Osaka University Knowledge Archive : OUKA...2 yxP,

Title 「も」の多様性に関する統語論的研究

Author(s) 榎原, 実香

Citation

Issue Date

Text Version ETD

URL https://doi.org/10.18910/72214

DOI 10.18910/72214

rights

Note

Osaka University Knowledge Archive : OUKAOsaka University Knowledge Archive : OUKA

https://ir.library.osaka-u.ac.jp/

Osaka University

2018

i

��

1 ................................ ................................ ....... 1 1.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.1.1. ......................................................................................................... 2 1.1.2. .................................................................................................. 4 1.1.3. .................................................................................................. 6

1.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2.1. ............................................................................................ 12 1.2.2. ............................................................................................ 14 1.2.3. ......................................................................................... 20 1.2.4. .............................................................................. 26 1.2.5. ..................................................................................... 26 1.2.6. ..................................................................................... 27 1.2.7. ....................................................................................................... 28

2 ................................ ............................... 30 2.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

2.4.1. ....................................................................................................... 36 2.4.2. ................................................................................................... 40

2.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.5.1. .......................................................................... 47 2.5.2. Kuroda (1965) .......................................................................................... 49 2.5.3. 2006 ........................................................................................... 50 2.5.4. ..................................................................................... 53 2.5.5. .......................................................................... 55

2.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

3 ................................ ....... 57

3.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

3.2.1. .............................................. 61 3.2.2. .......................................... 64

3.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3.3.1. ................................................................... 75 3.3.2. ................................................................... 75 3.3.3. ................................................................... 76 3.3.4. ....................................................................... 79

3.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

4 ................................ ................... 82 4.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 4.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 4.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 4.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

4.4.1. .......................................................................... 91 4.4.2. ....................................................................... 97

4.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 4.5.1. ....................................................................................... 100 4.5.2. C ................................................... 101 4.5.3. A B ........................................ 103

4.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

5 ................................ ..................... 107 5.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 5.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

5.2.1. + ................................................................... 110 5.2.2. + ............................................................... 114

5.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 5.3.1. A .......................................................... 117

5.3.2. B .......................................................... 120 5.3.3. C .......................................................... 122

5.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

6 ................................ .................. 128 6.1. + .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 6.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 6.3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 6.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 6.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 6.6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

7 ................................ ... 138 7.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 7.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

8 ................................ ..................... 142 8.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 8.2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

151

1

1

1936 2006

1986 2007

(1)

(2)

(3) 3

(4)

(5)

―

∃

2

3

4

Agreement

5

2

6 Negative Concord Item

4 7

5

1.1.

1.1.1.

1 1897

1908

1936: 472 ≠

≠

1 1977, 1940

1981, 1991

1) a. 3 b. 3 c. *3

3

(6) a.

b. * 2

c.

d. *

1908 ≠

(7) ⅳ ≠

(8)

(9)

(7) a.

b.

(8) a. *

b.

(9) a. # 3 4

b.

2 *

ⅳ

3 #

ⅵ

4

4

1936

(10) a. ↑ CHJ

951

b. *

∃

1.1.2.

1948

1948

ⅳ

(11)

1948: 178

1974, 1986

ⅳ

α

5

(12) ( )

( )

( )

1984

≠ 1984: 80

(13)

×

1981, 1991

1981

(14)

(14)

∩ 1981: 66

1991 X P ⅳ X

P

6

(15) 1984

(15)

ⅳ

1.1.3.

ⅳ

2016

(16) ( )

( )

( ) 2016: 10

2016

7

5

(17) { *Ø}

(18) { *Ø}

(19) { ??Ø}

(20) { *Ø}

(21) a. { *Ø} ( ) 2009: 27

b.

(22) a. { *Ø} ‥ ( ) 2009: 27

b. ‥

(23) a. { *Ø} { *Ø}

b.

(24) a. { *Ø}

b.

1.2.

( ) 2009

5 ―

2) 2014: 621 3) 2014: 621

8

( ) 2009: 19

(25)

‥

( ) 2009: 87

(26) 86

(27) 5

(28)

‥

( ) 2009: 137

(29) 1

(30)

(31) 3 2

( ) 2009: 27

(32) ( ) 2009: 27

( ) 2009:

28

(33) 3

9

( ) 2009: 28

(34)

φ 1995

= ←

∩ =

ⅳ

ⅳ =

= ⅳ

←

←

( ) 2009

∩

(35) ∩ 300 φ 1995: 236

←

ⅳ

∩

/

φ 1995: 229

1 φ 1995

10

(36) 10 φ 1995: 243

2009: 37-43 4

(37) (38)

(37) ( )

2009: 37

( )

2009: 38

( ) ⅰ

ⅰ 2009: 39

( )

2009: 41-42

(38)

ⅰ

2009: 121-122

2009

(37 ) ⅰ (37 )

11

(37 ) (37 )

6

(39) 1 2009: 122

ⅰ

ⅰ

2009: 129

(40) 2 2009: 122

ⅰ

ⅰ 2009: 135

(41) 3

ⅰ

ⅰ

2009: 130

(42) (42) ∃ H ⅵ x F

H [y1] [y2] x

(43) (44)

ⅳ

6 2009 3 1

1

12

(42) H = {y1, x, y2, ……}

(43) a. =(1)

b. = {↑ , , , ……}

(44) a. =(2)

b. = { , , …… }

(45) (46) 3

(47)

ⅳ

(45) a. =(3)

b. = { , * }

(46) a. 3 =(4)

b. = {3 , *3 }

(47) a. =(5)

b. = { , ??↑ }

( ) 2009

1.2.1.

( ) 2009: 19

2010, 2014

13

(48) ⅵ a.

b. 1991: 75

= { , , , ……}

(49) ⅵ a.

b.

= { , , , ……}

ⅳ

‥ ⅵ (50)

…

(51) (52)

(50) a. … 2016: 15

b. … = { , , , ……}

(51) a. 2016: 15

b. = { , , , ……}

(52) a. 2016: 15

b. = { , , , ……}

ⅵ

2007: 13

(53)-(55) ⅳ

ⅵ

(53) a. … 2016: 15

b. … = { , , …… }

(54) a. 2016: 15

b. = { , , …… }

14

(55) a. 2016: 15

b. = { , , , …… }

ⅳ

1.2.2.

φ 1995

2009

( ) 2009: 87

ⅳ

(56) ∩

(57) (58)

(56) a. ∩ 2016: 16

b. ∩ = { , , …… }

(57) a. 2016: 16

b. = { , , …… }

(58) a. 2016: 16

b. = { , , …… }

∩

15

( )

2009: 103

‥ 1992: 153

ⅳ

ⅳ

ⅳ

(59) a.

b. = {??, }

(60) a.

b. = {??, }

ⅵ

1991

(61) 1

ⅳ

Intensity

(61)

(61) 1

16

http://www.ableart.org/org/handbook/2-2.html

1991: 70 (62

a)

ⅳ

(62) a. 1991: 70

b.

c.

(63)

ⅳ (63) su-

do- ⅳ

(63) a. http://www00

2.upp.so-net.ne.jp/hidemi-k/thought/t061.html

b.

su-

1991

+ = +

∩

ⅳ 2010

17

(64) ⊆

(65) ??

(66) ??

(67) (68)

(67) a.

b. = {??, ?}

(68) a.

b. = {??, ?}

2010 +

(2010) even

∩ ⅳ

5 5

5 1 4

(69) a. 5

b. = {# , ↑ , …… 5 }

c. = {1 , 2 , …… 5 }

(70) a.

b. = {# , # , …… }

c. = { , 5 , , ……}

18

∩

( ) 2009 1993

2009 1993

(71)

(71) 1993: 156

ⅳ (72b)

(73)

ⅳ

(74)

ⅲ

ⅳ

(72) a.

b. = { , , , …… }

(73) a.

b. = { , , , …… }

(74) a.

b. = { , , , …… }

1993 ( ) 2000

19

ⅳ

(75) ( ) 2000: 231

(76) ( ) 2000: 231

ⅳ ⅳ

+ (77a)

ⅳ

(77c) +

ⅳ

(77) a. ↑ 3

b. ↑ 3

c. * ↑ 3

d. ↑ 3 = { , }

(78a) (79a) (80a)

(78) a. *

b.

c. 3

(79) a. *

b.

c. 100

20

(80) a. *

b.

∩

∃

φ ∃

1.2.3. 7

( ) 2009: 26

‥

ⅳ 2007 1984, 2009

2007: 34

1991 2009

( ) 2009 1991 8

1

∃

7 2017c, 2018c 8 1991 1991

α 1991: 81

21

1 1991

2008

2008

2008

2008

(81) a.

b. = { , ??}

(82) a.

b. = { , ??}

22

(83) a. α α

b. = { α, ??}

1.2.3.1.

2008

(84a)

(85)

(84) a. 2008: 39 9

b. = { , , , , ……}

(85) { } 2008: 40 10

1.2.3.2.

2008 (b)

(86) a. 2008: 39

b. = { , , ……}

(87) a. 3 2008: 45

9 ( ) 2009

2008

10 A A B A B2008 2009 A A B

A A B

23

b. = { 3 , ,

……}

(88) a. 2008: 47 11

b. = { ,

, …… }

1.2.3.3.

2008 (89)

(90)

∩

(89) a. 2008: 49

b. = { , , ……}

(90) a. # 2008: 49

b. = { , ??}

2008

1.2.3.4. 2008

2008

11 (4) ⅵ

ⅳ 4) ‥

2008: 47ⅳ

24

2008 (91a)

(92a)

(91a) (92a)

(91) a. 12

b. = { , ↑ , ……}

(92) a.

b. = { , , ……}

(91a) (92a) ⅵ

2008 α

(93) (94)

2008

2001 (93)

(94) 2007 13

ⅳ

(93) a.

b.

(94) a.

b. ??

12 ⅵ

13 2007

2008

25

c. = { , ??}

2008 ∩

2008 1991

2008 (95) (96) (97)

(95) (97) (b) (c)

(96)

(95) a.

b. #

c.

(96) a. 3

b. 3

c. ?8 3

(97) a.

b. #

c.

ⅵ

2

26

2 2008

1.2.4.

( ) 2009: 28

(98) 3

25

(98) a. 3 ( ) 2009: 28

b. = {??, 3 }

(99) a. 25 ∩ ( ) 2009: 28

b. = {…… 27 , 26 , 25 }

1.2.5.

φ 1995: 236

[ ] [

] (100)

(101)

2008

27

ⅳ ⅳ

(100) a.

b. 2016: 22

c. = { , ,

, ……}

(101) a.

b. 2016: 22

c. = { , ,

, ……}

(100) (101)

(102) (103)

ⅵ

(102) ?

(103) ?

1.2.6.

ⅳ (105) ∩

100

28

(104) a. 100

b. = {??, 100 }

(105) #

(106) (107)

(106) 50 φ 1995: 243

(107) 100 #

1.2.7.

∩

≠

∃

(108) a.

b.

c.

3 1991

29

3

+

∩

∩

∩ ‥

∩

30

2

1

2.1.

2009: 25-32

4 4

(109) ( ) α +

α

( ) ⅳ

( )

( )

(109 ) (109

) (109 ) (109 )

Label

(110b) 3

(110a)

(110d)

(109 ) α (109 )

31

(110c) (109 )

2009

(109 )

(110e)

(110) ( ) α

a. #

b. #3

( ) ⅳ

c. *

( )

d. #[ ]

( )

e.

(110 ) α (110 )

ⅳ

(110 ) ⅳ ⅳ

ⅳ

(110 )

2.2.

32

NP VP

(111)

(112)

(111) a. +

b. ? [ ] ? +

c. [ ] +

(112) a. +

b. [ ] +

c. * [ ] * +

2006 [Case] D

DP

(113) a. *[DP { } ]

b. [PP { } ]

(114) a.

b. *[DP[DP ] ]

Bare Phrase Structure X0

Xmax

XP=Xmax X=X0

XP Xmax Label

(115) a. Maximal Projection

b. Minimal Projection

33

c. Intermediate Projection

2016: 541

2006

N D

Watanabe (2008)

NP #P NP

CaseP

∃ Mass Partitives Abbott 1996 #P

#P QP CaseP

DP ⅳ Watanabe

DP 3 r 3 QP D

3 r 3

CaseP Q

3

r 3 #P Case

3 3 NP # 6

YP/Ymax

3 XP/Xmax Y/Y0

3 ZP/Zmax : 3 X/X0

3 Watanabe (2008) DP

2

34

(2008) Takahashi (2002) D

∩

(116) [DP [QP [CaseP [#P NP #] Case] Q] D] Watanabe 2008: 517

(117) *[DP[CaseP[NP ] Case] D]

(118) [DP[CaseP[NP ] Case] D]

2.3.

1974, 1993

∃ 1974, 1993

≠

A D 4

1974, 1993 A B ⅰ

C D ∩

A D ≠

A B B C C D14

Luigi Rizzi C D

14 A D

D

C . / ……

B . / ……

A . / ……

4 1974, 1993

35

CP

2012 2014 2015

5

(119) a. A ≒vP b. B ≒FinP c. C ≒ForceP 2015: 8

3 3

ForceP 3

3 TopP Force

3 3

FocP Top 3

3 ModP Foc

3 3

TopP Mod 3

3 FinP Top

3 3

TP Fin 3

3 NegP T

3 3

vP Neg 3

3 VP v

3 3

V

B

C

D

A

5

36

2.4.

Agree

( ) 2016: 531 Value

Unvalued Feature Chomsky

(2000, 2001) ⅳ uF ⅳ iF

ⅳ uF c- ⅳ iF

(120) Wh C what [Q]

C ⅳ [Q] what ⅳ [wh]

(120) [CP C [TP John bought what]]. 2001: 217

[Q] [Q][wh]

Probe Goal

Wh

Kishimoto (2001) LF Hiraiwa (2005b) Transfer

Indeterminate-Agreement Hiraiwa

(2005b) c-

(121) The head of the chain of the indeterminate must be in cd(Q) at Transfer. Hiraiwa 2005b: 100

(122) a. ↑ i[PROi ]-

b. *? i[PROi MIT ]- Hiraiwa 2005b: 105

2.4.1.

Oku (1998)

pro LF

37

(123) a.

b. Ø OK OK Otani and Whitman

1991: 346-347

Saito (2007) LF

PF

LF

ⅳ

(124) a. *[ ]i [↑ ti ] [ ]j Ø

b. *[ ]i [↑ ti ] [ ]j Ø

Saito 2007: 210

Saito (2007) Case

Absence of Overt Agreement

LF

LF

(125) a.

b. ↑ Ø Saito 2007: 216

(126) a. John brought [his friend].

b. *But Mary didn’t bring Ø. Saito 2007: 215

38

Sugisaki (2011) Saito (2007) [Q]

(127) a. [DP ]

b. ↑ Ø

(128) a. A:

B: Sugisaki 2011: 69

b. A: Ø

B:

Ikawa (2013) LF

Phonetically Null

(129) a.

b. * Ø

(130) A:

B: { Ø Ø}

(131) A:

39

B: { #Ø #Ø }

(132) A:

B: { Ø Ø Ø}

(133) A:

B: { Ø #Ø #Ø}

LF

(134) a.

b. Ø

c. * Ø

(135) A:

B1:

B2: Ø

Sato and Ginsburg (2007) Sakamoto and Saito (2018)

LF Sakamoto and Saito (2018) (136)

ⅵ pro

40

(137) PF (137B2) LF

(136) i

a. [DP ]i-

b. [DP pro]i

c. *[DP ]i- Sakamoto and Saito 2018: 351

(137) A: [DP ]-

B1: [DP ]-

B2: *[DP ]- Sakamoto and Saito 2018: 354

2.4.2.

2006, 2009

Topic Particle Stranding 2012 Nasu 2012

2018 Argument Ellipsis

2006,

2009

Sloppy Identity ⅳ

pro

(138) A:

B: {Ø # } 2009: 104

(139) A:

B: {Ø # } 2006: 4

(140) A: − i ti

B: Ø − = OK − OK −

41

ⅳ

2018 2006, 2009 2012

(141) A1:

B1: Ø

A2:

B2: Ø

(142bB)

ⅵ

(142) a. A:

B: Ø

b. A:

B: Ø

2018 ForceP

1994

42

(143) A1:

B1: * Ø

A2:

B2: * Ø

(144) A:

B: [Ø … ] 2018: 90

(145) A:

B: [Ø … ] 2018: 90 15

(146) a. { }

b. { } 1994: 197

(147) a. # i { } ti

b. * i { } ti 1994: 125

2012 Nasu (2012) Topic Particle

Stranding

(148) A:

B: Ø × 2012: 8

15 2009

PFSato 2012 Sato and Maeda in press

ⅳ

(145)

43

(149) A: ↑

B: { Ø *Ø} 2012: 2

2012

(150) ( )

( ) ⅳ

ⅳ

( ) > >

(150 )-(150 )

ⅳ

( )

(151) A:

B: Ø …… Nasu 2012: 223

(152) A:

B: Ø ……

(153) A:

B: *Ø *

44

Hoji 1985 Saito 1985

( )

(154) A:

B: { Ø } 2012: 3

(155) A:

B: { Ø }

someone

(156) #

(157) # ↑

( ) > >

(158) A:

B1: *{ Ø } Ø

B2: Ø { Ø }

(159) A:

B1: *{ Ø } Ø

B2: Ø { Ø }

45

(160) A:

B1: Ø Ø

B2: * Ø Ø

(161) A:

B1: Ø Ø

B2: * Ø Ø

(162) A:

B1: Ø Ø

B2: #Ø Ø

(163) A:

B1: Ø Ø

B2: #Ø Ø

4

Sentence-initial Topic

Root Phenomenon

Argument Ellipsis saP Speech Act Phrase

( )

( )

( ) > >

46

Nasu 2012 saP

saP saP

CP saP

(164)

LF ⅳ

(164) saP >> ForceP > TopP > IntP > TopP > FocP > TopP > FinP16

ⅳ

saP FocP

(165) saP > > ForceP > TopP > TopP > FocP > TopP

LF

LF [Q]

(167)

(166) A:

B: {Ø Ø}

(167) A:

B: {#Ø Ø}

(168) PF: [Ø ]

16 1994 ’

CP (164)

47

LF: [[ { [null] [null]} ] ]

2.5.

∃ ∃

2009

17

(169) ⅵ

2009: 85

(170)

α ⅵ

2009: 85

ⅳ

2.5.1.

Quantifier wh

Logical Operator ( ) 1992: 420

17 1995

θ

1986 19951995 2009

48

=

2014: 15

(171a) someone someone > everyone

ⅳ everyone someone someone

everyone > someone ⅳ everyone

someone someone

May (1977) LF: Logical Form

(171b) (171c)

everyone everyone

someone everyone someone someone

ⅳ

(171) a. Someone loves everyone.

b. [someone[loves everyone]]

c. [everyonei[someone[loves ti]]]

(SS) someone > everyone S

3 3 someone 3

loves everyone

(LF) everyone > someone S

3 (everyone)

3 someone

3 loves everyone

6 May (1977) everyone

49

2006: 126 ⅳ LF

2006

Kuroda (1965)

2.5.2. Kuroda (1965)

Kuroda (1965)

Kuroda (1965) 2009

mo (mo-Attachment) mo (mo-Deletion)

Kuroda (1965)

≠ ∃

(172) [X-NP-Y]-mo

mo [X-NP+mo-Y]-mo

mo [X-NP+mo-Y]-mo

Kuroda 1965: 80 2006: 124

Kuroda (1965)

ⅳ

(173) ↑ ↑

50

2.5.3. 2006

2006, 2008 Scope

Propagation of Focus Kuroda (1965)

2006, 2008

LF c-

vP

(174) ↑ …

a.

b.

c. 2006: 123

(175)

(176b) (176c)

Kuroda (1965)

LF XP

3 2 X+Q 6

K 3

K tQ

6 1

2006: 127 7 2006

51

ⅵ

(175) a. ↑ #

b. Hanako’s mother came. Taro’s mother also came.

(176) a.

b.

c.

2006 (174b)

(177) (174b)18

(177) ↑ …

a. * ↑

b. ↑

c. * ↑

(178) (179) (a)

(174b)

(178) (179) (b)

vP

FocP19 c-

18 2008

2006 19 2013 CP Luigi Rizzi vP

vP vP2013

5) [AspP[TopP*[FocP[TopP*[VoiceP ] ] ] ] ] 2013: 166

52

(178) a. ∀

b. ∀ [FocP i j [VoiceP ti [VP tj ] ]]

(179) a.

b. [FocP i j k [VoiceP ti [CP[VoiceP tj [VP

tk ]] ] ] ]

2006

(180)

ⅵ

(180)

(180) [ [ ] ]

1990 6981

(181)

(181)

[ [ ]]

KG094

53

LF

LF

2.5.4.

É. Kiss (1998)

(Identificational Focus) Information Focus É. Kiss (1998: 248)

(182) ( ) The identificational focus expresses exhaustive identification; information focus merely

marks the nonpresupposed nature of the information it carries.

( ) Certain types of constituents, universal quantifiers, also-phrases, and even-phrases, for

example, cannot function as identificational foci; but the type of constituents that can function

as information focus is not restricted.

( ) The identificational focus does, information focus does not, take scope.

( ) The identificational focus is moved to the specifier of a functional projection; information

focus, however, does not involve any movement.

( ) The identificational focus is always coextensive with an XP available for operator

movement, but information focus can be either smaller or larger.

( ) The identificational focus can be iterated, but information focus can project.

(182 ) ⅳ ‥

Vallduví (1995) 1998

(183) A:

B:

54

É. Kiss (1998: 245)

Exhaustive Subset ⅳ

ⅳ

(184) The function of identificational focus: An identificational focus represents a subset of the set of

contextually or situationally given elements for which the predicate phrase can potentially

hold; it is identified as the exhaustive subset of this set for which the predicate phrase actually

holds.

(182 ) ⅳ

also

also

(185) *Mari egy kalapot is nézett ki magának.

Mary a hat.ACC also picked out herself.DAT

'It was also a hat that Mary picked for herself.' É. Kiss 1998: 252

(186)

(182 ) (182 )

(182 )

(182 )

(187) ↑

(188) ↑

55

(182 )-(182 ) (182 )-(182

)

∃

2.5.5.

Shudo (2002)

(189a) ↑ (x)

∃(F) (190) ∃ F x

(189b)

∃(F) ↑ (x)

ⅵ

(191) ⅵ R(H(x), C) F ⅵ F(x)

cH(x) ∃ H Shudo (2002)

(189) a. ↑

b. ↑

(190) MO (x, F)

x is a constituent marked by mo;

F is a property

Proposition: F(x)

Presupposition: y [y x & F(y)] Shudo 2002: 4-5

(191) MO (x, F)

Host proposition: F(x)

Mo-presupposition: y H [y x & H(y) & F(x) cH(x) & R(H(x), C)] Shudo 2002: 57

56

2.6.

Uriagereka (1999)

Multiple Spell-Out 8

ⅳ PF: Phonetic Form

LF: Logical form

Phase 20 Merge Agree

Articulatory-Perceptual System

Conceptual-Intentional System Spell-Out 21

LF

Narrow Syntax

[wh] ⅳ

Narrow Syntax

20 Chomsky (2000) CP v(*)P PhaseDP Chomsky (2000)

PIC: Phase Impenetrability Condition

2001: 253-254

6) a. [ ] b. [ ] 1995: 179 21 Transfer Multiple Transfer Model

CHL (C-I System)

︎ ︎ ︎ (Lexicon) (Numeration) (Syntactic Computation)

︎ ︎ ︎ (A-P System)

8

57

3

2.2

X0 Xmax 2.3

vP FinP ForceP

3.1.

1948 1991

α

1.1.2 2.1 α

(192)

(193)

2008: 40

α

ⅳ

1995: 190 1974

≠

(194) * +

58

(195) *

(196) *↑

(197) ??

2006 Host

Clitic ∃ 22

(198) a. Xmax

b. X0

… X0 + Q0 ...

ⅳ

ⅵ

(199) A: ↑

B: Ø

(200) A:

B: {Ø #Ø}

22 2006 PF

PF Morphological Component 2006: 5

Xmax 3 Xmax Q0/max

6 … X0 ...

2006: 23

9 2006

59

(201) a. [DP ] DP

b. * [DP ]

(202) a. [PP ] PP

b. * [PP ]

(203) a. ↑ [VP ] VP

b. *↑ [TP ]

(204) a. [AP ] AP

b. * [AP ]

(205) a. [CP↑ ] CP

b. [CP↑ ]

2015 vP

2015 2011 23

23

1989 20111989

7) a. (i)

(ii) (iii)

non-finite tense

(iv) 1974 C

(v)

b. ( )

60

2011

(206) a. *

b. *

(207) a. *

b. * 2016: 34

IP V

VP

VP

(208) a.

b.

(209) a.

b.

(210) a.

b. 2016: 31

2012 vP A

1989 1974

A 1989

B ⅳ B

(211) * 1989: 166

(212) 3 1989: 166

( ) ( )( ) ⅳ ( ) 2011: 16-17

61

(213) [ ] 1989: 167

A A

ⅳ

(214) a. [ ] A

b. *[ ] B

c. *[ − ] C

A

ⅳ A 1974

B 1989

ⅳ

(215) [ ] ⅱ https://qa.mamari.jp/question/3093

349

(216) [

] http://www.sakai015-office.jp/article/14255961.html

A vP

3.2.

3.2.1.

Wh- Indeterminate

Pronominals Kuroda 1965 Tsai 1994

62

2006 Hiraiwa (2005ab)

(217) A:

B: #Ø

(218) A:

B: Ø

D

Head Movement Takahashi (2002)

c-

(219) (220e)

(219) a. *[ -ti ][ i]

b. *[ i][ -ti ] Takahashi 2002: 584

(220) a.

b. [TP[DP ][vP[DP[ ]D+ ] ] ]

c.

d. [TP[DP ][vP[DP[DP ]D+ ] ] ]

e. *

f. [TP[DP[DP ] ][vP ] ]

24Takahashi (2002)

D Scope Shift

Quantificational D 24

8) a. [ ] b.*[ ]

63

D

ⅳ

(221) VP

(222) ∧ PP

(223) ←

http://brasileiro.jugem.jp/?eid=21 AP

Takahashi (2002)

(224) a. *

b.

(225) a. *

b.

(226) a. * ↑

b. ↑ 2006: 244

1989

‥

A

(227) − −

http://u-note.me/note/47505836

(228) β

http://www3.ssj.gr.jp/himeji/sosa-es/

64

sfs6_diary/sfs6_diary/200810.html

A

4

3.2.2. 25

(229a) (230a)

(229b)

(230b)

(229) a. 100

b. *

(230) a. ↑ 3

b. A:

B: * I-JAS JJE41-I 00540

3.2.2.1.

3 5

2013 10 Q NC [[[NQ] ][NP]] N QC [[NP ]NQ]

NQC [[NP][NQ]] Q N C

25 2017a

65

Watanabe (2008) DP Q NC N QC NQC

N Q

DP

NQ: Numeral Quantifier UQ: Universal Quantifier

Ochi (2012) Fitzpatrick (2006) (231)

30 6

(231) a. 30

b. * 30

Ochi (2012) Classifier ∩

3 3 3

2 2 NP 2 NP 2 #P CaseP 2 #P #P 5 2 DP2 2 2 NQ NP 2 5 2 2 t#P Case NP2 tNP # tNP

3 3 3 3 : : 3 NP 3 NQ 6 6NQ NQ NP NP

11

10

66

CLP26

P ∩ DP

(232) [XP[NPN] [ P[CLP tNP CL] UQ]X]

(233) [DP[NP ][ P[CLP 30 tNP CL] UQ] ]

(234) [DP[NP ] ] [ P[CLP 30 tNP CL] UQ]

UQ

UQ 30

Q NC

(235) [30 ]

(236) [30 ]

N QC

(237) [ 30 ]

(238) [ 30 ]

NQC

(239) [ 30 ]

(240) [ 30 ]

26 Nakanishi (2008) Floating Numeral Quantifier

Watanabe (2008)

Ochi (2012) Nakanishi (2008)

67

UQ 12

Q NC N QC NQC UQ

UQ CLP

UQ NQ 30

(242) 30 = (242)

Q NC

(241) * [30 ]

(242) [[[30 ] ] ]

(243) DP

30

(242) 30 (244) 30

(245)

30

N QC

(243) [[[ ] ] 30 ]

(244) *[[[ ] ] 30 ]

3 3 3 3 : 2 : 2 : 2 5 2 6 CLP 2 NP 2 2 CLP NP tCLP UQ NP+ tCLP UQ CLP tCLP UQ 12 UQ

68

(245) [[ ] 30 ]

NQC UQ NQ 30

NQC

(246) * [ 30 ]

(247) *[[[ ] ]30 ]

(248) [[ ]30 ]

UQ (252) NQ UQ NP

(254) NQ UQ NP

NCQ/QNC

(249) * [ ] [30 ]

(250) *[ ] [30 ]

(251) * [30 ]

(252) [30 ]

(253) * [30 ]

(254) [[30 ] ][ ]

(255) *[30 ][ ]

(256) *[30 ][ ]

NQ CLP UQ

Q NC [DP[[[NQ]UQ] ][NP]]

Watanabe (2008) QP

UQ DP

Q NC DP

N QC [DP[NP[DPNP ]][[NQ]UQ]]

69

DP UQ

CLP NQC

NP CLP [DP[NP][[NQ]UQ]]

3.2.2.2.

Q NC N QC

NQC

30

Q NC

(257) * [30 ]

(258) [[30 ] ]

(259) #[30 ]

(260) *[30 ]

N QC

(261) *[[ ] 30 ]

(262) *[[ ] 30 ]

(263) [30 ]

(264) #[ 30 ]

(265) *[ 30 ]

3 3 3 2 5 NP 2 5 2 : NP 2 CLP UQ NP CLP UQ 2 DP2 2 2 DP2 5 2 2 6 NP2 CL t CL CLP UQ

13 UQ NQ

70

NQC

(266) * [ 30 ]

(267) #[ 30 ]

(268) [30 ]

(269) ??[ 30 ]

(270) *[ 30 ]

NCQ/QNC

(271) * [ ] [30 ]

(272) #[ ] [30 ]

(273) * [30 ]

(274) [30 ]

(275) * [30 ]

(276) [30 ] [ ]

(277) #[30 ][ ]

(278) *[30 ][ ]

(279) a. 30

b. [TP[DP ][vP [CLP30 ] ] ]

(280) a. # 30

b. [TP[DP[DP ] ][vP 30 ] ]

c. # 30

d. [TP[DP ][vP[DP[DP ] ]30 ] ]

e. # 30

f. [TP[DP ][vP[DP[DP30 ] ] ] ]

71

(281c) (282b)

(281c) (282b) 30

30 (282c)

(281) a.

b. *

c. 30

(282) a. 30

b. 30

c. 30

1989

1974 A

Watanabe (2008) QP DP

QP DP

DP ⅳ 30

5

ⅳ

CL

4

DP DP DP 3 3 3

2 4 NP CLP 4 3 CLP NP 5 3 NP CLP 3 NP2 3 3 3 tNP 1 3

tNP 1 CL tNP 1 CL CL

14

72

3.2.2.3.

UQ

CL CLP UQ (284)

UQ ⅳ

(283) *

(284) a. [30 ]

b. [30 ]

c. [ 30 ]

d. [ 30 ]

NQ UQ (285)

UQ

NQ UQ

(285) a. * [30 ]

b. * [30 ]

c. * [30 ]

e. *[30 ]

3 DP 3

2 : 1 4 3 CLP NP tCLP UQ 3 3

tNP 2 CL

15 (284b)

73

CL

3.3. 27

1.2.3

φ 1995 1995

(287c) (288c) (286c) (287e) (288e)

(286) a.

b. [CP[TP[vP[DP ] ] ] ]

c. #

d. [CP[TP[vP[DP ] ] ] ]

(287) a. 3

b. [CP[DP3 ][TP[vP ] ] ]

c. #3

27 2017c, 2018c

* DP 3 5 3 NP : D 3 CLP UQ

3 3 1 CL

16

74

d. [CP[DP3 ][TP[vP[DP ] ] ] ]

e. #3

f. [CP[DP3 ][TP[vP[vP ] ] ] ]

(288) a.

b. [CP[DP ][TP[vP ] ] ]

c. #

d. [CP[DP ][TP[vP[DP ] ] ] ]

e. #

f. [CP[DP ][TP[vP[vP ] ] ] ]

1.2.3

1989 (289)

(290) B 2001

(291) (292)

C 28

(289) 3 1989: 179

(290) 12 1989: 179

(291) 2001: 71

(292) 2001: 71

1989 (289)

(290) 2001 (291) (292)

28 1995 D

4.5

75

3.3.1.

(293) + + ⅳ A

(294) A +

A B C

A

(293) [ ] A h

ttp://www.vill.shimukappu.lg.jp/shimukappu/today/nmudtq0000009ckz.html

(294) [ ] Φ A

(295) [ ] C http://www2.k

obe-u.ac.jp/~ymiura/hp/RA_letter_1108.html

A vP

(296) [DP[NP[NP + ] ] ]

3.3.2.

(297) (298) A

(299)

(300) (301) (302) B

(303) C B

2008 2001

B ⅳ

76

(297) #[ ] A

(298) #[ ] A

(299) [ ] B http://tanaka-yuki.com/spring/post-10903/

(300) [ ]

B http://nekogatasan.jugem.jp/?eid=61

(301) [ ] B https://news.w

alkerplus.com/article/119185/

(302) [ ]

B http://keisukenaga.com/?p=16844

(303) [3 ] C

https://ameblo.jp/20-8/entry-12255431738.html

B FinP

vP

(304)

(305) *[NP ]

3.3.3.

(306ab) 2001

(306) a. #[CP[TP[DP ][vP ] ] ]

b. #[CP[FinP[DP ][vP ] ] ]

c. [CP[ForceP[DP ][FinP[vP ] ] ] ]

A

ⅳ

77

(307)

(308) *[NP ] 10

(309) [CP[DP[DP ] ][FinP[vP ] ] ]

ⅳ

(310) (313) A (311)

(314) B

(312)

(315) (316) C

C

(310) * [ ] A

(311) #[ ] B

(312) [ ] C https://retty.

me/area/PRE33/ARE239/SUB23901/100000613839/23623192/

(313) *[ α ] A

(314) #[ ] B

(315) [ ] ↘ C ht

tps://www.1101.com/store/nihoncha/report_02.html

(316) [ ] ↘

↘ C https://syoset

u.org/novel/70727/178.html

C

5

78

FinP FinP

vP

FinP FocP

ⅳ

5 C

(317) (318)

ⅳ (317)

CP

(319) FinP

FinP ForceP

(317) a.

b. [CP[DP ]i [FinP[DP i][vP ]] ]

(318) a. ??3

b. [CP[DP3 ]i [FinP[DP i][vP ] ] ]

(319) a.

b. [CP[FinP[DP[DP ] ][vP ]] ]

c. [CP[DP ]i [FinP[DP proi][vP ]] ]

(320) a. 3

b. [CP[FinP[DP[DP3 ] ][vP ] ] ]

ForceP

TopP

FinP #[ ]

TP #

vP #

79

c. *[CP[DP3 ]i [FinP[DP proi][vP ] ] ]

A B C

vP

vP FinP FinP

A

B C

3.3.4.

2.2 DP DP

(321c) (321d)

29

(321) a. [DP ] DP h

ttps://ameblo.jp/akane12777/entry-11744879852.html

b. [NP + ]

c. [NP ]

http://kakeru.town.kawara.fukuoka.jp/enjoy/384/

d. ??

29

80

30

(322) #[DP ] DP

(323) #[DP ] DP

vP FinP

ForceP

3.4.

X0 Xmax

30 NP DP

3 Xmax + 3 + 3 + 1 X0 + + +

17

81

A vP

B vP FinP

C FinP

ForceP

FinP

vP

18

82

4

3

Shimoyama (2006) (324)

Wh

(324) [[[ ] ] ]

Shimoyama 2006: 146

4.1.

2006: 135

[+focus] Feature Sharing Agreement

LF

[+focus]

H’ 3 KP H+Q[+focus] 6

[+focus] 6 [+focus]

2006: 135 19 [+focus]

83

2

ⅳ

ⅳ

[Q]

(325) a. A:

B: #Ø

b. A:

B: Ø

Shudo (2002) 2006

[+focus]

Vallduví (1992, 1995)

LF IS: Information Structure

LF S-Structure

(326) LINK a la festa to the party

FOCUS TOTHOM everybody IP

TOTHOM everybody

(326) a. [IP A la festa1 [IP=F hi1 vaig enviar TOTHOM t1 ]]

to the party loc 1s-past-send everybody

‘The party [F (I) sent EVERYBODY to ].’

b. IS: [IP A la festa1 [IP=F vaig enviar TOTHOM t1 ]]

c. LF: [IP tothom2 [IP a la festa1 [IP hi1 vaig enviar t2 t1 ]] Vallduví 1992: 127

Vallduví (1992, 1995) LF Information Composing

84

Information Structure

Knowledge-Store FOCUS

LINK TAIL

Update 20

(327) IS Configuration: [IP link [IP [IP focus ] tail ]] Vallduví 1992: 126

ⅳ 1978 1998

FOCUS ∃

Vallduví (1992, 1995)

(328) A: ↑

B1: #

B2: ↑ 1978: 54

(329)

∩ 1998: 131

(330)

1978: 60

(331) [S |V] 1998: 131

(332) [ link[[ focus] tail]] 31

31 TAIL Vallduví (1992, 1995) FOCUS

TAIL

LF | DS—SS—IS (Information Composing) | PF

20 Vallduví (1992, 1995)

85

2011

FocP

Otsu (1994) ⅵ

Discourse Topic

LINK

(333b)

ⅳ FocP

FinP LINK ⅳ

(333) a.

b. i ti

c.

(335) 32 1994 2015

FOCUS

Vallduví (1995)

ⅳ

LINK (336) ’

1994, 2015

LINK (327)

32

’ 1994

86

(334) A:

B:

(335) a. [L i] [T ei ] 1994: 197

b. i ei 1994: 197

c. i ei 1994: 197

(336) a. [L ] [[F ] ]

b. [L ] [[F ] ] 1994: 197

(337) a. *[F i [L ] ti ]

b. *[F i [L ] ti ] 2015: 23

1974, 1993 1987

C B

(338) a. *[ ] C

b. [ ] B 1987: 41

Vallduví (1992, 1995)

ⅳ

LINK ⅳ CP

LINK

Narrow Syntax

FinP FOCUS FinP LINK

87

4.2.

2006 ∩ [+FOCUS]

FOCUS

Information

FOCUS [+FOCUS] LINK [+LINK]33FOCUS

ⅳ ⅳ

ⅵ Shudo (2002)

33 [+FOCUS] [+LINK]

[+FOCUS] ⅳ [+LINK] ⅳ

XBP 3 YBP XB’ 3 XB FinP 3 Fin’ 3 Fin XAP 3 YAP XA’ 3 XA

LINK

FOCUS

21

88

Hoji (1985) Tomioka (2007) Wh [+FOCUS]

Intervention Effects

[+FOCUS]

Tomioka (2007) [+FOCUS] [+FOCUS]

C

[+FOCUS] Relativity

(339) a. ?*

b.

(340) a. ?? Tomioka 2007: 98

b.

(341) a. ??? Tomioka 2007: 98

b.

(342) [Wh1 [~ [INTV [+FOCUS] t1 ]]] Tomioka 2007: 109

LF movement *

(343) [Wh1 [~ [intv [-FOCUS] t1 ]]] Tomioka 2007: 109

LF movement OK

[+FOCUS]

(344b) [+FOCUS]

Cmax 3 Xmax[+LINK] 3 : C0[+LINK] Ymax

3 Zmax[+FOCUS] 3 Y0[+FOCUS]

LINK

FOCUS

22

89

C C

(344a) (344c) [+FOCUS]

C [+FOCUS]

(344) a. [CP[TP[DP ]F [ ] ] ]

b. [CP[[DP[DP[C ] ] ]F ] ]

c. [CP[TP[DP ]F [ ] ] ]

[wh] [Q]

[+FOCUS]

[+FOCUS] [+LINK]

4.3.

(345) (346)

LF

[Q]

(345) A:

B: { Ø Ø Ø}

(346) A: TOEIC [ ]F

B: { Ø Ø Ø}

2006 Tomioka (2007) [+FOCUS]

90

2006 [+FOCUS]

[+FOCUS]

(347)

(348b)

ⅳ

(347) [CP[TP [vP ] ] ]

[+FOCUS]

(348) a.

b.

[+FOCUS] C

[+FOCUS] C

[+FOCUS] [+FOCUS]

(350B2)

(349) [CP i[TP [vP ti ] ]

[+FOCUS]

(350) A:

B1:

B2: ??

[+FOCUS]

∃

FOCUS

91

4.4.

4.4.1. 34

Nishigauchi (1990) LF Wh-

Nishigauchi (1990)

(351)

(351) [[ ] ]

Nishigauchi 1990: 164

Nishigauchi (1990) Φ Island Wh- D D-Linked 35

D Non-D-Linked

Φ Wh- LF

Φ

(352) a. [ ]

b. A: [ ]

B:

(353) a. [ ]

b. A: [ ]

B:

(354) a. [ ]

b. A: [ ]

34 2017b 35 D Wh-

—

Pesetsky (1987)

92

B:

Unselective Binding Heim 1982 Tsai 1994

∩

(355) [ ]

(356) [ ]

Takahashi (2002) (357)

ⅳ

(357) Takahashi 2002: 580

Shimoyama (2006)

Shimoyama (2006) (358)

Shimoyama (2006)

(358) [[[ ] ] ]

Shimoyama 2006: 146 =(324)

93

(359)

Yes/No

Wh (B1) (B2)

ⅳ

3

(359) A:

B1:

B2: ↑

Ikawa (2013) (360)

(361)

(362) (363)

(360) A:

B: { Ø #Ø #Ø Ø}

(361) A:

B: {#Ø Ø}

(362) A:

B: * Ø

(363) a.

b. * Ø

94

Probe Goal

Chomsky (2000, 2001) 36Hiraiwa

(2005b) (355) (356)

Hiraiwa (2001, 2005ab) Multiple Agree

3

(364) [CP[DP[NP[CP ] ]D+ ] ]

[Q]

c- D D+

D+ Kishimoto (2001) Complex Head

ⅳ [uQ] [iQ] Indeterminate

Agreement D ⅳ

[uwh] ⅳ [iwh]

Goal

[Q]

Wh Yes/No Δ

36 2017b [Q]

Spec-Head Agreement Chomsky (1995) Move-F

[Q] LFLF Chomsky (2000, 2001) Hiraiwa (2001, 2005ab) Multiple Agreement

Spec-Head Move-F

Spec-Head Agreement

95

(365) [CP[DP[DP[NP[CP ] ]D] ] ]

[Q]

ⅳ

DP [Q]

D [Q] [Q] C

[Q] Wh

CP 3 [Q]

DP 3 3 NP 1 3 D [Q]

CP i 3 3 vP 3 ti VP 3 [Q]

z

23

96

v v+

vP

(366)

(367) A: [CP[FinP[vP[VP ]v+ ] ] ]

B:

CP 3

[Q] DP 3 DP [Q] 3 3 NP D 3 CP i 3 3 vP 3 ti VP 3 [Q]

z

24

97

(368) A: [CP[FinP[vP[vP ] ] ] ]

B:

[Q]

[Q]

4.4.2.

3

(369) A: 3

B: {3 3 Ø Ø }

(370) (371)

(372)

(372B2) (373A) (373B2) 30

(373A) Wh

3.2.2

CL

CLP

98

(370) A:

B: { * Ø #Ø }

(371) A:

B: { * Ø #Ø }

(372) A:

B1: 5

B2: 5

(373) A:

B1:

B2: # 30

(374) [CP[TP [CLP + ] [vP ] ] ]

CL

4.5. 37

A B C

A

[Q]

37 2018a 2017c, 2018c

99

(375) a.

b. A:

B1: { Ø Ø Ø}

B2: Ø

(376) a.

b. A:

B1: { Ø Ø Ø}

B2: Ø

B

[Q]

(377) a.

b. A:

B1: { Ø Ø Ø}

B2: Ø

(378) a.

b. A:

B1: { Ø Ø Ø}

B2: Ø

C

[Q]

[Q]

100

(379) A:

B1: { Ø Ø Ø}

B2: Ø

(380) A:

B1: { Ø Ø Ø }

B2: Ø

A B C [Q]

4.5.1.

≠

1987 1993 Watanabe (2002)

11

2012

(381) a.

b. # 2012: 34

2012 CP

ForceP

(382) CP

A

B

ⅳ ⅳ 2012: 31-32

101

∃ CP

C 1995

1974, 1993 D

(383) #

(384) # 1995: 23 #

(383) (384) C

C

C

4.5.2. C

FinP

ModP

( ) 2003

(385) a.

b.

c.

d.

6

ⅳ

∃ ( ) 2003: 15

Force

102

6 C

6 C

ForceP

(b)

ⅳ C

ⅳ

(386) a. #

b.

(387) a. #

b.

CP

C

[+FOCUS]

(388)

#

#

#

??

103

C LINK

[+LINK] 4.2

LINK ∃ 1.2.3

2008

ⅳ

[+LINK]

ForceP 38

C Force [+LINK]

[-LINK]

2012 C

4.5.3. A B

A B

38 2018a C ForceP

ForcePForceP

[+LINK] Force

ForceP 3

3 [+LINK] Force [+LINK] 25 ForceP

104

7 A

7 A

A

A

3.3 vP [+FOCUS]

8 B

B

B

T [+FOCUS]

B

#

#

#

#

105

TP FinP

[+FOCUS]

[Q] [+FOCUS/+LINK]

4.6.

[Q] [+FOCUS] [+LINK]

[Q]

[Q]

[+FOCUS] [+LINK] FinP

[+FOCUS] ForceP [+LINK]

[Q] [+FOCUS/+LINK]

(389) ( ) [Q]

( ) [+FOCUS]

( ) [+LINK]

[Q] [+FOCUS/+LINK]

TP 3

3 [+FOCUS] T [+FOCUS] 26 TP

106

Narrow Syntax

27

2.4 LF

[Q]

[+FOCUS] [+LINK]

LF

[+FOCUS]

Shudo (2002) ⅳ

ⅵ

[+FOCUS/+LINK]

[+FOCUS] [+LINK]

Syntactic Computation

[Q]

[+FOCUS] [+LINK]

27

107

5 39

4

5.1.

1991

ⅵ

(390) a. ↑

b. = { , , ↑ , ……}

(391) a.

b. = { , , , ……}

(392) (393)

(392) a.

b. = { , , , ……}

(393) a.

b. = { , , , ……}

39 2018b

108

2009

(394) Normal Focus

Backward Focus

Forward Focus

40

1995

Merge

(396a) (395b)

(396b)

(395) a. ↑

b. [TP[DP[DP ] ][vP ] ]

(396) a. ↑ #

b. [TP[DP ][vP[DP[DP ] ] ] ]

2016 2009 (396)

40 1986

(9a) (9b) 9) a. b. 1986: 150

2009: 71 [ …… NP AdvP ……Pred T] c- VP

(175) (176)

10) 11) a. *

b. Ⅲ

109

c- c-

(a) (c)

(c)

2009

c-

(397) a. ?? ∀

b. [vP[PP ] [VP[DP[DP ] ] ] ]

c. ∀

d. [vP[PP[PP ] ][VP[DP ] ] ]

(398) a. ??

b. [CP[TP [vP [FinP[DP[DP ] ] ] ] ]]

c.

d. [CP[DP[DP ] ]i[TP [vP [FinP ti ] ] ]]

4.3

[+FOCUS] c- [+FOCUS]

(399) a. [DP[DP ] ]

[+FOCUS]

b. [DP ]

(400) a.[vP[DP ][ ]]

[+FOCUS]

110

b. [vP ]

ⅳ

5.2.

5.2.1. +

(401b) (401a)

(401) a.

b.

ⅰ

ⅰ

2007 ( ) 2009

(402)

2007: 60

Hamblin (1973)

ⅳ

∃

(403) a.

b.

111

c.

d. = {A , B , C , D , ……}

e. = A + B + C + D + ……

Shimoyama (2006)

(404) a.

b.

(405) a.

b.

Kobuchi-Philip (2009)

ⅳ

(408) (407) (a)-(d)

(406) a. Kobuchi-Philip 2009: 182

b.

(407)

a.

b. ↑

c.

d.

(408) = { , ↑ , , }

Kobuchi-Philip (2009)

— (409)

112

(409) Mo: λPλRλx[ …… (((AT(x)-AT( + P)) R) ∅)] Kobuchi-Philip 2009: 185

(410) a.

b. x

∃

X

X

(411) a.

b. = { , , , ……}

(412) a.

b. = { , , ……}

(413c) −

(413d)

(414)

vP v vP

(415c)

(413) a.

b. [TP[DP ][vP[DP[DP ] ] ] ]

113

c. # − 41

d. [TP[DP ][VP[DP − D+ ] ] ]

(414) a.

b. [TP[vP[vP [DP ][DP ] ] ] ]

c. # −

d. [TP[vP[DP ][DP − ] v+ ] ]

(415) a. ↑

b. [TP[DP[DP↑ ] ][vP ] ]

c. #

d. [TP[DP D+ ][vP ] ]

+

[+FOCUS]

[Q] [+FOCUS]

(c)

A AP

(416) AP

(417) A

(416) a.

[[[ [AP[AP ] ] ] ] ]

https://blog.goo.ne.jp/atatakasa11tk13/e/93b819

341a9a86627b73728043285992

b. = { , , ……}

41 Kishimoto (2001) m- Kishimoto (2001) X

Y Xc-

114

(417) a. [AP + ]

https://blogs.yahoo.co.jp/four2945

29/67683057.html

b. = { , , , ……}

c-

ⅳ

[Q]

[+FOCUS]

(418) a. [DP − ]

[Q, +FOCUS]

b. [DP x−]

5.2.2. +

3 5 100g

Kobuchi-Philip (2010) 30

many

(419) 3

2007

115

(420) 3

‥ 1 2

2007: 41

ⅳ

(421) a. 30

b. = {1 , 2 , 3 , …… 29 , 30 }

(422) a.

b. = {1 , 2 , 3 , …… }

(423) 5

∃ (424) 5

(425) 1 (423)

ⅵ

∩

(423) a. 5

b. = {1 , 2 , …… 5 }

(424) a. 5

b. ~ = {60 , 30 , …… 5 }

ⅳ

(425) a. 1

b. ~ = {10 , 5 , …… 1 }

(426)

116

3 3

3.2.2 CL

(426) a.

b. [TP[DP ][vP[DP[DP ] ] ] ]

c. # 3

d. [TP[DP i ] [vP[CLP 3 ti + ] ] ]

3.2.2 4.4.2 CL

(427) a. [CLP3 ]

[+FOCUS]

b. [CLP x ]

42

42 vP (12)

v

v+Head Movement Neg ⅳ

12) a. ↑ b. [TP[NegP[vP[vP ] ] ] ] c. ?? ↑

117

5.3.

ⅳ A B C

ⅳ

(428) ⅲ

( ) 2009: 3

(430)

(431)

A B C

(429) a. ↑

b. = {↑ , , ……}

(430) a. ↑

b. = {↑ , ,

……}

(431) a.

b. = { , , ……}

5.3.1. A

A

(432)

(433) d. [TP[NegP[vP[VP ]v+ ] ] ]

118

ⅵ

(432)

https://www.tripadvisor.jp/ShowUserR

eviews-g1066444-d4776956-r221568783-Tosa_Dining_Okyaku-Chuo_Tokyo_Tokyo_Prefect

ure_Kanto.html

(433)

https://okinawaupgiri.amebaownd.com/posts/2573

802

A

A

(434) (435)

A ⅳ

1989 (434)

A (435) A

2008

(434) 1989: 179

(435) ⅱ

40 http://kizyunokoro.web.fc2.com/essay985.htm

(436) = { , , , , , …… }

X X (437)

A

∩

119

(437) a.

b.

c. = { , , , ……}

A (440) (441) (442)

A

N ∃

NP A

(438) ??

(439) #

(440) #

(441) #

(442) #

(443) a. [NP[NP + ] ]

b. [NP[NP + ] ]

A

[+FOCUS]

(444) a. [NP[NP + ] ]

[+FOCUS]

b. [NP x]

120

5.3.2. B

B

(445)

(446) = { , , 12 , ……}

(447) B

(448)

Δ

B

B

(447) https://tokoya.biz/index.php?QBlog-2017

0831-1

(448) #

http://www.dr-ueno.com/i

mg/news/news29_9.pdf

3.3.2 4.5 B TP DP

T A TP

(449)

(450) # 5 6

(451) [TP[DP[DP ] ] ]

121

(452) B

ⅳ B

ⅵ

(452) a. 8 http://soen.tokyo/blog/akane/2016/08/

b. = { , 8 , , ……}

B

B C

CHJ

0 3

1900

B 190043 B C

B

(453)

CHJ 1909

(454) CHJ 1917

(455)

ⅴ CHJ

43 β

‥ 2C ‥

13)

↑

←

CHJ 1306

122

1925

(456) CHJ 1925

B

B

T

(457) a. [TP[DP ] ]

[+FOCUS]

b. [TP ]

5.3.3. C

C

2008

(458) (459)

∩

ⅳ

(458d) (459d)

Shudo (2002)

(458) a.

b. = { , , , ……}

c.

d. ↑ #

123

(459) a.

b. = { , ,

, ……}

c.

d. #

2008

C

(460)

https://nariyuki.org/chibalot

te20180204

(461) = { , ,

, ……}

(462)

∩

(462) http://yurulu.net/

retire/hujii-souta-8/

(463) = { , ,

, ……}

124

ForceP

c-

(464) a. 3

b. [TP[DP[DP ] ][vP3 ] ]

(465) a. ↑

b. [CP[DP[DP↑ ] ][FinP ] ]

(466a) (467a)

(466) a. ↑

b. ↑

(467) a. ↑ #

b. ⅲ

(468a) (468b) (469a)

ⅳ

(468) a. # ↑

b. #

c.

(469) a. #

b. ↑

C

125

CP [+LINK]

(470) ↑

(471) [ForceP[DP[DP↑ ] ][TP[vP ] ] ]

ⅳ

C

(472) a. [CP[DP↑ ] [TP ] ]

[+LINK]

b. [CP↑ ]

vP [+FOCUS]

TP T [+FOCUS]

ForceP ForceP

ⅳ CP

‥ Shudo

(2002) 9

126

9

5.4.

[Q] [Q]

(473) [NP[NP + ] ]

(474) [DP [NP ]D+ ]

(475) [NP ]i [CLP3 ti + ]

A

B

C

C

XAmax 3 YA 3 ZA 1

XA0

28

127

c-

[+FOCUS/+LINK]

(476) [TP[DP[DP ] ] ]

(477) [TP[DP[DP ] ] ]

(478) [CP[DP[DP ] ] ]

[+FOCUS/+LINK]

Zmax wi

2 3 Xmax Ymax Z0 5

29

128

6

5

C [+LINK]

NPI NCI 44

NCI C

6.1. +

Negative Concord Item

(479) a. {* }

b. {* }

c. { }

10

44 Negative Concord Item

AgreeConcord

- -

129

1991

(480) a. {* }

b. { }

(481) a. {* }

b. ?? { }

+45

(482) a. {* }

b. {* }

c. {* }

d. {* }

ⅰ

ⅰ

1987 2005, 2006 2011

(483) × 2005: 22 2009: 73

45

ⅰ

130

35-11

(484) × × 2005: 22 2009: 73

21-77

4.5 (485)

ForceP (486)

(485) a. [ ↑ ]

b. # [ ↑ ]

c. ↑

d. ↑

(486) [ForceP↑ { # } ]

NegP (487)

NegP C

∩ C

(487) a. [NegP { *Ø} ]

b. * [ ][NegP ]

6.2.

NPI: Negative Polarity Item

46 NCI: Negative Concord Item

any- Kato (1985)

46

131

NPI 47 c-48

(488) a. [ ] Kato 1985: 150

b. # [ ] Kato 1985: 151

NCI

4

( ) NCI almost

(489) *John didn’t eat almost anything. NPI

(490) NCI

( ) NCI ∃ ⅳ

(491) A: What did you see?

B: *Anything. NPI

(492) A:

B: NCI

47 1994 PPI

∃ PPIPPIⅳ

14) 1994: 117 15) 48 2007 XP-

NPI NCIKobuchi-Philip (2009) ∃

16) a. *↑ b. ↑ 2007: 81 17) a. b. ↑

132

( ) NCI Yes/No

(493) a. Have you seen anything? NPI

b. If John steals anything, he’ll be arrested. NPI

(494) a. * NCI

b. * NCI

( ) NCI

(495) I didn’t say that John admired anyone. NPI

(496) ?* [ ] NCI Watanabe 2004: 565

Watanabe (2004)49

ⅳ

LF

Watanabe (2004) [Q]

(497) A:

B1: {#Ø Ø}

B2: Ø

(498) A:

B1: {Ø Ø}

B2: Ø

Wanatabe (2004)

LF

(499) 0

49 Watanabe (2004)

133

LF 2007 (500)

LF LF

[Q] LF

LF

(499) A:

B: [ ] Watanabe 2004: 584

(500) A:

B: ↑ 2007: 93

C

[+FOCUS/+LINK]

C ∩

ⅳ

6.3.

(501) *

(502) *

(503)

(504) a. [[DP ] ] {* } 50

50 ∃

134

b. [[PP ] ] { }

c. [[PP ] ] {?? }

C

(505)

(506)

(507) #

(508) a. [[DP ] ]

b. [[PP ] ]

c. *[[PP10 ] ]

6.4.

ForceP FinP

(509) a. *[ForceP [FinP[NegP↑ ] ] ] 51

b. [ForceP↑ [FinP[NegP ] ] ]

(510) a. #[ForceP[TP[DP ] ] ]

b. [ForceP[DP ] ]

51 (18a) (18a) (18b)(18b)

(18a) (18b) (18b) 18) a. [ ]

b. [ ]

135

C

ⅳ Neg

(511) a. *[ForceP [CP [NegP ] ] ]

b. [ForceP[CP[FinP [NegP ] ] ] ]

[+FOCUS]

(512) [NegP ]

[+FOCUS]

C NegP

[+FOCUS]

30

6.5.

(513b)

[+FOCUS]

[+FOCUS]

(515b)

[+FOCUS]

NegP 3 3 6 Neg + [+FOCUS] [+FOCUS]

30 [+FOCUS]

136

[+FOCUS]

(513) a. [[ ] { * } ]

b. [[ ] { } ]

[+FOCUS]

(514) a. [FinP ] https://www.city.satsumasendai.lg.jp/

www/genre/1207717373116/index.html

b. [FinP ]

(515) a. [ForceP [ ] { # } ]

b. [ForceP[ ] {*? ?? } ]

[+FOCUS] [+LINK]

6.6.

∃

ⅳ CP

FOCUS

LINK

[+FOCUS] NegP FOCUS

ForceP 3

+ Force’ 3 Force NegP 3

Neg’ 3 6 Neg

LINK

FOCUS

z

z

31

137

C

NegP C ForceP

[+FOCUS]

[+FOCUS]

[Q]

(516) a.

b. = { , , , , ……}

c. ?? CD

d. CD

e. [NegP[DP ] ]

[Q] [+FOCUS]

f. [DP x < >]

(517) a.

b. = { , , , , ……}

c. ??

d.

e. [NegP[DP ] ]

[Q] [+FOCUS]

f. [DP x < >]

C

138

7

6

7.1.

1.2.4

( ) 2009: 28 (518) 3

ⅳ

3

(519) 25

(518) a. 3 ( ) 2009: 28

b. = {……, 5 , 4 , 3 }

(519) a. 25 ∩ ( ) 2009: 28

b. = {……, 27 , 26 , 25 }

( ) 2009

(520) a. { * }

139

( ) 2009: 28

b. = { , , …… }

‥

(521) a. 4

b. #4

c. #4

d. #4

PP

P

(522) a. [PP[NP8 3 ] + ]

b. [PP[PP8 3 ] ]

c. # 3

P PP

(523) CHJ

1100

(524b)(524c) (524d)(524e)

140

P

(524) a. {Ø }

b. [PP[PP[NP ] ] ]

c. [PP[NP ] + ]

d. [PP[PP[NP ]Ø] ]

e. * [PP[NP ]Ø+ ]

P

7.2.

φ 1995

ⅳ

(525) 5

ⅳ

(525) a. 5 https://ncode.syosetu.com/n5848ej/1/

b. 5 = { , , , ……}

(527) (528)

A B C

C

(526)

(527) #[ ] A

141

(528) #[ ] B 52

(529) [ — ] C

(530)

(531a) (531b) (531c)

FinP ForceP

(530) a.

b. ??

(531) a. #5

b. #5

c. 5

C

CP FinP ForceP

CP

52 (19)

19)

142

8

ⅳ

ⅳ

X0 Xmax

A

1974, 1993

vP A

A

vP TP B

ForceP C

143

LF

[Q]

+

(532) A: [CP[FinP[vP[VP ]v+ ] ] ]

B:

(533) A: [CP[FinP[vP[vP ] ] ] ]

B:

+

(534) A: [CP[FinP − [CLP ] ] ]

B: { #3 #Ø Ø }

LINK FOCUS

[+FOCUS/+LINK] LF

B C

B

(535) a.

b. #

C

(536) a.

144

b. #

c. #

(537) a. *

b.

32

Narrow Syntax

[Q] [+LINK] [+FOCUS]

Narrow Syntax

Transfer

+ + A

B C TP ForceP

[+FOCUS/+LINK]

/[Q]

32

145

c-

8.1.

[+FOCUS/+LINK]

A

[+FOCUS]

(538) [[[DP ] ] ] =(1)

↑

(539) [[[DP ] ] ] =(1)

↑

(540) [[DP ] ] =(2)

+ + A

A + CL + D

v

146

(541) [CLP3 ] =(3)

3

2

(542) [DP ] =(4)

{ , ↑ , ……}

A

(543) [[NP ] ]

B TP T

B

B

(544) [TP[ ] ]

C ForceP Force

ForceP c-

C

(545) [ForceP[ ] ] =(5)

147

[Q]

NegP Neg [+FOCUS]

∃

(546) [NegP[ ] ]

{ , , ……}

11

11

∃

+ X0 vP A [Q] [+FOCUS]

+ X0 CL vP A /[Q] [+FOCUS]

A X0 vP A [+FOCUS]

Xmax vP A [+FOCUS]

B Xmax TP B [+FOCUS]

C Xmax ForceP C [+LINK]

148

(547) ( ) [Q]

( ) [+FOCUS/+LINK] 53

[Q]

FinP [+FOCUS]

ForceP [+LINK]

[Q]

[Q] [+FOCUS/+LINK]

[+FOCUS] [+LINK]

[Q]

[Q] [+FOCUS/+LINK]

X0 +

+ A Xmax B

C CL0

+ X0 [Q] +

A Xmax

TP B

ForceP C

[+FOCUS/+LINK]

[Q] NegP

[+FOCUS]

53 Watanabe (2002) ⅳ

-Interpretable Focus Feature

∩

149

Forcemax 3 2 3 YCmax Force0 C Tmax 3 2 3 YBmax T0 B

33

Xmax 3

3 Xmax 3 3

2 3 X0 A X0 CL0 +

[Q] X max 3

3 [Q] 2

X0 + [Q]

[+FOCUS/+LINK] Xmax 3 6 3 Ymax X0 [+FOCUS/+LINK] [+FOCUS/+LINK]

Negmax 3 [+FOCUS]Ymax 3 2 Neg0 Y0/max [+FOCUS] [Q] [Q]

33

150

8.2.

∃

ⅳ ∃

(548)

(549)

∩

∩

∩

∩

151

2006 ⅳ .

2008

8(2): 37-53. .

2010 ( )

193-225. .

2006 wa ⅳ

8 2005 1-8

2009

16: 95-107.

2000

.

2001 ⅳ

568: 947-973.

2007 ( )

227-260. .

2011 ( ) 70

1-36. .

2013 .

2015 α 2015

ⅱ 147-152.

2016 , .

2017a 11: 85-104.

2017b

155 276-281.

2017c

18 270-277.

2018a 12: 187-198.

152

2018b

2017 ‥ 11-20.

2018c 18(2):

110-126. .

2009 136: 93-119.

2010 ( )

67-94. .

2014 .

1897 .

1993 .

2010

A 10(7): 213-222.

2014

A 13(4): 1-7.

1974 .

1986

1-27. .

2014 1 ( ) 619-622. .

2007 Neg c- + 131: 77-113.

2011 7(2): 32-47.

1978 .

↗ 2009 ↓ 821: 66-75.

1940 .

φ 1995

( ) 227-260. .

2009

21(2): 191-216.

2010 ( )

151-192. .

2007 .

153

1998 ⅳ

2: 113-203. .

1987 ⅵ 6(5): 37-48. .

, 2009

, .

1991

10(9): 80-86. .

1981 (3) →

6: 53-67.

1991 .

Σ 2008 8(1): 36-52.

.

2010 ( )

260-284. .

2012 .

2011 ⅳ

( ) 70 207-229. .

2001

.

2012 CLAVEL 2: 1-12.

1989 ( )

1-56. .

1991 .

( ) 2003 4 8 .

( ) 2009 5 9 10

.

1984

3(4): 79-89. .

1986

105-225. .

154

1989 ( )

159-192. .

2008 α

( ) 8(2): 20-36. .

2009 .

1995

( ) 175-207. .

1995

( ) 1-35. .

1994 23(2): 116-119. .

( ) 2007 .

2010 ⅳ ( )

1-30. .

2012 CP

12(2): 24-42. .

( ) 1992 .

( ) 2016 .

2007 13: 1-14.

2015 ,

.

2011 ( ) 70

61-84. .

1987 ( ) 3: 278-306. .

1993 ( )

149-167. .

2013 Derivational Feature-Based Relativized Minimality

( ) 163-184. .

1990 9(5): 4-15. .

1991 .

1992 .

155

( ) 1995 .

1977 .

1960 .

2001 32: 65-79.

1974 .

1993 .

1994 .

2012 ( )

115-151. .

2015 .

2018

48: 87-96.

2006

.

1948 .

2005 74(1): 15-32.

2006 75(2): 34-52.

1908 .

1922 .

1936 .

1987 64(7): 47-66.

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I-JAS http://lsaj.ninjal.ac.jp/?ca

t=3 [2018 11 ]

CHJ https://chunagon.ninjal.ac.jp/ [2018 11

]

‥

http://sakubun.jpn.org [2018 11 ]

1990[2011] 2011 http://ter

amuradb.ninjal.ac.jp/db/ [2018 11 ]