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Fusio
n E
nerg
y: a
n In
tellig
ent D
esig
n fo
r the F
utu
re.
Pan
el discu
ssion, S
OF
E K
noxville 2
005
“Energ
y O
ptio
ns fo
r the F
utu
re,” J
ohn S
heffie
ld, S
teve
Obenschain
et a
l, J. F
usio
n E
nerg
y, 2
3, 2
, 63, 2
004.
“Energ
y: S
cie
nce, P
olic
y, a
nd th
e P
urs
uit o
f Susta
inability
,”B
ent e
t al e
dito
rs, Is
land P
ress 2
002, C
hp2 “F
utu
re W
orld
Energ
y N
eeds a
nd R
esourc
es,” J
ohn S
heffie
ld.
WE
C “S
urv
ey o
f World
Energ
y R
esourc
es,” 1
995 a
nd 2
004.
“Path
to a
dire
ct-d
rive ig
nitio
n fa
cility
for fu
sio
n e
nerg
y…
,”S
teve O
benschain
, HA
PL W
ork
shop, L
LN
L, J
une 2
0-2
1,
2005.
Pro
jected W
orld
En
ergy
Dem
and
in G
toe
(Gig
atonnes o
f oil en
ergy eq
uiv
alent p
er year)
Sum
mary
pro
jections o
f
Hold
ren,
IIAS
A/W
EC
MIT
RE
,
Sheffield
.0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Gtoe/a
20102050
2100
Year
Ecolog
Middle
High
5900 - 2
1700
968
937 +
%1118
9.0
5T
OT
AL
3000 - 1
8800
Meth
ane H
ydrates
146
2.2
3G
AS
Shale O
il, Bitu
men
and H
eavy O
il %
of 1
118
0.2
2O
IL
Un
con
v.
Conven
tional
148
3.5
0O
IL +
NG
Ls
2900
968
643
3.1
0C
OA
L
Sp
eculativ
eA
dditio
nal (%
?)R
ecoverab
leA
nnual U
se
Gto
e/a
Type
Fossil E
nerg
y in
Gto
e/aW
EC
19
95
& 2
00
4
Note p
roved
recoverab
le: Coal: 5
67
(1995) an
d 6
43
(2004).
Oil: 1
41
(1995) an
d 1
48
(2004).
Gas: 1
21
(1995) an
d 1
46
(2004).
Renew
able
Energ
y R
esourc
e B
ase
in G
toe p
er y
ear
> 6
0 1
.44
TO
TA
L
n.e.
n.e.
Ocean
energ
y
(119) b
0.0
14 el +
thG
eoth
ermal E
n.
15.2
0.0
05 el
Win
d E
nerg
y
> 3
7.5
0.0
02 th
Solar E
nerg
y
> 6
.6 1
.19 th
Bio
mass E
nerg
y
1.3
0.2
3 el
Hydro
pow
er
Tech
nical
Poten
tial
Curren
t U
se aR
esource
(a) P
resent w
orld
energ
y u
se is
about 11
Gto
e p
er y
ear
(b) S
tore
d e
nerg
y in
Gto
e. A
nnual re
covery
will b
e le
ss th
an s
ola
r.
n.e
. Not e
stim
ate
d
The e
lectric
ity p
art m
ay b
e c
onverte
d to
equiv
ale
nt p
rimary
energ
y w
ith a
n a
vera
ge fa
cto
r of 2
.6x.
Nucle
ar E
nerg
y R
esourc
es
•T
he W
EC
2004 estim
ates ~ 1
3 M
t of u
raniu
m
recoverab
le at < $
130/k
gU
.
•In
conven
tional reacto
rs equals 1
30
Gto
e.
•W
ith b
reeder reacto
rs equals 6
,500 G
toe.
•A
nnual co
nsu
mptio
n is aro
und 0
.6 G
toe.
•W
ith b
reeders, h
igher fu
el costs sh
ould
be accep
table.
Uran
ium
from
seawater?
•In
additio
n th
ere is thoriu
m
So
. Wh
at is
the
Pro
ble
m?
•T
here
are
enorm
ous u
nta
pped e
nerg
y re
sourc
es
- fossil, n
ucle
ar, a
nd re
new
able
s - b
ut th
ey a
re
not u
nifo
rmly
dis
tribute
d!
•A
ll energ
y u
se c
auses p
ollu
tion
.
•N
ucle
ar p
rolife
ratio
n is
a c
oncern
.
•F
inancin
g is
an is
sue.
•T
hese ra
ise s
ubsta
ntia
l geopolitic
al c
oncern
s.
•F
usio
n e
nerg
y w
ill be p
art o
f the s
olu
tion
.
Meetin
g th
e Need
s of th
e Dev
elopin
g W
orld
•"M
y h
ope is to
move b
eyond th
e Kyoto
deb
ate and to
collab
orate o
n n
ew tech
nolo
gies th
at will en
able th
e United
States an
d o
ther co
untries to
div
ersify aw
ay fro
m fo
ssil fuels
so th
at the air w
ill be clean
er and th
at we h
ave th
e econom
ican
d n
ational secu
rity th
at com
es from
less dep
enden
ce of
foreig
n so
urces o
f oil.” P
residen
t Bush
in L
.A. T
imes
•“…
the av
ailability
of easily
moveab
le, cheap
fuel is essen
tialfo
r the d
evelo
pin
g areas to
… stab
ilize their p
opulatio
ns at a
sustain
able lev
el. In th
e near term
fossil fu
els can fu
lfill this
role.” Jo
hn S
heffield
in E
nerg
y: S
cience, P
olicy
etc.
•E
rgo, in
the d
evelo
ped
world
, we sh
ould
impro
ve en
ergy
efficiency
and in
crease the p
ercentag
e of ren
ewab
le and
nuclear en
ergies –
inclu
din
g d
eplo
yin
g fu
sion as so
on as
possib
le!!
Distant Future w
ith N
o F
ossil F
uel U
se
•1
1 b
illion
peo
ple u
sing
2.5
toe/cap
.a. =>
27.5
Gto
e/a.
•A
ssum
ing
2x
imp
rov
emen
t in efficien
cy, av
erage
~ 5
.0 to
e/cap.a to
day
(U.S
. use ab
ou
t 8 to
e/cap.a)
Example
Renewables 1
3.5
Gto
e/a
= 0
.6 h
yd +
2.4
bio
m +
4.2
win
d +
0.3
geo
th +
6.0
solar.
Nuclea
r 14.0
Gto
e/a (equ
ivalen
t raw en
ergy
?)
= 7
.0 fissio
n +
7.0
fusio
n
~ 5
80
0 G
We +
58
00
GW
e
Pace o
f Fusio
n D
eplo
ym
ent
•P
hysic
s T
oday, p
age 2
7, A
ugust 2
005, q
uote
d R
ay O
rbach a
s s
ayin
g , “w
ith
any k
ind o
f luck , th
is (fu
sio
n e
nerg
y) w
ould
be p
icked u
p b
y in
dustry
aro
und
the w
orld
. Fusio
n p
ow
er p
lants
would
com
e o
n lin
e b
y 2
050, h
e a
dded, a
nd
by th
e e
nd o
f the c
entu
ry, 1
0%
-20%
of th
e w
orld
’s e
nerg
y c
ould
be
pro
duced b
y fu
sio
n.”
•A
ssum
ing 8
0%
availa
bility
and a
n e
lectric
al e
fficie
ncy o
f 50%
, pro
ducin
g
2.7
5 to
5.5
Gto
e/a
would
require
2300 to
4600 G
We o
f fusio
n p
ow
er to
be
opera
ting.
•T
he fa
ste
st ra
te a
t whic
h fu
sio
n p
lants
can b
e c
onstru
cte
d, u
sefu
lly i.e
., be
able
to o
pera
te ( tritiu
m a
vaila
ble
) and p
roduce n
et e
nerg
y, is
5 y
ears
•T
he g
oal a
bove w
ould
be p
ossib
le w
ith a
doublin
g, a
bout e
very
5 y
ears
, of
the n
um
ber o
f 1 G
We p
lants
bein
g c
onstru
cte
d –
sta
rting w
ith, re
spectiv
ely
,
2 to
4 p
lants
opera
ting in
2050.
•In
reality
, it would
be e
asie
r to a
chie
ve if th
e firs
t pla
nts
were
opera
ting
earlie
r, say 2
040-2
045 a
nd th
ere
was m
ore
time to
debug th
em
. Als
o, it
mig
ht b
e e
asie
r with
an e
volu
tion to
larg
er p
lants
, say 2
-3 G
We
.
Fa
st T
rack to
Fu
sio
n
•A
FE
SA
C re
port d
escrib
es h
ow
fusio
n e
nerg
y m
ight b
edevelo
ped in
35 y
ears
. It would
be p
ossib
le to
go fa
ste
rth
an th
is p
lan –
als
o E
uro
pean a
nd J
ap
anese p
lans.
•D
ale
Me
ad
e w
ill dis
cu
ss M
ag
ne
tic F
usio
n E
ne
rgy.
• T
here
are
good o
pportu
nitie
s fo
r accele
ratin
g In
ertia
lF
usio
n E
ne
rgy –
ba
se
d o
n s
ucce
sse
s in
Hig
h A
ve
rag
eP
ow
er L
aser (H
AP
L), H
eavy Io
n F
usio
n (H
IF), a
nd Z
-P
inch P
rogra
ms.
Electra title page
Ele
ctra
’s m
ain
am
plifie
r
Tw
o-s
ide
d e
-be
am
pu
mp
ing
: 500
kV
, 10
0 k
A, 1
40 n
s F
WH
M
Sin
ce
the
las
t PA
C: s
pe
cta
cu
lar p
rog
res
s to
wa
rds
HE
DP
an
d F
us
ion
!
Un
iqu
e io
n p
uls
e c
om
pre
ssio
n in
pla
sm
a: fro
m c
on
cep
t to s
imu
latio
n to
50X
co
mp
ressio
n d
ata
in 1
2 m
on
ths
Un
iqu
e a
ccele
rato
rco
ncep
t (PL
IA): fro
mO
ct w
ork
sh
op
tosim
ula
tion
to in
itial
tests
in 8
mo
nth
s
409220120
3-D sim
ulatio
no
f electron
clou
d
affecting
ion
beam
v
xv
s x
409220222-409220257409220100 -
409220138
Measu
redv
xvs x.
Slit
x
vx
x
vx
Un
iqu
e w
orld
cla
ss
cap
ab
ility in
ele
ctro
nclo
ud
ph
ysic
s: fro
mtra
nsp
ort d
ata
in fo
ur
HC
X q
uad
s to
self-
co
nsis
ten
t sim
ula
tion
in 9
mo
nth
s
Z-P
inch
Inertia
l Fu
sio
n e
nerg
y
Go
al: D
ev
elo
p a
n e
co
no
mic
ally
-attra
ctiv
e p
ow
er p
lan
t us
ing
hig
h-y
ield
z-p
inc
h d
rive
n ta
rge
ts (~
3 G
J) a
t low
rep
-rate
(~ 0
.1 H
z) w
ith re
cy
cla
ble
tran
sm
iss
ion
line
s (R
TL
s)
Recen
t resu
lts:
1. R
TL
s s
imu
latio
ns
(5 M
A/c
m w
ork
s)
exp
erim
en
ts (5
MA
/cm
wo
rks)
pre
ssu
re te
stin
g (2
0 T
orr w
ork
s)
2. L
TD
rep
etitiv
e d
river
0.5
MA
, 100 k
V c
avity
fires
every
30 s
eco
nd
s 1
.0 M
A, 1
00 k
V c
avity
teste
d fu
ll IFE
driv
er a
rch
itectu
res
3. S
ho
ck m
itigatio
n th
eo
ry e
xp
erim
en
ts s
imu
latio
ns
4. Z
-Po
P p
lan
nin
g v
acu
um
/ele
ctric
al
co
nn
ec
tion
s o
ve
rhe
ad
au
tom
atio
n a
nim
atio
ns/c
ostin
g
5. Z
-IFE
targ
ets
for 3
GJ y
ield
s g
ain
s
50-1
00
do
ub
le-p
inch
/dyn
am
ic h
oh
lrau
m s
ca
ling
stu
die
s
6. Z
-IFE
po
we
r Pla
nt
RT
L m
an
ufa
ctu
ring
/co
stin
g w
all a
ctiv
atio
n s
tud
ies:
30-4
0 y
ear life
time
po
we
r pla
nt d
es
ign
New
(2005) v
isio
n a
nd
pla
n fo
r laser fu
sio
n e
nerg
yS
malle
r low
er-c
ost F
usio
n T
est F
acility
(FT
F) b
ased o
n n
ew
pelle
t de
sig
ns
Ph
ase I:
1999-2
006
Targ
et d
esig
n &
physic
s
• 2D
/3D
sim
ula
tions
• 1-3
0 k
J la
ser-ta
rget e
xp.
• Kry
pto
n flu
orid
e la
ser
•D
iode-p
um
ped s
olid
-sta
te la
ser
•T
arg
et fa
bric
atio
n a
nd in
jectio
n
•C
ham
ber m
ate
rials
and o
ptic
s Basic laser fu
sion
techn
olo
gy
Ph
ase II
2007-2
013
Ignitio
n p
hysic
s v
alid
atio
n
• Calib
rate
d 3
D s
imula
tions
• LP
I experim
ents
Develo
p fu
ll-size com
po
nen
ts
•P
ow
er-p
lant la
ser b
eam
line
•T
arg
et fa
b/in
jectio
n
•P
ow
er p
lant &
FT
F d
esig
n
Ph
ase III
FT
F o
pera
ting
2018
Fu
sio
n T
est F
acility
(FT
F)
• 0
.25 M
J la
ser-d
riven im
plo
sio
ns @
5 H
z•
Pelle
t gain
s o
f 20
• 2
0-3
0 M
W o
f fusio
n th
erm
al p
ow
er
•D
evelo
p c
ham
ber m
ate
rials
& c
om
ponents
.•
Up
gra
de p
ath
to 0
.5 M
J a
nd
150 M
W fu
sio
n p
ow
er
•
Z-P
inc
h IF
E D
EM
O
Z-P
inc
h E
TF
$
1B
Z-P
inch
IRE
$150M
(TP
C)
+o
p/y
ear
Z-P
inch
IFE
Po
P $
10M
/year
Z-P
inc
h H
igh
Yie
ld
Z-P
inc
h Ig
nitio
n
HY
Laser
ind
irec
t-driv
eIg
nitio
n
2038
2024
2018
2012
2008
2004
1999
FI
ZR
(28 M
A)
Z(1
8 M
A)
NIF
Ye
ar S
ing
le-s
ho
t, NN
SA
/DP
Rep
etitiv
e fo
r IFE
, OF
ES
/VO
IFE
Z-P
inc
h IF
E
targ
et
desig
n $
2M
/year
Z-P
inc
h IF
Eta
rget fa
b.,
po
wer p
lan
t te
ch
no
log
ies
$2M
/year
Z-P
inc
h IF
Eta
rget
desig
n $
5M
/year
Z-P
inc
h IF
Eta
rget fa
b.,
po
wer p
lan
tte
ch
no
log
ies
$5M
/year
Z-P
inch
IFE
CE
$400k /y
ear
(SN
L L
DR
D +
)
Z-P
inch
IFE
Ro
ad
Map
We a
re h
ere
–
co
mp
lete
d - $
4M
for F
Y04
In p
rog
ress - $
4M
for F
Y05
Ke
y P
oin
ts
•S
peed u
p d
evelo
pm
ent o
f radia
tion-
resis
tant m
ate
rials
– fu
ndin
g a
nd 1
4 M
eV
neutro
n s
ourc
e, a
nd liq
uid
wall te
sts
.
•B
uild
com
ponent te
st fa
cility
– D
T a
nd
reacto
r level re
p ra
te, d
river te
st.
•A
nic
e fe
atu
re o
f IFE
is th
at s
uch
a fa
cility
could
be u
pgra
ded s
yste
matic
ally
to a
kin
d
of D
EM
O.
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