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Optická vlákna a vláknovésenzory
Ústav fotoniky a elektroniky, AVČR, v.v.i.
www.ufe.cz/dpt240, www.ufe.cz/~kasik
Ústav fotoniky a elektroniky AV ČR, v.v.i.
- součást Akademie věd ČR = základní výzkum, neuniverzitní- středně velký ústav (cca 100 zaměstnanců)
VÝZKUM:- fotonika (optické senzory, vlnovodná fotonika, optická vlákna)- měření (správa etalonu) přesného času, syntéza řeči
FJFI, OFST 2012
Outline
Fiber-optic sensors* general consideration* materials, structures, coatings* processing and accessories* examples
Summary
LABO * local pH detection* gas sensing (angular distribution meas.) * fluorimeter Jobin-Yvon* decladding, cleaving, splicing
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Fiber-optic SENSORS
Change of output optical signal due to (bio)chemical changes in fiber vicinity.
Source Detector
Continual reversible monitoring of (bio)chemical species and their concentration
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Environmental monitoring, medicine, biology, homeland security ... SENSORS
+ Remote sensing+ Distributed or micro+ Explosive, high-voltage areas, human body
Solution : fiber-optic sensors
Multipoint (distributed) detection
Point detection
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Optical SENSOR consideration
� Method : optical (fluorescence...)
� Optics & chemistry� 1. Planar / fiber-optic� 2. Transducer & imobilization� 3. Spectral range� 4. Structure OF � 5. Implementation
� Feasibility ?? *� Expected utilization
(market)� Price
Requirements:� sensitivity - LOD� selectivity� reproducibility� dynamics - time response� reliability-stability ...
* Parkinson : The more complicated system, the higher probability of its failure.** Murphy : What can go wrong, it will.
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Optical HW consideration
� STRUCTURE : MM (multimode)+ larger core & higher NA => cheap components+ robustness => easy handling, processing
� METHOD (absorption, fluorescence, refractometry...)and chemistry =>
� SPECTRAL RANGE : UV<< VIS+NIR >> IR
+ compatibility with conventional fiber optics+ availability of HW of acceptable price+ low optical losses
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Optical HW requirements
� Durability to the analyte� (glasses > polymers > crystals)
� High transparency in a wide spectral range� (VIS-NIR > UV and IR)
� Suitable refractive index� Common availability of optical hw
� (conventional > special; VIS-NIR > UV & IR)
⇒ Material & structure & coating
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Optical fibers – MATERIALS - UV
200 400 600 800 1000 12001
10
100
1000
Optran UV (CeramOptec GmbH) Suprasil 300 (IPE)
Atte
nuat
ion
[dB
/km
]
Wavelength [nm]
� silica fibers - SUPRASIL n200 nm = 1.55 [ceramoptec.de, OceanO, IPE …]� planar silica, crystalline CaF2 (MgF2) – [edmundoptics, technicalglass …]
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Optical fibers – MATERIALS – VIS/NIR
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
1
10
100
1000 PCS GI-telecomm SM-telecomm Polystyrene
OH-
10-10
0,01
0,1
0,316
0,794 Tra
nsm
itted
opt
ical
pow
er
Atte
nuat
ion
[dB
/km
]
Wavelength [nm]
Silica n633 =1.457 & doped silica n633 = 1.45-1.50 [corning, lucent, ocean_o, IPE]Glass (silicate - Simax, Vycor, Pyrex) n588 =1.5-1.95 [schott, LiFaTec.de, IPE…]Plastic n588 =1.5-1.6 [mitsubishi.com, luceat.it, unlimited-inc.com…]
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Optical fibers – MATERIALS - IR
� fluoride glasses [irphotonics.com, univ-rennes1.fr …] (up to ~4 µm) � sapphire [CRYTUR, photran.com, fiberoptictechnology.net …] (up to ~4 µm) � silver-halides AgClxBr1-x (up to 15 µm)� chalco glasses (Se, As2S3, As2Se3…) [oxford-electronics, orc.soton.ac.uk] (< 20 µm) � refractive indexes 2-20um ~ 2 – 2.5 >> silicate glasses
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Optical fibers - STREUCTURES
Conventional
Single-modeØcore 2-15 µmNA 0.1-0.25
Multimode Øcore50-1000 µmNA 0.2-0.5
SM 250/125/7 µm MM 250/200 µmFJFI, OFST 2012
Optical fiber COATINGS
� Conventional on-line coating
� Mechanical protection� thickness 4 µm (hard)–100 µm (soft)
� Polysiloxane (nD = 1,41), soft� UV-acrylate (nD = 1,65), hard� Fluorinated UV-acrylate (nD=1,35-1.44), hard� PI – polyimide (nD>1,46), hard� PTFE – teflon (nD = 1,29)
� [Sylgard, DeSolite, Luvantix, DSM Desoto]
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Optical fiber special COATINGS
Special additional coating sol-gel and/or polymers
� Immobilizing of transducers� Tailoring of access of analyte
to the detection site => (porosity, thickness, phobicity)� thickness ~102 nm (!) – several µm
� Dip coating� (planar : spin coating)
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OPTICAL FIBER PROCESSING & ACCESSORIES
� mechanically – stripping tool (pliers) :
� chemically - leaching� trichloethylene (acrylates)� HF acid (siloxanes) � exposition – seconds-
minute
Optical fiber decladding
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Optical fiber cleaving
� primitively : scissors, knife, razor blade (suitable for POF)
� more primitively: fire
� correctly : � fiber cleaver FK11
(York Tech, Ericsson)
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Optical fiber connectoring
� Types : FC, SMA, APC …; losses ~0.2 dB
125 mglass fiber
µ
Glass gap
Fiber Connection (FC)8 degree angle
Angled Fiber Connection (APC)
Ferrule 2.5 mm Fiber 125 mµ
Alignment key
Connecting body andmechanical retainer
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Optical fibre bundles
Collecting Fiber RingExciting Fiber
� Reflection sensing arrangement (fluorescence)� Imaging� Multianalyte analysis
40 x 120 fibers 125 µm
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Optical fiber tapers
� Multipoint monitoring
Optical losses : SM ~ 0.1-0.2 dB
Tapered fibre: 125 mµ
Fibre waist : 1-10 m2µ
Analyte
Excitation Detection(Transducer)
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Optical fiber tapers
� Small area monitoring� Preparation
� Flame (laser) processing� Slow withdrawing from HF-containing solution
Analyte (cell)
Excitation (2)Excitation (1)Detection
Transducer
Tapered fibre: 125 mµ Τ 1−10 µip: m
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Optical fiber gratings
LPG : Long Period Gratings (~ mm period)
Analyte
(Transducer)
Core mode Cladding mode
LPG period
Preparation� Laser inscription
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Fiber gratings
FBG : Fibre Bragg Gratings (~ nm period)
FBG
LPG : transmission spectrum
1480 1500 1520 1540 1560 1580-64
-60
-56
23.9 26.7 30.7 34.5 38.5 43.2
Out
put s
pect
ral d
ensi
ty (
dBm
/nm
)
Wavelength (nm)
Temperature (°C)
LPG : Long Period Gratings
FBG : reflection spectrum
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EXAMPLESRefractometric sensor of hydrocarbons
+ sensitivity : LOD ~ 3-5 mg/l ~ comparable to EU ecological limit
+ time response : seconds In collaboration with Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Ecole Centrale de Lyon
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EXAMPLESLocal pH detection in microsamples
Detection of pH <5; 7> in xylem exudates, intracellular detection
Fiber tapers :
In collaboration with IEB ASCR, UK, MU, VSCHT, MZLU
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Local pH detection in microsamples
� Fluorescence ratiomeric
� HPTS + int.standard Ru-phen
� Laser diode
� taper Ø 8 µm(GI 125/50)
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Liblice
Methods based on fluorescence
475 500 525 550 575 600 625 6500
200
400
600
800
1000 pH6 470nm pH6,25 470nm pH6,5 470nm pH6.75 470nm pH7 470nm pH7,25 470nm pH7,5 470nm pH7,75 470nm pH8 470nm
Out
put p
ower
(a.
u.)
Wavelength (nm)
Intenzity measurement+ easy- incorrect (influence of set-up)* 1 source + detector
Ratiometric
Self-reference1 transducer2 sources +
detector
Internal standard2 transducers1 source
+spectrometer
+ better precision- more complicated set-up
500 550 600 650 700 750 8000,00
0,01
0,02
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
I=0.10 mol,l-1Excitation wavelength: 470nm
Response of sensing layer to pH changesc-HPTS complex, standard Ru
Wavelength (nm)
pH 4.05 5.05 6.05 7.1 8.15
Out
put p
ower
(A
.U.)
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Local pH detection in microsamplesFluorescence responses to calibration buffers
Excitation : 475 nm, taper, 8 um, HPTS+Ru-phen
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Local pH detection in microsamples
pH <6; 9> resolution 0.2; pH <5; 6> resolution 0.5 (pH meter ±0,08)
Calibration curve : output = 2,407 – 1,142 pH + 0,133 pH2
buffers
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Local pH detection in microsamples
Time response (10 s)
exudateOpticaly conventionaly
5.6 5.35.5 5.0
within experimental error
Validation
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Implementation for pH detection of drops (6 µl) of xylem exudate of oat
6 lµpH
dropsvolume
5.0 5.4
5.6 5.4
5.5 6.0
Local pH detection in microsamples
No gradient of xylem flow proved.
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SUMMARYSUMMARY
1. Fiber technology : preparation of structures of high preciseness from materials of ultra-high purity (impurities in ppbs only). Two steps : preformpreparation and fiber drawing.
2. Despite of long history of optical fiber sensing, the field is still under development (hot topics – news ~each 3-4 years)
3. Challenges : intracelular & (bio)detection, hydrogen (fuel), distributed environmental monitoring … ?
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I TY se staň UFEm !
UPLATNĚNÍ V OBORU
Příjmy absolventů VŠ po 5 letech praxe
MFD 22/9/20110 10 20 30 40 50
Janáčkova akademie múzických umění v Brně
Mendelova zemědělská a lesnická univerzita v Brně
Akademie múzických umění v Praze
Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci
Veterinární a farmaceutická univerzita Brno
Univerzita Jana Evangelisty Purkyně v Ústí n. Labem
Masarykova univerzita
Technická univerzita v Liberci
Vysoká škola báňská - Technická univ. Ostrava
Univerzita Karlova v Praze
Vysoké učení technické v Brně
Česká zemědělská univerzita v Praze
Vysoká škola chemicko-technologická v Praze
České vysoké učení technické v Praze
Vysoká.škola podnikání, a. s., Ostrava
Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze
Plat (tis. Kč/měs.)
FJFI, OFST 2012
References� A. Mendez, F.T. Morse : Specialty optical fibers handbook, Elsevier
Science & Technol, USA, 2006. � J. M. Senior : Optical fiber communications - Principle and practise,
Pearson Education Limited, Harlow, England, 2009.� J. Schrofel, K. Novotný : Optické vlnovody, SNTL, 1986 � Saaleh, Fotonika (1 - 4), Matfyzpres� V. Matejec, I. Kasik, M. Chomat : Fundamentals and performance of
the MCVD aerosol process, in Aerosol chemical processes in the environment, Levis (2000)
� K.T.V.Grattan, B.T.Meggitt: : Optical fiber sensor technology, Vol.4, Kluwer, 1999
� G.Boisdé, A.Harmer : Chemical and biochemical sensing with optical fibers and waveguides, Artech House, London, 1996
� J.Dakin, B.Culshaw : Optical fiber sensors, MA, Artech House 97� F.Baldini, A.N.Chester, J.Homola, S.Martelluci, Optical chemical
sensors, Kluwer 2006� O.S. Wolfbeis : Optical sensors, Springer, 2005
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