffu
se (
NIR
) im
agin
g (
tom
ogra
phy)
-Br
ain
Stra
hle
r, B
iol.
Psyc
h., 2
002
Bio
-im
ag
ing
: Near-
Infr
are
d S
pect
rosc
op
y (
NIR
S),
a.k
.a.,
In-v
ivo
Dif
fuse
Op
tica
l Im
ag
ing
(2
)
•D
iffu
se (
NIR
) im
agin
g (
tom
ogra
phy)
-T
issu
e-
Cas
e R
evie
w (
CW
): Inva
sive
Duct
al C
arci
nom
a (P
N6
01
5)
Dep
th:
1.8
53
.85
4.8
5 c
m
X-r
ay
78
0 n
m
83
0 n
m
Mo
nte
Carl
o s
imu
lati
on
Tiss
ue M
ediu
m
?
inou
t
Dif
fusi
on t
heo
ryM
onte
Car
lo
g=0.9
g=0.5
g=0 (
isotr
opic
)
Dif
fusi
on
theo
ry
Monte
Car
lo
sim
ula
tion
Bio
-im
ag
ing
: Near-
Infr
are
d S
pect
rosc
op
y (
NIR
S),
a.k
.a.,
In-v
ivo
Dif
fuse
Op
tica
l Im
ag
ing
(3
)
htt
p:/
/ww
w.x
enogen
.com
CW
•si
mple
st a
ppro
aches
usi
ng C
CD
•no f
luore
scen
ce lif
etim
e in
fo
Xen
og
en
: C
W b
iolu
min
esc
en
ce i
mag
ing
Xen
og
en
: C
W b
iolu
min
esc
en
ce i
mag
ing
KO
DA
K I
mag
e S
tati
on
20
00
MM
: C
W
Sim
ilar
to P
ET/C
T
Com
bin
atio
n o
f C
T a
nd
bio
lum
ines
cence
Abso
rpti
on a
nd
scat
teri
ng f
rom
es
tim
ated
CT
num
ber
s
Not
accu
rate
way
of
com
bin
ing t
he
two
Bio
lum
inesc
en
ce /
CT
G. W
an
g (
U. Io
wa)
Flu
ore
scen
ce m
ole
cula
r to
mo
gra
ph
y
V. N
tzia
chri
sto
s, R
. W
eis
sled
er
(MG
H)
Flu
ore
scen
ce m
ole
cula
r to
mo
gra
ph
y
V. N
tzia
chri
sto
s, R
. W
eis
sled
er
(MG
H)
•M
odula
tes
light
amplit
ude
usi
ng R
F so
urc
e at
fre
quen
cy f
.
•M
easu
res
mag
nit
ude
and p
has
e of
opti
cal det
ecto
r's
signal
.
•Sc
atte
ring a
nd a
bso
rpti
on c
han
ge
mag
nit
ude
and p
has
e of
det
ecte
d s
ignal
.
•Ea
ch m
easu
rem
ent
is a
com
ple
x n
um
ber
.
•Sp
ecia
l ca
se:
If f
= 0
, th
is is
know
n a
s co
nti
nuous
wav
e (C
W)
mea
sure
men
t.
Op
tica
l to
mo
gra
ph
y: f
req
uen
cy-d
om
ain
ap
pro
ach
es
Fre
qu
en
cy-d
om
ain
ap
pro
ach
es
Fre
qu
en
cy-d
om
ain
im
ple
men
tati
on
Fre
qu
en
cy-d
om
ain
im
ple
men
tati
on
Sevic
k-M
ura
ca, T
exas
A&
M
Fre
qu
en
cy-d
om
ain
im
ple
men
tati
on
Sevic
k-M
ura
ca, T
exas
A&
M
Short
puls
e of
light
is u
sed a
s an
opti
cal so
urc
e.Li
ght
trav
els
to d
etec
tor
along d
iffe
rent
pat
hs
due
to s
catt
erin
g.
Syst
em m
easu
res
tim
e dom
ain r
esponse
, s(
t),
at o
pti
cal det
ecto
rs.
The
syst
em c
an d
o t
he
fluore
scen
ce lif
etim
e im
agin
g.
Op
tica
l to
mo
gra
ph
y: t
ime-d
om
ain
ap
pro
ach
es
ct
Ds
a
Tim
e dom
ain
•Ball
isti
c p
ho
ton
s: c
oher
entl
y sc
atte
red lig
ht
that
pro
pag
ates
in t
he
forw
ard d
irec
tion,
trav
els
the
short
est
pat
h,
and c
arri
es m
axim
um
in
form
atio
n o
n t
he
inte
rnal
str
uct
ure
of
the
tiss
ue.
•Sn
ake
photo
ns:
port
ions
of
light
that
sca
tter
in w
iggly
tra
ject
ori
es,
still
in
the
forw
ard d
irec
tion.
Tim
e-del
ayed
wit
h r
espec
t to
bal
listi
c photo
ns,
yet
st
ill c
arry
info
rmat
ion o
n t
he
scat
teri
ng m
ediu
m.
•D
iffu
se p
ho
ton
s: m
ost
port
ions
of
the
light
bea
m t
hat
under
go m
ult
iple
sc
atte
ring,
trav
el long d
ista
nce
s w
ithin
med
ium
, an
d c
arry
lit
tle
info
rmat
ion o
n t
he
tiss
ue.
To b
e dis
crim
inat
ed a
gai
nst
.
Op
tica
l to
mo
gra
ph
y: t
ime-d
om
ain
ap
pro
ach
es
GE
Amer
sham
Tim
e-d
om
ain
: GE/A
RT
Exp
lore
Op
tix
Bio
-im
ag
ing
: Near-
Infr
are
d S
pect
rosc
op
y (
NIR
S),
a.k
.a.,
In-v
ivo
Dif
fuse
Op
tica
l Im
ag
ing
(6
)
Basi
c co
nce
pt
of
fluore
scen
t ta
ggin
g
Fluoro
phore
pro
vides
enhan
ced c
ontr
ast
Wit
h t
arget
ed d
eliv
ery
: si
te-s
pec
ific
im
agin
g (
e.g.
tum
ors
)Fl
uoro
phore
abso
rbs
ener
gy
at e
xci
tati
on w
avel
ength
, x
Fluoro
phore
re-
emit
s at
em
issi
on w
avel
ength
, m
Flu
ore
scen
ce-b
ase
d o
pti
cal
dif
fusi
on
to
mo
gra
ph
y
Op
tica
l to
mo
gra
ph
y: c
om
pari
son
* Fr
equen
cy d
om
ain: sa
me
char
acte
rist
ics
as t
ime
dom
ain
Near-
field
vs.
far-
field
Seo
ul A
rts
Cen
ter
Near-
field
an
d f
ar-
field
im
ag
ing
Bio
-im
ag
ing
: Near-
Fie
ld S
can
nin
g O
pti
cal
Mic
rosc
op
y (
NSO
M o
r SN
OM
)
•C
om
bin
atio
n o
f a
subw
avel
ength
ap
ertu
re t
o illu
min
ate
an o
bje
ct w
ith
a det
ecto
r ve
ry c
lose
to t
he
sam
ple
ac
com
plis
hes
hig
h r
esolu
tion b
y non-d
iffr
acti
on lim
ited
pro
cess
.
•U
se o
f a
subw
avel
ength
aper
ture
is
achie
ved b
y a
taper
ed o
pti
cal fi
ber
w
ith a
tip
rad
ius
< 1
00
nm
.
•Im
port
ant
to k
eep t
he
opti
cal pro
be
at a
const
ant
dis
tance
fro
m t
he
sam
ple
surf
ace.
Ph
oto
aco
ust
ic t
om
og
rap
hy (
PA
T)
Ph
oto
aco
ust
ic t
om
og
rap
hy (
PA
T)
Hz
mm
μmμm
Mvx
/s
Ph
oto
aco
ust
ic t
om
og
rap
hy (
PA
T)
in v
ivo
Recommended