People and Ideas on the Move, 3500 B.C. – 259 B.C

People and Ideas on the Move, 3500 B.C. – 259 B.C.

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Chapter OverviewChapter Overview

Time LineTime Line

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SECTION Indo-European Migrations 1

SECTION Roots of Hinduism and Buddhism2

SECTION Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries 3

SECTION The Origins of Judaism 4

3CHAPTER

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Chapter Overview

Migrations and trade networks carry new ideas, languages, and cultures throughout the Mediterranean and as far east as South Asia. Three major world religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Judaism, emerge during this period.

People and Ideas on the Move, 3500 B.C. – 259 B.C. 3

CHAPTER

2000 B.C. Hittites migrate to Anatolia.

1500 B.C. Aryans invade India.

1100 B.C. Phoenicians begin to dominate Mediterranean trade.

814 B.C. Carthage founded as a Phoenician trade center.

People and Ideas on the Move, 3500 B.C. – 259 B.C. 3

CHAPTER

Time Line

3500 B.C. 259 B.C.

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Migrations of Indo-Europeans into parts of Europe and South Asia introduce new ideas and languages and result in a blend of new and old cultures.

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Key Idea

Indo-EuropeanMigrations

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

Indo-European peoples migrated into Europe, India, and Southwest Asia and interacted with peoples living there.

Half the people living today speak languages that stem from the original Indo-European languages.

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Indo-EuropeanMigrations

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• Indo-Europeans

• steppes

• migration

• Hittites

• Anatolia

• Aryans

• Vedas

• Brahmin

• caste

• Mahabharata

TERMS & NAMES

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Indo-European

1. List the names of some modern languages that stem from Indo-European roots.

Indo-EuropeanMigrations

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Section 1 Assessment

continued . . .

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English

French

Greek

Spanish

Swedish Hindi

Russian Persian

2. What important contributions did the Aryan invaders make to the culture and way of life in India? THINK ABOUT

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Indo-EuropeanMigrations

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1 Assessment

• roles in society • religion• literature

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• Roles in society: Aryan caste system ruled India for over 3,000 years.

• Religion: Aryan deities of the Vedas entered the Hindu religion.

• Literature: The Vedas, Upanishads, and Mahabharata are great literary works with Aryan subjects or themes.

Possible Responses:

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3. For what environmental reasons might the Indo-Europeans have migrated? THINK ABOUT

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Indo-EuropeanMigrations

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1 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

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• Weather: Grazing lands may have dried up.

• Occupational needs: Their population may have grown too large to feed.

• Health: They may have been escaping from diseases or invaders.

Possible Responses:

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• weather• occupational needs

• health

Hinduism has no one founder but promotes a unified world view and a rigid caste system. Buddhism’s founder, Siddhartha Gautama, preaches the way of moderation and rejects the Aryan caste system.

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Key Idea

Roots of Hinduism and Buddhism

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Roots of Hinduism and Buddhism

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The religious beliefs of the Vedic Age eventually developed into Hinduism and Buddhism.

Almost one-fifth of the world’s people today practice one of these two religions.

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• reincarnation

• karma

• Jainism

• Siddhartha Gautama

• enlightenment

• nirvana

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMES

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Roots of Hinduism and Buddhism

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Compare Hindu and Buddhist beliefs and practices.

Section 2 Assessment

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Both

Reincarnation

Cyclical view of history

Belief in a state of enlightenment (Hindu moksha, Buddhist nirvana)

Caste system

Animal sacrifice

The Middle Way (Eightfold Path)

Four Noble Truths

Hinduismonly

Buddhismonly

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Roots of Hinduism and Buddhism

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2. How might the belief in reincarnation provide a form of social control? THINK ABOUT

Section 2 Assessment

• karma • the belief in the interrelatedness of all life

• caste

ANSWERANSWER

• Karma: Karma motivates people to obey society’s laws.

• Belief in the interrelatedness of all life: People would be reluctant to harm any life form.

• Caste: Those born into a lower caste might work hard to achieve a higher caste in their next life.

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Possible Responses:

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Ancient sea traders spread goods, culture, and innovative ideas in the Mediterranean and beyond. The Phoenicians are not only a great seafaring people but give the world the first written alphabet

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Key Idea

Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries

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Trading societies extended the development of civilizations beyond the Fertile Crescent region.

Traders spread knowledge of reading and writing, including an ancient form of the alphabet that we use today.

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• Minoans

• Aegean Sea

• Knossos

• King Minos

• Phoenicians

Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries

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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMES

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Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries

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1. Below is a list of accomplishments. Identify feats that were Minoan and those that were Phoenician.

Section 3 Assessment

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Minoan Phoenician

•dominated trade (2000–1400 B.C.)•set up numerous city-states•developed an alphabet•produced a famous purple dye•jumped over bulls for fun•produced fine painted pottery

•dominated trade (2000–1400 B.C.)•jumped over bulls for fun•produced fine painted pottery

•set up numerous city-states•developed an alphabet•produced a famous purple dye

Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries

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Section 3 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

• “What some may believe, though I do not.”

• Herodotus was a historian. He did not want to tarnish his reputation by reporting something unlikely. There was no evidence of a second trip, so Herodotus was rightly skeptical.

Possible Responses:

2. In Herodotus’s account of how the Phoenicians sailed around Africa, what words show Herodotus’s doubt? Why do you think he expresses doubts? THINK ABOUT

• the sources that reported the feat • Herodotus as a historian • the Phoenicians’ seafaring skills

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• the fact that the trip was not repeated for 2000 years

3.  The Phoenicians founded wealthy city-states around the Mediterranean. These city-states often competed with one another. Do you think it would have made more sense for the city-states to cooperate or did competition make them stronger? THINK ABOUT

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Seafaring Traders Extend Boundaries

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3 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

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• Cooperation: Had Phoenicians united, they could have pooled their resources and been an even stronger and more profitable trading power.

• Competition: This keeps traders on their toes, so Phoenicians in all cities would have been better merchants.

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• advantages of a unified country

• benefits of competition • advantages of independence

Possible Responses:

The religion of the ancient Hebrews is the world’s first major monotheistic religion. The Hebrews establish covenants with God, who is over all people. Their ethical and moral systems, as set forth in the Torah and Ten Commandments, become a foundation for Christianity and Islam.

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Key Idea

The Origins of Judaism 4HOME

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The Hebrews maintained monotheistic religious beliefs that were unique in the ancient world.

From this tradition, Judaism, the religion of the Jews, evolved. Judaism is one of the world’s major religions.

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• Palestine

• Canaan

• Torah

•Abraham

• monotheism

• covenant

• Moses

• Israel

• Judah

• tribute

The Origins of Judaism 4

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMES

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the major Hebrew leaders discussed in this section. Then give one piece of information about each.

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Section 4 Assessment

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Abraham:Father of Jewish

people

Deborah:A prominent

judge

Moses:Led Hebrews out of slavery

Saul, David, Solomon:Kings under whom

Hebrews united

2000 B.C. 1200 B.C.1300 B.C. 1020-922 B.C.

The Origins of Judaism

Section 4 Assessment

ANSWERANSWER

2. What were the main problems faced by the Hebrews between 2000 B.C. and 700 B.C.? THINK ABOUT

• the quest for a homeland

• other peoples hardships

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• problems among Hebrews

• constantly moving from place to place • being forced into slavery in Egypt • fighting with neighbors over land • worshiping other gods • performing forced labor• paying high taxes • dividing the Hebrew kingdom in two

Possible Responses:

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The Origins of Judaism

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