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PEACE : a Prototype of the Energy Amplifier for a Clean Environment. Y. Kadi CERN, Switzerland 29 January 2007, Energy Forum, Bergen, Norway. OUTLINE. PEACE: an Industrial Prototype of the Energy Amplifier for a Clean Environment Motivations General Features of Energy Amplifier Systems - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Future of ADS Y. Kadi 1
Y. KadiCERN, Switzerland
29 January 2007, Energy Forum, Bergen, Norway
PEACE :a Prototype of the Energy Amplifier for a
Clean Environment
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 2
OUTLINE
PEACE: an Industrial Prototype of the EnergyAmplifier for a Clean Environment
Motivations
General Features of Energy Amplifier Systems
Experimental Validation
Implementation Strategy
Time Schedule
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 3
A new primary energy source
By 2050, the world’s consumption (+ 2%/y) should reach 34 TW, of which 20 TW should come from new energy sources: A major innovation is needed in order to replace the expected “decay” of the traditional energy sources!
This implies a strong R&D effort, which is the only hope to solve the energy problem on the long term. This R&D should not exclude any direction a priori! Renewables Nuclear (fission and fusion) Use of hydrogen
Can nuclear energy play a major role?
Nuclear energy has the potential to satisfy the demand for a long time (at least 15 centuries for fission, essentially infinite for fusion if it ever works), and is obviously appealing from the point of view of atmospheric emissions.
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 4
Which type of nuclear energy?
Nuclear fusion energy: not yet proven to be practical. Conceptual level not reached (magnetic or inertial confinement?). ITER a step, hopefully in the right direction.
Nuclear fission energy: well understood, and the technology exists, with a long (≥ 50 years) experience, however, present scheme has its own problems:
• Military proliferation (production and extraction of plutonium);
• Possibility of accidents (Chernobyl [1986]; Three Mile island [1979]);
• Waste management. However, it is not given by Nature, that the way we use
nuclear fission energy today is the only and best way to do it. One should rather ask the question:Could nuclear fission be exploited in a way that is acceptable to Society?
To answer this question, Carlo Rubbia and his team at CERN have carried out, in the 1990’s, an extensive experimental programme (FEAT, TARC) which has led to a conceptual design of a new type of nuclear fission system, driven by a proton accelerator, with very attractive properties (Pioneering work by Ernest Lawrence, Wilfrid Bennett Lewis, Hiroshi Takahashi, Charles D. Bowman).
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 5
Basic Principle of Energy Amplifier Systems
One way to obtain intense neutron sources is to use a hybrid sub-critical reactor-accelerator system called Accelerator-Driven System:
The accelerator bombards a target with high-energy protons which produces a very intense neutron source through the spallation process.
These neutrons can consequently be multiplied (fission and n,xn) in the sub-critical core which surrounds the spallation target.
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 6
General Features of Energy Amplifier Systems
Subcritical system driven by a proton accelerator:
Fast neutrons (to fission all transuranic elements) Fuel cycle based on thorium (minimisation of nuclear waste) Lead as target to produce neutrons through spallation, as neutron moderator and as heat carrier Deterministic safety with passive safety elements (protection against core melt down and beam window failure)
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 7
General Features of Energy Amplifier Systems
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 8
Energy Amplifiers vs Critical Reactors
Main objective is to reduce the production of nuclear waste (TRU)
Energy Amplifier : sub-critical fast neutrons Thorium + 233U +TRU (Pu + Minor Actinides)
Reactor : critical slow neutrons Uranium + Pu
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 9
Physics of Sub-Critical Systems
EAs operate in a non self-sustained chain reaction mode
minimises criticality and power excursions
EAs are operated in a sub-critical mode
stays sub-critical whether accelerator is on or off
extra level of safety against criticality accidents
The accelerator provides a control mechanism for sub-critical systems
more convenient than control rods in critical reactor
safety concerns, neutron
economy
EAs provide a decoupling of the neutron source (spallation source) from the fissile fuel (fission neutrons)
EAs accept fuels that would not be acceptable in critical reactors
Minor Actinides High Pu content LLFF...
EAs operate in a non self-sustained chain reaction mode
minimises criticality and power excursions
EAs are operated in a sub-critical mode
stays sub-critical whether accelerator is on or off
extra level of safety against criticality accidents
The accelerator provides a control mechanism for sub-critical systems
more convenient than control rods in critical reactor
safety concerns, neutron
economy
EAs provide a decoupling of the neutron source (spallation source) from the fissile fuel (fission neutrons)
EAs accept fuels that would not be acceptable in critical reactors
Minor Actinides High Pu content LLFF...
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 10
Safety margin from prompt criticality
For a critical system, it is measured by the fraction of delayed neutrons. For the Energy Amplifier, it is an intrinsic property, and can be chosen.
Subcriticality implies strong damping of reaction to reactivity insertion, making the system very stable (presence of higher modes in neutron flux).
Keff < ksource The parameters of the system can be chosenso that k < 1 at all times.
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 11
Reactivity Insertions
Figure extracted from C. Rubbia et al., CERN/AT/95-53 9 (ET) showing the effect of a rapid reactivity insertion in the Energy Amplifier for two values of subcriticality (0.98 and 0.96), compared with a Fast Breeder Critical Reactor.
2.5 $ (k/k ~ 6.510–3) of reactivity change corresponds to the sudden extraction of all control rods from the reactor.
There is a spectacular difference between a critical reactor and an EA (reactivity in $ = /; = (k–1)/k) :
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 12
Energy Amplifiers vs Critical Reactors
Main objective is to reduce the production of nuclear waste (TRU)
Energy Amplifier : sub-critical fast neutrons Thorium + 233U +TRU (Pu + Minor Actinides)
Reactor : critical slow neutrons Uranium + Pu
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 13
Nuclear waste: the priority in developed countries
TRU:(1.1%)produced by neutron capture;dominated by plutonium: destroy them through fission
Fission Fragments:(4%)the results of fissions transform them into stable elements through neutron capture
235U 236U 237U 238U 239U 240U
237Np 238Np 239Np 240Np
238Pu 239Pu 240Pu 241Pu 242Pu 243Pu
241Am
243Am
6.75 d 23.5 mn 14.1 h
2.12 d 2.35 d 61.9 mn(7.2 mn)
14.3 yr 4.96 h
582 15
2100
78 742 1100 200
3
98.3 5.11 440 2.75 22
180 2.75 68
540 269 290 380 18.5 90
242Am
580 74
γγ
γ γ90Br 90Kr 90Rb 90Sr 90Y
143Xe 143Cs 143Ba 143La 143Ce 143Pr
γ β− β−
(neutron)
Fission Fragments
Gamma Radiation
Stable
Stable
235U
γ β− γ β− γ β− γ β−
143Nd
γ β− β−γ β− γ β− γ β−
90Zr
n
n
n
n
0.3 s 1.78 s 14.33 s 14.2 mn 33 h 13.57 d
1.92 s 32.32 s 2.63 mn 28.78 y 64.1 h
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 14
Evolution of radiotoxicity of nuclear waste
TRU constitute by far the main waste problem [long lifetime – reactivity]. The system should be optimized to destroy TRU. Same as optimizing for a system that minimises TRU production. Interesting for energy production!
Typically 250kg of TRU and 830 kg of FF per Gwe
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 15
Maximizing fission probability
Note: thermal fission resilient element
s
Note: thermal fission resilient element
s
The strategy consists in using the hardest possible neutron flux, so that all actinides can fission instead of accumulating as waste.
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 16
Fast neutrons and high burn-up
Fast neutrons allow a more efficient use of the fuel by allowing an extended burnup
Fast neutrons allow a more efficient use of the fuel by allowing an extended burnup
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 17
Energy Amplifiers vs Critical Reactors
Main objective is to reduce the production of nuclear waste (TRU)
Energy Amplifier : sub-critical fast neutrons Thorium + 233U +TRU (Pu + Minor Actinides)
Reactor : critical slow neutrons Uranium + Pu
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 18
Thorium as fuel in a system breeding 233U
It is the presence of the accelerator which makes it possible to choose the optimum fuel.Low equilibrium concentration of TRU makes the system favourable for their elimination: Pu 10–4 in Th vs 12% in U.
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 19
Radiotoxicity
The radiotoxicity of spent fuel reaches the level of coal ashes after only 500 years, and is similar to what is predicted for future hypothetical fusion systems
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 20
Why not Thorium Reactors
Thorium is not vigorously fissile => it needs a source of neutrons to kick-off the chain reaction.
Thorium also cannot maintain criticality on its own => it cannot sustain a chain reaction once it has been started (Pa-233)
The question until now has been how to provide thorium fuel with enough neutrons to keep the reaction going and do so in an efficient and economical way.
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 21
MOTIVATION for ADS
Accessible, clean & cheap energy for countries requiring more energy to reach normal development.
Nuclear energy without accidents and radioactive waste. (sub-critical & fast neutrons)
Nuclear energy without proliferation risks (Th fuel)
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 22
OUTLINE
PEACE: an Industrial Prototype of the EnergyAmplifier for a Clean Environment
Motivations
General Features of Energy Amplifier Systems
Experimental Validation
Implementation Strategy
Time Schedule
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 23
The FEAT experiment
3.6 tons of natural uranium
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 24
The TARC Experiment
ÿ Understanding the phenomenology of spallation neutrons in lead (neutron flux measurements by electronic detectors and by activation measurements, etc.)
ÿ Direct test of Transmutation of Long-Lived Fission Fragments (
99Tc,
129I) by Adiabatic Resonance Crossing
ÿ Development & validation of appropriate simulation/computing tools
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 25
Transmutation of Nuclear Waste: Fission Products
Radio-Isotope
Half-Life
(years)
Mass
(kg)
Activity @ 1000 yr
(Ci)
Ingestive Toxicity
(Sv) 103
Dilution Class A
(m3)
129I 1.57 x 107
8.09 1.43 19.58 178.47
99Tc 2.11 x 105
16.61 284.29 27.67 947.65
126Sn 1.0 x 105
1.187 33.79 3.20 9.65
135Cs 2.3 x 106
34.12 39.32 9.87 39.32
93Zr 1.53 x 106
26.11 65.64 2.38 18.75
79Se 6.5 x 105
0.30 2.06 0.745 0.59
Fission Fragments activity and toxicity after 1000 years of cool-down in a Secular Repository
(Values are given for 1 GWe ´ year)
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 26
Experimental Setup
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 27
TARC Results (2)
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 28
R&D Activity in Europe
Vast R&D activity in Europe over last 10 years: 12 countries, 43 institutions
EU 31 MEuros
Member States 100 MEuros
Vast R&D activity in Europe over last 10 years: 12 countries, 43 institutions
EU 31 MEuros
Member States 100 MEuros
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 29
In FP5, a complementory combination of test facilities was set up in Europe.
EUROTRANS is
fully using these test facilities.
STELLA LoopCEA
CIRCE LoopENEA
TALL LoopKTH
CIRCO LoopCIEMAT
CorrWett LoopPSI
VICE LoopSCK-CEN
CHEOPE LoopENEA
DEMETRA: Test Facilities
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 30
Gelina @ Geel (UE-Belgium)
GSI @ Darmstadt (Germany)
Cyclotron @ Uppsala (Sweden)
nTOF @ CERN (Switzerland)and its TAS γ-calorimeter
Neutron capture (n,γ) resonances in one actinide
NUDATA: Experimental Facilities
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 31
F. G
roes
chel
et a
l. (P
SI)
MEGAPIE Project at PSI
0.59 GeV proton beam
1.3 MW beam power Goals: Demonstrate
feasablility One year service
life Operating since
August 2006
Proton Beam
MEGAPIE TARGET
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 32
SINQ SPALLATION NEUTRON SOURCE
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 33
Open Questions
• The material selection problem for the internal core structures as well as for the spallation target module and fuel cladding in contact with LBE;
• The HLM technology should be answering the problems of LBE conditioning and filtering in pool design conditions;
• The development of the needed instrumentation for LBE quality monitoring in order to guarantee a safe and efficient operation of LBE cooled ADS: O2-Meters, ultrasonic visualisation under LBE, HLM Free surface monitoring, sub-criticality monitoring, LBE velocity field measurement;
• The material selection problem for the internal core structures as well as for the spallation target module and fuel cladding in contact with LBE;
• The HLM technology should be answering the problems of LBE conditioning and filtering in pool design conditions;
• The development of the needed instrumentation for LBE quality monitoring in order to guarantee a safe and efficient operation of LBE cooled ADS: O2-Meters, ultrasonic visualisation under LBE, HLM Free surface monitoring, sub-criticality monitoring, LBE velocity field measurement;
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 34
Open Questions
• Key Accelerator components should be demonstrated, namely the reliable working for periods of 3 months of the injector;
• The spallation module based on the windowless concept (most promising of achieving high performance core) should be fully designed from the mechanical and thermal-hydraulic aspects;
• The coupling of the ADS components (accelerator, spallation module and a sub-critical core) should be realised at realistic power that would allow to study the thermal feedback reactivity assessment, the on-line subcriticality monitoring and control at various keff values.
• Key Accelerator components should be demonstrated, namely the reliable working for periods of 3 months of the injector;
• The spallation module based on the windowless concept (most promising of achieving high performance core) should be fully designed from the mechanical and thermal-hydraulic aspects;
• The coupling of the ADS components (accelerator, spallation module and a sub-critical core) should be realised at realistic power that would allow to study the thermal feedback reactivity assessment, the on-line subcriticality monitoring and control at various keff values.
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 35
UO2+PuO 2
UO22+
PuO22+
Technology of pyrochemical
reprocessing of fuel
Technologies of fast reactors with lead-bismuth coolantLiquid metal targets
technology
High power accelerators
technology
ROAD MAP FOR PEACE
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 36
Accelerator choice
Cyclotron = MODULAR, realised on industrial scaleCost effective ; applicable in isolated regions ;applicable for desalination & cogeneration
Linear accelerator = Solution for Research Centres & highly centralised production
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 37
The SVBR-75/100 MWe Reactor Unit
• Integral design with the steam generators sitting in the same Pb-Bi pool at 400-480ºC;
• Russia built 8 Alfa-Class submarines, each powered by a compact 155MWth Pb-Bi cooled reactor, and 80 reactor-yrs operational experience was acquired with these;
• As follow-up of Russian programme of Pb-Bi cooled fast neutron reactors for Alpha type submarines, the multi-purpose reactor module SBVR75 is now available on the “market” (90M$, Stephanov et al. 1998, Gidropress).
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 38
Aqueous method (Japan)
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 39
Principle Electro-refining in a molten salt solution with electrodes at different potentials
Actinides Separated from Fission Products and high level waste: Plutonium is combined with minor Actinides (Np, Am, Cm) and an approximately equal amount of U
fully tested at the laboratory level
Very efficient (> 99.9%) No effluents waste, all chemicals
recycled: no discharges in the environment
Small size and easy to operate: it may be located on the reactor site or near by, minimising fuel transport
Non proliferating: all TRU’s always intimately mixed
Small batches: no criticality risks.
Pyro-processing
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 40
The Prototype of the Energy Amplifier for a Clean Energy
The key objective of PEACE is threefold:
p Demonstrating the technical feasibility of a fast neutron operatedAccelerator Driven System (ADS);
p Lead-Bismuth Eutectic coolant;
p Incineration of TRUs and LLFF while producing energy.
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 41
The PEACE : Plant Layout
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 42
The modified version of SVBR-75 reactor for PEACE
Steam generator
∅ 3 500
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 43
The PEACE : Global Parameters
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 44
Plutonium incineration in ThPu based fuel is more efficient and settles to approximately 43 kg/TWh, namely 4 times what is produced by a standard PWR (per unit energy). The minor actinide production is very limited in this case.
Long-Lived Fission products incineration is made possible in a very efficient way through the use of the Adiabatic Resonance Crossing Method. Such a machine could in principle incinerate up to 4 times what is produced by a standard PWR (per unit energy).
The PEACE : Transmutation Rates
Transmutation rates (kg/TWthh) of plutonium and minor actinides and LLFPs
NuclidesEADF
(ThPuO2)ENDF/B-VI
EADF(UPuO2)
ENDF/B-VI
EADF(UPuO2)
JENDL-3.2
PWR(UO2)
233U + 31.0Pu – 42.8 – 7.39 – 5.55 + 11.0Np + 0.03 + 0.25 + 0.24 + 0.57Am + 0.24 + 0.17 + 0.14 + 0.54Cm + 0.007 + 0.017 + 0.020 + 0.044
99Tc prod + 0.99 + 1.07 +1.22 + 0.9999Tc trans – 3.77 – 3.77129I prod + 0.30 + 0.31 + 0.17129I trans – 3.01 – 3.01
Future of ADS Y. Kadi
Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3
Proton Driver Power
250 MeV*3 mA= 0.75 MWth
250 MeV*6 mA= 1.5 MWth
900 MeV*6 mA= 5.4 MWth
Gain G0 0.75 0.75 2.5
Sub-criticality level, k
0.95 0.975 0.975
Gain=Go/(1-k) 15 30 100
Thermal Power Output
11.25 MWth 45 MWth 540 MWth
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 46
The Generalized Stages for Realizing the PEACE Program
Nos. Essential res earch Work Participants Realization Period
Expenses, k€
1 Preparation of the Program The PEACE Working Group 1st Semester 2 Selection of the experimental
facilities and research lines. Selection of the demonstration facility parameters.
The PEACE Working Group + Collaborating Institutions.
2nd Semester
3 Feasibility Study same 2nd Year 5,000 4 Working design of the
demonstration facility same 3rd Year 45,000
5 Realization of the experimental and simulation program to support the PEACE facility feasibility study
same 1st - 7th
Year 50,000
6 Construction and commissioning of the PEACE facility
The PEACE Working Group + Collaborating Institutions + Industrial Partners
5st - 7th
Year 450,000
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 47
Time Schedule
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 48
Accelerator CERN (CH), PSI (CH), AIMA (F), IBA (B) Spallation source
Basic spallation data CERN (CH), GSI (D), PSI (CH) Feasibility of the windowless design UCL (B), FZR (D), FZK(D), NRG
(NL), CEA (F) + ENEA (I) + IPUL (Latvia) Subcritical assembly
RSC “Kurchatov Institute”, Moscow – designing target – blanket systems; investigation and justification of the fuel cycle in transmutation systems, including radiochemical problems.
SSC RF IPPE, Obninsk – target – blanket system construction at the SSC RF IPPE site, the functions of designer and production engineer of the element (component) base for the blanket.
OKB “Hydropress”, Podolsk – Chief designer of the target – blanket system.
GSPI and VNIPIET, St. – Petersburg – Design work at the SSC RF IPPE site. SSC RF _ VNIINM, Moscow – MOX fuel development and justification; IYaI RAN, Troitsk – R&D work in justification of subcritical system
physics. NIKIET, Moscow – Chief designer of the equipment for the IYaI RAN site. ENEA (I), CEA (F), BN (B), UoK-UI (LT), TEE (B),CIEMAT (SP)
Fuel US, EUR, INDIA, RUSSIA Safety EUR, RUSSIA Robotics EUR Building EUR
R&D Program Partnership Network
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 49
Why such a delay ?
• The option of high level waste transmutation via ADS is not yet fully accepted by all European nuclear countries or at least a majority of them as the most appropriate way of doing it;
• Besides this situation one should mention that in Europe there are many fuel cycle scenarios in application ranging from the once-through scenario up to the double-strata one.
• There are also various policies regarding nuclear energy ranging from the continuous development up to the phase out policy
• The option of high level waste transmutation via ADS is not yet fully accepted by all European nuclear countries or at least a majority of them as the most appropriate way of doing it;
• Besides this situation one should mention that in Europe there are many fuel cycle scenarios in application ranging from the once-through scenario up to the double-strata one.
• There are also various policies regarding nuclear energy ranging from the continuous development up to the phase out policy
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 50
VHTR RomneyDuffey
Werner Von Lensa
Frank Carre
Tetsuaki Takeda
Jonghwa Chang
Dieter Matzner
Wolfgang Hoffelner
Tim Abram
Finis Southworth
Didier Haas
Jean-LouisCarbonnier
Tomoyasu
MizunoJonghwa Chang
Johan Slabber
Paul Coddington
Denis Every
Kevan Weaver
SFR Gian-Luigi Fiorini
Masakazu Ichimiya
Shoji Kotake
Dohee Hahn
Tim Abram Tom Lennox
Bob Hill
LFR Luciano Cinotti
Mamoru Konomura
Kune Y. Suh
Craig F. Smith
SCWR HussaKhartabi
Thomas Schulenberg
Marc Delpech
Katsumi Yamada
Yoshiaki Oka
Yoon-Yeung Bae
Mike Modro
MSR Miloslav Hron
Claude Renault
Charles Forsberg
GFR
Future of ADS Y. Kadi 51
Conclusions
Can atomic power be green ? Physics suggests it can !!
Present accelerator technology can provide a suitable proton accelerator to drive new types of nuclear systems to destroy nuclear waste (including nuclear weapons) and/or to produce energy.
An Energy Amplifier could destroy TRU through fission at about x4 the rate at which they are produced in LWRs. LLFF such as 129I and 99Tc could be transmuted into stable elements in a parasitic mode, around the EA core, making use of the ARC method.
Next step: PEACE ? when ? where ?
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