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Proposal Defense (Semester 201718/02)
28th May 2018
Keywords: Outdoor, Pedestrian, thermal comfort, thermal adaptation
TEOH Mei Yee
PBE173005
Main Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ismail SAID
Co-Supervisor: Dr. LEE Yoke Lai
OUTDOOR THERMAL COMFORT AND
ADAPTATION FOR PEDESTRIAN
IN TOWNS OF MALAYSIA
Mostly known as “thermal comfort”,
Refer to a “condition of mind which expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment” (ASHRAE standard 55-66(4) )
Depend on the atmospheric conditions and the characteristics of the
physical environment as well as the human’s physiology,
psychological and behavioral factors (Middel et al., 2016).
•A “result of the interaction of physical exchanges, physiological, psychological,
social and cultural rights…” (Fabbri, 2015)
However, the idea of “COMFORT”
is SUBJECTIVE…
Outdoor Human Comfort Willingness of people staying
at outdoor spaces…
A determinant key towards a successful
walkable city in hot and humid region…
Proposal Defense: Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Adaptation for Pedestrian in Towns of Malaysia
2
Purpose of Study
Challenges…
• What is outdoor human comfort for the locals?
• How do the design of urban environment that shape outdoor
human comfort?
• What theory and methods that are comprehensive enough
for conducting such research?
Influence &
effectiveness
of townscapes
Microclimate regulation
Human thermal comfort sensation & perception
People behavior / response that reflecting
human adaptation to local climatic condition
Proposal Defense: Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Adaptation for Pedestrian in Towns of Malaysia
3
To explore tropical townscape in order to rediscover
the mechanism and links between outdoor thermal environments,
human comfort and adaptation during hot weather.
• To investigate the features of the townscape that potentially
critical to both microclimate and human thermal sensation;
• To examine the effects of the townscape attributes on pedestrian
thermal perception and adaptation to hot and humid climate;
• To construct a model to determine both thermal and non-thermal indicators
of tropical townscape that stimulates human thermal sensation, perception
and adaptation in hot and humid region.
RO1
RO2
RO3
What kind of features of townscape, in terms of open space typology,
can yield people's thermal comfort response, in both positively and
negatively?
RQ1
How the attributes of townscape, in terms of landscape experience,
can influence and stimulate the pedestrian thermal perception and
adaptation to hot and humid climate?
RQ2
What are the factors/indicators of outdoor thermal comfort and their
influences to human thermal sensation, perception and adaptation in
hot and humid region?
RQ3
Aim
Proposal Defense: Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Adaptation for Pedestrian in Towns of Malaysia
4
Challenges of Study (problem statement)
Theory from an outdoor perspective is less viewed:
Current outdoor thermal comfort studies have to rely on existing thermal theories and indexes but they are not comprehensive to explain outdoor comfort condition
(Brager & de Dear, 1998; Höppe, 2002; Chen & Ng, 2012; Andeau, 2013)
Current outdoor thermal studies are more inclined to outdoor microclimate studies:
i.e urban heat island, vegetation effects, urban geometry effects
Poor knowledge on thermal adaptation mechanism:
•Outdoor thermal comfort in fact is hard to be achieved passively in hot region (Ali-toudert & Mayer, 2006). The availability of thermal adaptive opportunities in outdoor context is still in exploration.
The topic of human outdoor
thermal comfort is still LESS being
questioned and explored…
Proposal Defense: Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Adaptation for Pedestrian in Towns of Malaysia
5
Research Gap
Contexts of study & Research area
• Argument on the applicability and feasibility of applying current thermal comfort
theories and indexes into outdoor thermal comfort studies. From a thermal steady state
into the dynamic and changeable thermal condition of outdoor environment.
Variables/Indicators used
• Doubt on the thermal research trend that highly depend on pure thermal indicators, in
which only consider several climatic and human factors, which are: air temperature,
mean radiant temperature, air velocity, relative humidity, human clothing, metabolism
Most existing thermal comfort theories, models and methods have failed to
predict / describe the actual thermal sensation accurately.
Proposal Defense: Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Adaptation for Pedestrian in Towns of Malaysia
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Research Gap Differences between HUMAN COMFORT in INDOOR & OUTDOOR
INDOOR
Thermal Comfort vs
OUTDOOR
Thermal Comfort
Steady/Stable Context Dynamic
Since 1940s: Gagge & Bazett; Fanger;
Mayer & Höppe; Brager & de
Dear; Humphreys & Nicol
History: Since 2000s: Höppe, Nikolopoulou, Lin
Tend to Passive Intention Tend to Active
Yes Theory/
model
Generally refer to
indoors
• Air temperature
• Mean radiant temp.
• Air velocity
• Relatively humidity
• Clothing
• Metabolism
(activities)
Variable/
Indicator
used
Generally refer to
indoors
• Physiological
• Behavioral
adjustment of the
body heat-balance
• Psychological.
Approach
of thermal
sensation &
adaptation
Generally refer to
indoors
• Thermal neutrality;
Comfort range Ideal Unclear
Building
Visual
Comfort
Acoustic
comfort
Air
quality
Thermal
Comfort
Outdoor
Sight
Hearing
Smell
Touch
# Single sensory #
# Multi-sensory # # Spatial service efficiency #
# Spatial energy efficiency #
# Long time of exposure #
# Short time of exposure #
Proposal Defense: Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Adaptation for Pedestrian in Towns of Malaysia
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The study tries to expand the area of
study to the other areas like psychology
and socio-culture, in the lens of
landscape experience.
Through the attributes offered by the
outdoor spaces, particularly in the
context of town setting, this study
assumes people tend to respond and
adapt psychologically to the outdoor
thermal environment.
Aspects of this assumption involve:
• the influence of individual experiences
on thermal comfort range,
• the multi-sensory impacts of outdoor to
a person’s thermal comfort; and
• the socio-cultural effects to an
individual thermal response.
Proposal Defense: Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Adaptation for Pedestrian in Towns of Malaysia
• With reference to the link between human experience and thermal comfort
(Nikolopoulou & Steemers, 2003), there is a possibility that thermal comfort
research can be further studied in non-thermal aspect.
8
Trends of Comfort Studies
2011-current
1990s-2010
1900s-1999
Examples of Works & Scholars:
• Ahmed 2003
• Ali-toudert & Mayer 2006
• Bowler et al 2010
• Hwang, Lin & Matzarakis 2011
• Andreou 2013
• Klemm et al 2015
• Srivanit & Auttarat 2015
Local Works & Scholars:
• Shahidan, Shalleh & Shariff 2007
• Shahidan & Jones 2008
• Shahidan et al. 2012
• Nasir, Ahmad & Ahmed 2012
• Nasir et al 2015
• Manteghi, Lamit & Remaz 2015
• Manteghi et al. 2016
• Saito, Said & Shinozaki 2017
Theme:
• Thermal Adaptive mechanism
• Psychological mechanisms
• Outdoor Thermal Comfort Theory
Seminal Works & Scholars:
• Nagara 1996
• Brager & de Dear 1998
• Hőppe 2002
• Lin & Matzarakis 2008: tourism climate and thermal comfort
• Lin 2009: Thermal perception, adaptation and attendance
• Nikolopoulou, Baker & Steemers 2001: human parameter
for outdoor comfort
• Nikolopoulou & Steemers 1999&2003: Psychological
adaptation for outdoor comfort
• Knez et al 2009: Psychological mechanisms
Theme:
• Thermal Comfort Theory
• Thermal Comfort indices / indexes
• Predicted thermal comfort model
development
Seminal Works & Scholars:
• Gagge, Burton & Bazett :clo & met units;
thermal indices
• Fanger : PMV & PPD
• Mayer & Höppe 1987; Höppe 1999,
Matzarakis & Mayer 1999: PET
Urban Climate
Measurement
& Thermal
Comfort
Assessment
Theme:
• Outdoor Thermal Comfort Theory
• Outdoor thermal comfort indices
/ indexes
• Outdoor thermal comfort
assessment / tools development
• Thermal adaptation assessment /
tools development
• Non-thermal comfort indices
exploration
Seminal Works & Scholars:
• Vasilikou & Nikolopoulou 2013,2015 :
Thermal walk/Thermal notations
• Lenzholzer, Klemm & Vasilikou 2015,
2016: thermo-spatial perception
• Nicol & Roaf, 2017 : Rethinking thermal
comfort
• Santos Nouri & Costa, 2017: Place
Diagram
Literature review
Proposal Defense: Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Adaptation for Pedestrian in Towns of Malaysia
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Literature review
Proposal Defense: Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Adaptation for Pedestrian in Towns of Malaysia
Situation of Study: Relevant Themes and Subjects
Microclimate
Human Thermal
Physiology Human-biometeorology
Human Perception
Air temperature
Radiant temperature
Relative humidity Wind
Clothing Metabolism rate
(activities level)
Visual comfort
National – geographic
location (latitude)
Urban
Form
Age Gender
Body built
(weight and
Height)
Ethnic culture
background
Color Naturalness
Past experience
Time of
exposure Environmental
stimulation
Perceived control
Heat
tolerance level
Willingness to
thermal
discomfort Non-thermal quantities
Thermal quantities
Skin
temperature
Thermal
Expectation & Preference
Spatial
perception
SVF
Material
Cloudlessnes
s
Solar
radiation
Orientation
Behavior
adjustment
Aspect ratio (H/W)
Intention of
activities
Socio-economic
background
Acoustic comfort
OUTDOOR
THERMAL
COMFORT &
ADAPTATION
10
The parameter of psychological adaptation: the interrelationship (Source from: Nikolopoulou and Steemers, 2003)
Underpinning theories
11
Proposal Defense: Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Adaptation for Pedestrian in Towns of Malaysia
Underpinning theories
Program
Built Form
Public Realm
Land
Trend & Fashion
The conceptual model of sociocultural system.
(Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociocultural_system)
The urban space typology (Source: Sandalack & Uribe, 2010)
12
Proposal Defense: Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Adaptation for Pedestrian in Towns of Malaysia
COMFORT
Convenience
Reliability
Safety
Health/ Mobility
Attractiveness
Underpinning theories
Pyramid of needs of pedestrian in public spaces. (Source: Amoroso, Castelluccio & Maritano, 2012)
The “Place Diagram” by the PPS. (Source: PPS, 2003).
Sa
tis
fye
rs
Dis
sa
tis
fye
rs
Pre
co
nd
itio
ns
13
Proposal Defense: Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Adaptation for Pedestrian in Towns of Malaysia
Study Framework
The naturalness and climate cultural practices derived from urban space typology.
14
Proposal Defense: Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Adaptation for Pedestrian in Towns of Malaysia
Study Framework The influencing factors to thermal psychological response
15
Proposal Defense: Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Adaptation for Pedestrian in Towns of Malaysia
Study Framework The flow of thermal comfort and adaptation
16
Proposal Defense: Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Adaptation for Pedestrian in Towns of Malaysia
Methodology Research
objectives
Determinant Indicators Methods Tools/Analysis Outcomes
RO1 • Spatial pattern
and properties
• Microclimate
• PET
• Built-up area
• Open spaces
• Street
• Landscape elements
• Air temperature
• Mean radiant
temperature
• Wind velocity
• Relative humidity
• Climatic data
• Human clothing and
metabolic rate
• Mapping
• Field notes
• Site thermal
measure
• Simulation
• 1 set portable
weather station
• 1 360 degree
camera
• Software: ENViMet &
Rayman
Thermal
factors of
Outdoor
Thermal
Comfort
RO2 Human
experience
• Human
• Environmenta:
naturalness
• Socio-culture:
climate cultural
practices & norms
• Observation
through
Photography
• Mapping
• Questionnaire
• Interview
• 1 360 degree camera
• Software: SPSS or
Nvivo
Non-Thermal
factors of
Outdoor
Thermal
Comfort:
RO3
Human comfort • Thermal factors
• Non-Thermal factors
• Structural
equation
modeling
(SEM)
• Software: SmartPLS
Assessment
Model of
Outdoor
Thermal
Comfort
17
Proposal Defense: Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Adaptation for Pedestrian in Towns of Malaysia
Proposed Outline
Introduction Background, Problem statement, Objectives, Scope of study
Literature Review Trend of studies, Research foundation, Research gap,
Theoretical framework formulation
Research Methodology Conceptual framework formulation (Model), Site context and scale,
Design of parameters and methods, Tools and software used
Results, Analysis and
Discussion Findings based on objectives
Conclusion • An assessment model of pedestrian outdoor thermal comfort and adaptation in hot
and humid region.
• Contribution, limitations & recommendation
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 5
Fieldworks Site thermal measurement,
observation, questionnaire &
interviews
Flow of Study
18
Proposal Defense: Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Adaptation for Pedestrian in Towns of Malaysia
Anticipated Results
Environmental
aspect
Human aspect (including existing
human factor)
Existing
Climatic
aspect
Outdoor human comfort is a collective achievement.
* Regional culture shapes human
comfort
Different function of spaces generate
different adaptive practices for thermal
comfort.
Socio- cultural
aspect
Multisensory experience for
outdoor thermal comfort
Satisfaction of pedestrian
experience would affect their
thermal comfort by psychologically
as well.
19
Proposal Defense: Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Adaptation for Pedestrian in Towns of Malaysia
Anticipated Results Outdoor human comfort assessment model is not a one-way process.
Climate-cultural practices
& norms
Naturalness
Pedestrian
needs
(Human)
Human senses
(multisensory)
Human
perception
Thermal
Comfort
Physical factors
based on the
heat balance of
the human
body
Psychological
and behaviors
Expectation
Experience
Time of
exposure
Environmental
Stimulation
Perceived
Control
Physiology
Thermal
perception
Thermal
adaptation
Physical
adaptation
Physiological
adaptation
Psychological
adaptation
20
Proposal Defense: Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Adaptation for Pedestrian in Towns of Malaysia
• Outdoor thermal comfort analysis cannot merely dependence on existing thermal
models, methods and theories that originated from indoor setting.
• The proposal suggested perhaps the focus should be more placed on exploring the
non-thermal determinants of thermal comfort, meanwhile consider also more
physical thermal determinant at outdoors like shade/solar access.
• Psychological outdoor thermal comfort are highlighted.
Significances of Study
• The final outcome is expected to develop a practical model for assessing outdoor thermal comfort, particularly for hot regions.
• The result can also be a reference for urban professionals like planners, landscape architects and policy makers during the process of design and planning for outdoor public spaces.
• With a more humanized design and planning in pedestrian system, it also helps the implementation of People-Oriented Cities. Such implementation will effectively mitigate the urban warming effects as well.
21
Proposal Defense: Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Adaptation for Pedestrian in Towns of Malaysia
Milestone Proposed Research Planning and Schedule (Gantt chart)
22
Proposal Defense: Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Adaptation for Pedestrian in Towns of Malaysia
References Key Authors
23
Amoroso, S., Castelluccio, F., & Maritano, L. (2012). Indicators for sustainable pedestrian mobility. Urban Transport XVIII: Urban
Transport and the Environment in the 21st Century, 18, 173.
Brager, G. S., & De Dear, R. J. (1998). Thermal adaptation in the built environment: a literature review. Energy and buildings, 27(1),
83-96.
Dear, R. D., & Pickup, J. (1999). An outdoor thermal comfort index: applications. In International Congress of Biometeorology (Vol. 15,
pp. 285-290)
Fanger, P. O. (1967). Calculation of thermal comfort, Introduction of a basic comfort equation. ASHRAE transactions, 73(2), III-4.
Fanger, P. O. (1970). Thermal comfort. Analysis and applications in environmental engineering. Thermal comfort. Analysis and
applications in environmental engineering.
Fanger, P. O. (1973). Assessment of man's thermal comfort in practice. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 30(4), 313-324.
Höppe, P. (1999). The physiological equivalent temperature–a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal
environment. International journal of Biometeorology, 43(2), 71-75.
Höppe, P. (2002). Different aspects of assessing indoor and outdoor thermal comfort. Energy and buildings, 34(6), 661-665.
Lin, T. P. (2009). Thermal perception, adaptation and attendance in a public square in hot and humid regions. Building and
environment, 44(10), 2017-2026.
Lin, T. P., de Dear, R., & Hwang, R. L. (2011). Effect of thermal adaptation on seasonal outdoor thermal comfort. International Journal
of Climatology, 31(2), 302-312.
Lin, T. P., Matzarakis, A., & Hwang, R. L. (2010). Shading effect on long-term outdoor thermal comfort. Building and Environment,
45(1), 213-221.
Nikolopoulou, M., & Lykoudis, S. (2006). Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: analysis across different European countries.
Building and Environment, 41(11), 1455-1470.
Nikolopoulou, M., & Steemers, K. (2003). Thermal comfort and psychological adaptation as a guide for designing urban spaces.
Energy and Buildings, 35(1), 95-101.
Nikolopoulou, M., Baker, N., & Steemers, K. (2001). Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: understanding the human parameter.
Solar energy, 70(3), 227-235.
Sandalack, B. A., & Uribe, F. G. A. (2010). Open Space Typology as a Framework for Design of the Public Realm. The Faces of
Urbanized Space, 35-74.
Santos Nouri, A., & Costa, J. P. (2017). Placemaking and climate change adaptation: new qualitative and quantitative considerations
for the “Place Diagram”. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 10(3), 356-
382.
Proposal Defense: Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Adaptation for Pedestrian in Towns of Malaysia
THANK YOU SO MUCH…
Proposal Defense: Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Adaptation for Pedestrian in Towns of Malaysia
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