PART 2: On to the Brain!!!. Organization of the Brain How can we describe the brain? How can we...

PART 2: On to the Brain!!!

Organization of the Brain

How can we describe the brain?Neural tissue

description(the look)Location description(the

place)NAT GEO photo gallery

General divisions of the nervous system

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Somatic Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System

Sympathetic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Central Nervous System (CNS)Spinal CordThe Brain

Reptilian BrainOld Mammalian BrainNew Mammalian Brain

(Neocortex)

Localization of function of the human brain

Structure and Function, Structure and Function

Subcortical areasStructure and FunctionStructure and FunctionStructure and Function

Neocortex

The look

The lobes

A review

NAT GEO web site for review

Let’s Look Into Your Brain!

Today’s topics Right/Left Brain Dysfunctions

How do the two hemispheres of the brain communicate?

Lateralization of function of the human brain

Split Brain- although similarly located both cerebral hemispheres generally have similar functions, but. . .

There are some differences or lateralization of functions shown to exist

How did scientist figure this out???

How is this studied?

Electrical stimulation

PET scans

Cerebral vascular accidents (strokes), injury or lesioning Left/Right Side neglect

Split brain patients

Drugs affecting half of brain

Dichotic listening

Roger Sperry

According to Dr.Sperry, the brain has two hemispheres with different but overlapping functions. The right and left hemispheres of the brain each specialize in distinct types of thinking processes.

Left and Right Brain Specialization

Left Hemisphere Specialization

Speech and Language Functions

Wernicke’s AreaBroca’s Area

Right Hemisphere Specialization

Spatial Functions (patterns), visual configurations, color discrimination)

Musical Functions

Hemispheric Dysfunction

Broca’s Aphasia

Wernicke’s Aphasia

Anomic Aphasia

Global Aphasia

Developmental Dyslexia

Plasticity

Chudler/plasticity

The Brain 7 mins

Brain Dysfunction

http://www.ted.com/talks/jill_bolte_taylor_s_powerful_stroke_of_insight.html

Ted talks and strokes

Investigative Assignment

Brain Imaging and web search

Complete prior to slides 52- 70

Windows to the Brain

The Greeks

Franz Gall

Brain Damage – Phineas Gage\

Walter Hess

Lesion (ablation)

Imaging Techniques

The Greeks

Hippocrates460-377 BCEEmotions,

thought and mental health arise from the brain

Galen130-200 CEFluids in the

brain ventricles were responsible for sensations, reasoning, judgment and memories

What is Phernology Phrenology was a faculty

psychology. In layman’s terms – reading head features, size, & bumps to determine characteristics, personality, and intellect.

Phrenology was derived from the theories of the idiosyncratic Viennese physician Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828).

The basic tenets of Gall’s system:

1. The brain is the organ of the mind.2. The mind is composed of multiple distinct, innate faculties.3. Because they are distinct, each faculty must have a separate seat or "organ" in the brain.4. The size of an organ, other things being equal, is a measure of its power.5. The shape of the brain is determined by the development of the various organs.6. As the skull takes its shape from the brain, the surface of the skull can be read as an accurate index of psychological aptitudes and tendencies.

31

Gall’s Contribution

32

American Phrenology Journal

33

Phineas Gage

A railroad construction worker in Vermont in 1848. Dynamite blew a tamper rod through his eye and out his skull. Remarkably, he survived, but was never the same. Once considerate and friendly, he was now overbearing, inappropriate, and indecisive.

What did we learn from Phineas Gage?

We developed a theory about the frontal lobe and we determined that the executive control system in prefrontal cortex was damaged.

Walter Hess Studied brain

function. First to discover function of hypothalamus and “start-stop eating” function

1955

Lesions Cutting of brain

tissue

Ablation – destroy brain tissue

(Essentially these are the same thing)

Brain Imaging Techniques

The are now many, highly specific methods to see into your brain.

Assignment yesterday helped you examine these.

As a review. . .

More modern approaches

EEG

CAT

MRI and fMRI

PET

MEG

SPECT

DTI

EEG

Transmit electrical activity (brain waves)

CAT or CT scan

Computerized axial tomography- computerized image of x-rays

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging – magnetic field to develop image of the brain

fMRI

Functional MRI – detect the use of oxygen in the brain

PET

Positron emission tomography- slightly radioactive solution injected to see metabolic activity in imaged part of the brain

MEG

Magnetoencephalography- detect activity too brief to be detected by PET or MRI

SPECT

Single photon emission computerized tomography- tracks cerebral blood flow as an indicator of neural activity in a specific region of the brain

Diffusion Tensor Imaging

An MRI technique that measures the diffusion of water within a cell to yield an image of axons and neural tracts