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PEACEKEEPING: THE EXPEREINCE OF MONUC
Keeping Peace in a Tough Neighbourhood: The Challenges
Confronting Peacekeepers in Africa
DR Martin R. RupiyaSenior Researcher,Institute for Security Studies (ISS)Pretoria
AIM
Provide a Survey of the Experience of MONUC in
the Democratic Republic of the Congo - 2000 to 2004
Challenges for MONUC
Rough Neighbourhood - No Ceasefire - result latentAnd intense fighting in the Kivus and Ituri provinces
No Political Will Amongst main belligerents
Factionalism precondition for influence and survival
Competing External and Regional interests -
Funding - IMF-WB Multi-Country Funding and Disbursement conditions.
The Nature of Operations - PKO and Africa
Democratic Republic of the Congo
SCOPE
• August 2004 UN Proposals - WHY?• September 2003 Enforcement Mandate -
Impact?• INTERIM EMERGENCY FORCE - EU-
Impact?• JULY 2003 TO PRESENT MONUC Chap 7• ITURI VERIFICATION MISSION• MONUC CHAPTER 6 2000
KIKWITMATADI
MBANDAKA
KINDU BUKAVU
GOMA
KISANGANI
LUBUMBASHI
MBUJI-MAYI
KANANGA
1
24
5
6
7
8
9
3
10
FARDC –Military RegionsForce Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo
BG Mustapha, Mukiza(MLC)
BG Kisempia, Sungilanga Lombe(FAC)
BG Mulubi, Bin Muhemedi(FAC)
BG Widi, Mbuilu Divioka(RCD-N)
BG Kasereka, Sindani(RCD-ML)
BG Amisi, Gabriel(RCD-G)
BG Alengbia, Nzambe(MLC)
BG Nkunda(RCD-G)
BG Padiri, Bulenda David(Mayi-Mayi)
BG Nabyolwa, Prosper(FAC)
BG – Brig Gen
DRC
SECTOR 1
SECTOR 3 SECTOR 4
KIVU BDE
SECTOR 2 SECTOR 6
AREAS AREAS CONTROLED BY CONTROLED BY
THE BELLIGERENTSTHE BELLIGERENTS
GOVERNMENT/GOVERNMENT/FACFAC
GOVERNMENT/GOVERNMENT/FACFAC
MLCMLCMLCMLC
RC
DR
CD(N)
(N)
RC
DR
CD(N)
(N)
RC
D(K
-ML)
RC
D(K
-ML)
MbandakaMbandaka
Kisangani
IleboIlebo
BeniBeni
BuniaBunia
KinduKindu
GomaGoma
BoendeBoende
KalemieKalemie
KinshasaKinshasa
KanangaKanangaMbuji-MayiMbuji-Mayi
KaminaKamina
RCD (G)RCD (G)
1ST - Non-active ???
2nd - Boende
3rd - Mbuji Mayi
4th - Lumbumbashi
5th - Mbandaka
6th - Kananga
7th - Kinshasa
8th - Matadi
9th - Kamina
10th - Bandundu ??
DRC
FAC DIVISION HQs
5
xxxx
xx
3xx
4xx
7
8
xx
9
10
2
6
xx
xx
xx
RCD(G) BDE HQs
•Kabinda
1
• Pweto
•Lusambo
10
3
2
7
5
6
4
9
8
DRC
11
12
1ST - Ikela
2nd - Lubao-Kamana
3rd - Kongolo
4th - Kalemie
5th - Goma
6th - Bukavu
7th - Kisangani
8th - Kindu
9th - Uvira
10th - Lusambo
11th - Goma
12th - Goma
8
xx
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
MLC BDE HQs
•Kabinda
E
• Pweto
•Lusambo
D
B
C
1
•Gbadolite
•Waka
Imese
•Basankusu
•Wenga
DRCA - Gemena, Gbadolite, Lisala
B - Wenga
C - Waka
D - Basankusu
E - Imese
x
A
x
x
x
x
RCD (K/ML) BN HQs
•Kabinda
• Pweto
•Lusambo
B
1
•Gbadolite
•Waka
Imese
•Basankusu
•Wenga
DRC
?Bn - Bunia
?Bn - Beni
?Bn -
?Bn -
II
II
II
Punia
MAI-MAI AREAS
Goma
Bukavu
Shabunda
Kasongo
Uvira
Baraka
Beni
Lubero
Walikale
Port de Kindu
Kalima
RCD (N) BN HQ
•Kabinda
• Pweto
•Lusambo
II
1
•Gbadolite
•Waka
Imese
•Basankusu
•Wenga
DRC
?Bn - Isiro
MONUC - New Thinking - Aug 04
a) New Strategy within the Chap 7
b) Increase troop levels to 24 000 -
c) Concentrate on Ituri, Kivu and
7
Katanga
d) Remove Apartheid in the PKO - Enter 37 AttackHelicopters; Support and Recce Helis; 2 TransportPlanes for Rapid-Reaction Force; Intelligence and Satellite deployment
e) Budget increase - double current US$700m
• Chapter 6 UN Mission-JMC-5 537
• DDRR Interahamwe
• Ituri Verification MissionSANDF commitment +/- 1400 all ranks from all services
• Ceasefire Pretoria and Luanda
•Security of Kinshasa
•Formation of New Army
DEC 2002• Observe/Monitor/Report• Guard UN Activities• Riverine Escort• Ad Hoc DDRRR
MAY 2003• Security in Bunia • Neutral Force Security• DDRRR by Task Force 1• Observe/Monitor/Report• Guard UN Sites/Personnel• Riverine Escort• Ad Hoc DDR
SEP 2003• Security in Ituri (Bde)• Neutral Force Security • DDRRR by Task Force 1• Observe/Monitor/Report• Guard UN Sites/Personnel• Riverine Escort• Ad Hoc DDR
MILITARY TASKS
10,8009,700
8,700
4,3004,500
6,2006,1004,700
4,400 4,400
DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP
Phase II
Phase IIIMONUC TROOP STRENGTH
MONUC in Transition
NATURE OF OPERATIONS
GUARDING EXTENDING RESPONSIVE FLEXIBILE INFLUENCING
STATIC MOBILECH VI CH VII
Mongolia 2 2
Morocco 1 3 829 833 4
Mozambique 2 2
Nepal 17 3 1 225 1 245
Niger 17 1 18 19
Nigeria 25 2 27 5
Pakistan 20 20 1 052 1 092
Paraguay 20 20
Peru 5 5
Poland 3 3
Portugal 0 6
Romania 26 1 27 1
Russian Federation
26 1 27 12
Senegal 10 17 460 487 6
Serbia and Montenegro
6 6
South Africa 11 1 431 1 442
Spain 2 1 3
Sri Lanka 2 2
Sweden 4 2 90 96 4
Switzerland 2 2
Tunisia 26 6 465 497
Turkey 0 11
Ukraine 15 1 16 2
United Kingdom 5 5
Uruguay 29 20 1 752 1 801
Zambia 17 5 22
Total 543 203 10 005
10 751
115
Conclusions - MONUC ExperienceOn Balance Experience tested full repetoire of UNPKO mechanisms from Chap 6, 7 and 8.
DR Congo lacking national political factions to Galvanize process further.
Costs of Peacekeeping and Intentions suggest newMechanisms - Preventative Diplomacy; IntegratedInternational and Regional approach
Funding to be targeted effectively.
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