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7/28/2019 Physical Aging Process
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PHYSICAL AGING
PROCESS
WHEN DOES OLD AGE BEGIN?
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DEFINITION OF AGING
Old and aging depends on the age
and experience of the speaker.
Chronological age - number of years
lived
Physiologic age - age by body
function
Functional age - ability to contribute
to society
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CHRONOLOGICAL
CATEGORIES
Young-Old - (ages 65 - 74)
Middle-Old - (ages 75 - 84)
Old-Old - (age 85 and older)
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FRAIL ELDERLY
Characteristics:
Poor mental and physical
health
Low socioeconomic status
Predominantly female
Possibly isolated living
conditions
More and longer hospitalstays, and
More money spent on
health care and drugs
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PHYSICAL THEORIES
OF AGING
What causes the body to age?
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PROGRAM THEORY
Cells replicate a specific number of
times and then die. Happens again,and again in lab experiments.
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ERROR THEORY
The structure of DNA
is altered as people age
Due to alterations,
DNA not read correctly Results in transcription
and translation
malfunction
Results in aging/illness/
cancer directly, or
indirectly
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CELLULAR THEORY
Normal wear and tear causes cells
to function improperly
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FREE RADICAL THEORY
Lipids in cell
membranes are exposed
to radiation or free
radicals Cell membrane
ruptures and cell dies
In test tubes this
actually occurs
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NUTRITIONAL MODEL THEORY
If animal fed 50-60%
less than it eats on its
own - lives longer
Assumption: Lean
mass, as opposed to
adipose tissue results in
greater health
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COLLAGEN THEORY OF AGING
As we age, collagen in body ages
also. Causes hypertension andother organ malfunctions
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MUTATING AUTO-IMMUNE
THEORY
Cells have normal functions - secrete
normal proteins
As cells age - mutate and secretions
viewed as foreign by body
Solicits immune response
Shuts cell down
Cause biological errors and entire
organ malfunctions
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NEURO-AGING THEORY
All cells undergo
nervous system
degeneration
Results in changes in
hormonal release
Leads to decline in cell
function
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NONE OF THESE
THEORIES TOTALLY
ACCEPTED
Scientists hypothesize it might becombination of several or all
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PHYSIOLOGICAL AGING
OF THE HUMAN BODYBY SYSTEMS
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SKIN, HAIR, NAILS
Loss of subcutaneous fat
Thinning of skin
Decreased collagen
Nails brittle and flake
Mucous membranes drier
Less sweat glands
Temperature regulationdifficult
Hair pigment decreases
Hair thins
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EYES AND VISION
Eyelids baggy and wrinkled
Eyes deeper in sockets
Conjunctiva thinner and
yellow Quantity of tears decreases
Iris fades
Pupils smaller, let in less light
Night and depth vision less
Floaters can appear
Lens enlarges
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EYES AND VISION
CONT. Lens becomes less
transparent
Can actuallybecome clouded
Results incataracts
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EYES AND VISION
CONT.
Accommodation decreases
Results in presbyopia
Impaired color vision, also -
especially greens and blues
Because cones degenerate
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EYES AND VISION
CONT. Predisposed to glaucoma
Increased pressure in eye
Decreased absorption of
intraocular fluid
Can result in blindness
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EYES AND VISION
CONT.
Macular degeneration
becoming more frequent
This is the patch of retinawhere lens focuses light
Ultimately results in blindness
Reason for current increase in
this condition unknown
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EARS AND HEARING
LOSS Irreversible, sensorineural
loss with age
Men more affected than
women Called presbycusis
Loss occurs in higher range
of sound
By 60 years, most adults
have trouble hearing above
4000Hz
Normal speech 500-2000Hz
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Lungs become more rigid
Pulmonary function
decreases
Number and size of alveolidecreases
Vital capacity declines
Reduction in respiratoryfluid
Bony changes in chest
cavity
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CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM Heart smaller and less elastic
with age
By age 70 cardiac output
reduced 70%
Heart valves become
sclerotic
Heart muscle more irritable
More arrhythmias
Arteries more rigid
Veins dilate
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GASTROINTESTINAL
SYSTEM Reduced GI secretions
Reduced GI motility
Decreased weight of liver
Reduced regenerativecapacity of liver
Liver metabolizes less
efficiently
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RENAL SYSTEM After 40 renal function
decreases
By 90 lose 50% of function
Filtration and reabsorption
reduced
Size and number of nephrons
decrease
Bladder muscles weaken Less able to clear drugs from
system
Smaller kidneys and bladder
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REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEMMale:
Reduced testosterone level
Testes atrophy and soften
Decrease in sperm production
Seminal fluid decreases and
more viscous
Erections take more time Refractory period after
ejaculation may lengthen to
days
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REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEMFemale: Declining estrogen and
progesterone levels
Ovulation ceases Introitus constricts and
loses elasticity
Vagina atrophies -
shorter and drier
Uterus shrinks
Breasts pendulous and
lose elasticity
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NEUROLOGICAL
SYSTEM
Neurons of central and peripheral
nervous system degenerate
Nerve transmission slows
Hypothalamus less effective in
regulating body temperature
Reduced REM sleep, decreased deep
sleep
After 50% lose 1% of neurons each
year
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MUSCULOSCELETAL
SYSTEM Adipose tissue increases with
age
Lean body mass decreases
Bone mineral contentdiminished
Decrease in height from
narrow vertebral spaces
Less resilient connective tissue
Synovial fluid more viscous
May have exaggerated
curvature of spine
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IMMUNE SYSTEM Decline in immune function
Trouble differentiating
between self and non-self -
more auto-immune
problems Decreases antibody response
Fatty marrow replaced red
marrow
Vitamin B12 absorption
might decrease - decreased
hemoglobin and hematocrit
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