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CERTIFICATEThis is to certify that this PDD project entitled REMOTECONTROLLED FAN
REGULATOR has been completed by Abhishek Gupta, Anurag Pandey,
ArunSaini, Bhatat Kumar, Israr-Ul-Haque, Mohit Sjwal5thsemester students from
FATHER AGNEL POLYTECHNIC affiliated to BTE DELHI have completed their
project to my entire satisfaction and as per requirement of the course.
MR. SURESH
Project Guide
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTWe would like to take an opportunity to thank all the people in collecting the
necessary information and making of the report. We are grateful to all of them
for their time and wisdom.
Our project becomes a reality only because of cooperation of many people
who had helped us in completing this project. We sincerely extend our
gratitude to Mr. Suresh who has given us this golden opportunity to have aninsight in the corporate world and who has been a source of guidance and
support.
ABHISHEK GUPTA
ANURAG PANDEY
ARUN SAINI
BHARAT KUMAR
ISRAR-UL-HAQUE
MOHIT SEJWAL
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CONTENTS
1. Abstract 32. Introduction 43. Block Diagram 64. Block Diagram Description 75. Circuit Diagram 166. Working of the Circuit 177. Component List 198. PCB Fabrication 209. Soldering 2310. PCB Layout 2411. Component View 2512. Application 2613. Advantages 2714. Conclusion 2815. Reference 29
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ABSTRACTRemote controlled Fan Regulator is one of the applications of electronics to
increase the facilities of life. Fan is one of the unavoidable Electronic
equipment in our day today life. It has become essential element without
which people cant lead a smooth life. The presence of a fan in a house or
office is not now considered as a luxury on the other hand it is included in
the basic requirement. The uses of new electronic theories have been put
down by expertise to increase the facilities given by the existing appliance.
Here the facility of ordinary fan is increased by the making it controlled by a
remote.
In remote controlled fan regulator we can regulate the speed of the fan
by using a remote. Here the variation in the firing angle of triac is used
for regulating the speed.
Any button on the remote can be used for controlling speed of the fan.
Using this circuit, we can change the speed of the fan from our couch or
bed. This circuit is used for controlling the speed of the fan in 5 levels.
This innovation can be a success only if people are made aware about
its advantages and how user-friendly it is. The circuit can be used to
regulate the intensity of light. This innovation finds its use mainly to help
old age people who dont want to walk in order to control the speed of
fan. It also finds its use of somebody wants to change the speed while
sleeping.
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INTRODUCTION
A circuit that allows total control over your equipments without having to
move around is a revolutionary concept. Total control over the speed of
the fan is a boon to many. This product brings to you this very concept.Remote control facilitates the operation of fan regulators around the
home or office from a distance. It provides a system that is simple to
understand and also to operate, a system that would be cheap and
affordable, a reliable and easy to maintain system of remote control and
durable system irrespective of usage. It adds more comfort to everyday
living by removing the inconvenience of having to move around to
operate a fan regulator. The system seeks to develop a system that is
cost effective while not undermining the need for efficient working.
The first remote control, called lazy bones was developed in 1950 by
Zenith Electronics Corporation (then known as Zenith Radio
Corporation). The device was developed quickly, and it was called
Zenith space command, the remote went into production in the fall of
1956, becoming the first practical wireless remote control device. Today,
remote control is a standard on electronic products, including VCRs,
cable and satellite boxes, digital video disc players and home audio
players. In the year 2000, more than 99 percent of all TV set and 100
percent of all VCR and DVD players sold are equipped with remote
controls. The average individual these days probably picks up a remote
control at least once or twice a day.
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Basically, a remote control works in the following manner. A button is
pressed. This completes a specific connection which produces a Morse
code line signal specific to that button. The transistor amplifies the signal
and sends it to the LED which translates the signal into infrared light.
The sensor on the appliance detects the infrared light and reacts
appropriately.
The remote controls function is to wait for the user to press a key and
then translate that into infrared light signals that are received by thereceiving appliance. The carrier frequency of such infrared signals is
typically around 36kHz.The aim of this work is to design and construct a remote control for a fan
regulator. The remote control device sends an infra-red beam, which is
received by the infra-red sensor on the regulator and the speed of the
fan is increased.One of the primary objectives of an engineer is to endeavor to deliver
the best product or the most efficient services at the lowest cost to the
end user. The system was found to meet the expected results.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM
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BLOCKDIAGRAMDESCRIPTION
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Infrared ReceiverModule
Infrared receiver module is used for receiving the signals transmitted by
the remote control.Here, TSOP 1738 is used as infrared receiver Module. It is capable of
receiving signals up to 38 KHz.
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MonostableMultivibrator
A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of
simple two-state systems such as oscillators, timers and flip-flops. A
monostable multivibrator, as its name indicates, has a stable state and a
quasi-stable state. An external trigger must be applied to change from
the stable state to the quasi-stable state.
Here, two NE 555 ICs are wired as monostable multivibrators. The
trigger to the first multivibrator is the signals from the infrared receiver
module. This multivibrator is used to delay the clock pulse of the decade
counter. The second multivibrator is triggered by the opto coupler.
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DecadeCounter
In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device which stores (and
sometimes displays) the number of times a particular event or process
has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal. Decade counter is a
counter that counts through 10 states. It is also known as a mod-10
counter.
Here, CD 4017 is used as decade counter. Here actually ten outputs are
there from which five are used (Q0 to Q4), Q5 is not used and Q6 is
used to reset. The output of monostable multivibrator(IC1) is used to
delay the clock pulse of the decade counter.
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Transformer
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit
to another through inductively coupled conductors the transformer's
coils or "windings". Transformer is used here to step down the supply
voltage to a level suitable for the low voltage components.The transformer used here is a 230/(12V-0-12V) step down transformer.
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RegulatorSection
A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically
maintain a constant voltage level.
IC 7809 is used here. It is a 9V regulator. It regulates the rectified 12V to
9V. This 9V is supplied to the whole circuit.
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OptoCoupler
An Opto coupler is used to transmit either analog or digital information
from one voltage potential to another while maintaining isolation of
potentials. It is used for low voltages.
MCT2E is the opto coupler used here. MCT2E is NPN silicon planar
phototransistor optically coupled to a gallium arsenide infrared emitting
diode. It is used to trigger the monostable multivibrator(IC3).
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OptoIsolator
An Opto isolator is used to transmit either analog or digital information
from one voltage potential to another while maintaining isolation of the
potentials. Its operating voltage is higher than that of an Opto coupler.
Here, MOC3021 is used as opto isolator. It is used to drive the Triac
BT136.
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Triac BT 136
A TRIAC, or TRIode for Alternating Current is an electronic component
approximately equivalent to two silicon-controlled rectifiers
(SCRs/thyristors) joined in inverse parallel (paralleled but with the
polarity reversed) and with their gates connected together. The formal
name for a TRIAC is bidirectional triode thyristor. This results in a
bidirectional electronic switch which can conduct current in either
direction when it is triggered (turned on) and thus doesn't have anypolarity. It can be triggered by either a positive or a negative voltage
being applied to its gateelectrode (with respect to A1, otherwise known
as MT1). Once triggered, the device continues to conduct until the
current through it drops below a certain threshold value, the holding
current, such as at the end of a half-cycle of alternating current (AC)
mains power. In addition, applying a trigger pulse at a controllable point
in an AC cycle allows one to control the percentage of current that flows
through the TRIAC to the load (phase control).The triac used here is BT136. It is thyristor with a firing angle nearly 45o.
A snubber circuit consisting of a resistor and capacitor is used to control
the firing angle of Triac. This firing angle determines the speed of the
fan.
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CIRCUIT DIADGRAM
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WORKING OF THE CIRCUIT
The 230 V from AC mains is stepped down to 12V and Regulated by
IC7809, capacitor and Diodes to 9V. This filtered 9V is used for
providing supply to the entire circuit. Any button of remote control can be
used to control the speed of the fan. The remote control produces
infrared rays which is received by the TSOP infrared receives module.
The TSOP used here is TSOP 1738. It is capable for receiving signals
up to 38 KHZ. The infrared rays are received by the TSOP sensor and
its output is given as a trigger to the first monostable multivibrator NE555 through a LED and Resistor R4.This NE555 which is wired as Monostable multivibrator is used to delay
the clock to decade counter CD 4017. We can directly give the output of
TSOP to decade counter, but while doing so all the small pulse or noises
may also act as clock to counter and counter starts counting. The
decade counter has ten outputs from Q0 to Q9. But here we are using
only Q0 to Q4. Q5 is not used and Q6 is used to reset the counter. The
output of decade counter is taken through Resistors R5 to R9. The
resistor R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 controls the pulse width which is
actually determining the speed of the fan. If the Q0 output is high the
capacitor C5 is charged through R5, if Q1 is high capacitor C5 is
charged through R6 and so on, thereby controlling the speed of the fan
accordingly. Here we are controlling the speed of the fan in five levels
that is why we are taking five outputs (A0 to Q4).
Another NE 555 is used here which is also wired as monostable
multivibrator. This monostable multivibrator is triggered by pulses from
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opto coupler MCT2E. It is wired as Zero crossing detector. The output
from decade counter is given to NE555 and this is given to the transistor
BC548. It is given to the Opto isolator MOC 3021. It is used for driving
the Triac BT136. Triac is a type of thyristor. Here the resistor R13
(470hm) and capacitor C7 (0.01F) combination is used as snubber
network for the Triac.
The Resistors R5 to R9 and capacitor C5 are used to control the pulse
width. When Q0 output is high the pulse width is maximum, when Q1output is high pulse width is decreased slightly. As the pulse width
decreases firing angle of the triac increases and speed of the fan also
increases. By using remote control we are actually controlling pulse
width, which in turn varies the firing angle of triac, and there by varying
the speed of the fan.
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COMPONENTS LIST
1.IR Receiver Module - TSOP 1738
2.IC NE555
3.Opto Coupler - IC MCT2E
4.Opto Isolator - IC MOC 3021
5.Voltage Regulator - IC 7809
6.Decade Counter - IC CD4017
7.Transformer 230/(12V -0-12V)
8.Light Emitting Diode
9.Diodes - IN4148, IN 4007
10.Transistor - BC548
11.Triac - BT13612.Resistors - 1K, 100K, 330, 47K , 33K, 27K, 20K,
12K, 3.3K, 470 , 5.6 K, 10 K, 47 13.Capacitors - 0.01 F /400V, 4.7 F /16V, 10 F /16V,
1F /16V, 0.22F, 470 /50V
14.Zener Diode - 5.1V
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PCB FABRICATION
Printed Circuit Boards play a vital role here in determining the overall
performance of the electronic equipment. A good PCB design ensures that
the noise introduced as a result of component placement and track layout
is held within limits while still providing components years of assembly
maintenance and performance reliability.
WHERE AND WHY ARE PCBS USED?Printed circuits boards are used to route electric signals through copper
track which are firmly bonded to an insulating base.Advantages of PCB over common wiring are:
1. PCBs are necessary for connecting a large number of electronic
components in a very small area with minimum parasitic effects.
2. PCBs are simulated with mass production with less chance of
writing error.3. Small components are easily mounted.
4. Servicing in simplified.
The base materials used for PCBs are glass epoxy, epoxy paper,
polyester etc. Copper foil used for copper clad is manufactured by the
process of electronic deposition.
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The properties of copper foil are:
Thickness35 meter
Thickness tolerance+5 meter
Purity of Copper99.8%
Resistivity at 20oC.0.1594
PREPARATION OF SINGLE SIDED PCB
In a single sided PCB the conductor tracks run only on one side of copper clad
board. Thus crossing of conductors is not allowed. Base materials are selected
according to application. It is mechanically and chemically cleansed. The photo resist
is an organic solution which when exposed to light of proper wavelength, changes
their solubility in developer but after exposure to light is not soluble. Laminate
coating of photo resist is done by
(i) Spray coating(ii) Dip coating
(iii) Roller coating.
The coated copper clad and laminated film negative is kept in intimate
contact with each other.
The assembly is exposed to UV light and is rinsed in the developer tank.
Proper developer has to be used for a particular photo resist and then the
PCB is dyed in a tray. The dye reveals the flux to be used for a particular
photo resist. Then the PCB is dyed in a tray.
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LAYOUT
The layout can be done either by hand or by using PCB designing
software like ORCAD or PROTEL.
FABRICATION
The required circuit is designed and the layout of the circuit is done on
the component side as well as the copper clad side. Spaces are
provided for holes to insert the respective components. Etch resistant ink
coatings are given on the interconnecting marks.
ETCHING
The copper clad PCB is etched with ferrous chloride solution containing a
small amount of Hydro Chloric Acid for increasing activeness of Ferric
Chloride in etching. Wherever the varnish coating is there the copper
remains. Then it is washed with water and Oxalic Acid.
DRILLING
The required holes of suitable size are drilled using twist drill. Now the
Printed Circuit Board(PCB) is complete and ready for soldering.
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SOLDERING
Soldering is the process of joining of two metals using an alloy solder
consisting of Tin and Lead (Sn-Pb). Tin determines the melting whereas the
Lead is used to reduce the cost. After the PCB fabrication is done, the various
components are arranged at proper locations on the PCB and then the
soldering is done. All liquids consist of particles which attract each other. Thesurface is always trying to shrink and this is because of surface tension. The
principle behind soldering is that when liquid particles are brought in contact
with the walls of the solid surface, it may happen that the solid attracts the
liquid surface. This property is called adhesive property. Care must be taken
that the melting point of solder is below that of the metal so that its surface is
melted without melting without the metal.
NEED FOR FLUX
During the soldering process the flux acts as a medium for improving the
degree of melting. The basic functions of flux are mentioned below:1. Removes oxide from the surface.2. Assists the transfer of heat from the source to the joining and
provides a liquid cover including air gap.
3. Removal of residue after the completion of the soldering operation.
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PCB LAYOUT
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COMPONENT VIEW
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APPLICATION
controlled Fan Regulator is used to control the speed of fan from
our bed or couch.
The same circuit finds its use to control the Intensity of light at
various levels.
This circuit also finds it use for switching ON and OFF any
electronic circuit.
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ADVANTAGES
This circuit is simple to use and efficient.
It can be assembled with ease.
It is cheap and hence very economic.
It is small in size.
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CONCLUSION
With the knowledge of new techniques in Electronics we are able to
make our life more comfortable. One such application of electronics is
used in REMOTE CONTROLLED FAN REGULATOR.
The same circuit finds its use in many more applications. By this the
intensity of light can be controlled using a remote. The intensity of light
can be controlled in five levels from off position to maximum intensity
possible. So it finds use as a night lamp by keeping the intensity of lamp
in low level.
The circuit also finds its use for switching ON and OFF any electronic
circuitry. Our normal T.V remote can be used for all these purposes. So
it is very useful or a real help to old age and sick people, since they can
control the speed from the place where they are sitting.We feel that our product serves something good to this world and we like
to present it before this prosperous world.
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REFERENCE
www.electronicsforyou.com
www.howstuffworks.com
www.wikipedia.org
Electronics for You MagazineElectronic Devices and Circuits J. B.Gupta
Linear Integrated circuits Gaykwad
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