Phytophthora ramorum: Educate to Detect (PRED) Phytophthora ramorum: Educate to Detect (PRED)...

Phytophthora ramorum:Phytophthora ramorum: Educate to Detect Educate to Detect

(PRED)(PRED)

USDA-Forest ServiceUSDA-Cooperative State Research Education & Extension

Service IPM Regional Centers

National Plant Diagnostic NetworkUSDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

OverviewOverview

Introduction to PRED

History of P. ramorum

Symptoms and look-alikes

Regulations

Sample collection and handling

History outlineHistory outline

Status in North American forests

Status in Europe

Status in North American landscapes and nurseries

Photo: Marin County Fire Department

Marin County, CA (north of San Francisco)

Photo: Marin County Fire Department

Marin County, CA (north of San Francisco), 2000

Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum

Photo: UC Davis & UC Berkeley

Phytophthora ramorum in culture

Chlamydospores

Sporangia releasing zoospores

Phytophthora speciesPhytophthora species

Photo: William Fry, Cornell University

Photo: Joseph O’Brien, USDA-Forest Service

Phytophthora ramorum infection on the leaves of California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica)

Two sets of symptoms caused byTwo sets of symptoms caused by Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum

Sudden Oak Death Red oak group hosts and tanoak Stem lesions beneath the bark May bleed or ooze Can kill adult plants

Phytophthora ramorum Foliar Blight Non-oak hosts Spots and blotches on leaves Shoot dieback Can kill juvenile plants, occasionally mature

plants

Photo: Mike McWilliams, ODF

Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State University

P. ramorumP. ramorum confirmations in confirmations in

forestsforests

Map from www.suddenoakdeath.orgKelly, UC-Berkeley

Map: USDA- Forest Service

European garden & nursery European garden & nursery findsfinds

Photo: Hans DeGruyter, Netherlands Plant Protection Institute

Phytophthora ramorum infection on rhododendron in Europe

Quercus rubra

Infected trees in Infected trees in EuropeEurope

Photo: DEFRAFagus sylvatica

Photo: Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University

Trace-forward & trace-backTrace-forward & trace-backinvestigationsinvestigations

Trace forwards = to the nurseries where stock was shipped TO

Trace backs = to the nursery where stock was shipped FROM

Phytophthora ramorum Phytophthora ramorum national surveynational survey

Most states have started or completed their surveys

Over 3000 nurseries / garden centers have been surveyed

Over 50,000 samples have been taken

As of October 2004, this survey has identified 15 confirmed finds in 7 states: California, Oregon, Washington, Maryland, Oklahoma, New Jersey and Virginia

Photo: Jonathan Jones, APHIS, PPQ

Map: USDA, APHIS, PPQ

Distribution of infected nursery stock from individual nurseries

Trace-forwards and positive detections across the U.S.July 2004

Map: USDA, APHIS, PPQ

Symptoms & look-alikesSymptoms & look-alikes

Sudden Oak Death on oak hosts

Symptoms on other hosts

Screening questions at the NCIPM website (www.ncipm.org/sod):

focus on recently purchased (or near recently purchased) camellia, kalmia, lilac, pieris, rhododendron, or viburnum

True oaks (Quercus spp.) Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) Chestnut (Castanea) [Europe only] Beech (Fagus) [Europe only]

Symptoms caused by Symptoms caused by P. P. ramorumramorum differ on different differ on different

hostshosts

Sudden Oak Deathaffects members of the oak

family (Fagaceae)

Photo: Pavel Svihra, UC Cooperative Extension

P. ramorumP. ramorum on coast live oak on coast live oak

‘‘Bleeding’ canker on tree trunkBleeding’ canker on tree trunk

‘Bleeding’ or oozing on the bark

Not associated with cracks in bark or insect holes

Usually on the lower 6 ft. of tree trunks

Photo: Garbelotto lab, UC Berkeley

Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum

Photos: Mike McWilliams, ODF & Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Dept. of Conservation

“bleeding”

Photo: Dave Rizzo, UC Davis

Cankers (in inner Cankers (in inner bark) are bark) are surrounded by a surrounded by a black lineblack line

Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum

Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum

outer bark inner bark

Photo: Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Department of Conservation

Bleeding canker caused by Armillaria

outer bark inner bark

Similar symptoms – not Similar symptoms – not P. P. ramorumramorum

Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service

Similar symptoms – not Similar symptoms – not P. P. ramorumramorum

outer bark inner bark

Bleeding canker caused by inner-bark boring insect

Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service

Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample

outer bark inner bark

Bleeding canker caused by Inonotus hispidus

Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service

Other common diseases & injuriesOther common diseases & injuries

Bacterial wetwood

Boring insects

Mechanical injury

Fungi

On other plant hosts, On other plant hosts, P. P. ramorumramorum causes symptoms of causes symptoms of

foliar blightfoliar blight

Pyracantha Honeysuckle Yew Douglas-fir Grand fir Coast redwood

Camellia Rhododendron Viburnum Pieris Mountain

laurel Lilac

Symptoms on camelliaSymptoms on camellia

Photos: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture & Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA

Symptoms on camelliaSymptoms on camellia

Photo: Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA

Symptoms can be subtle

Look for irregular-shaped brown lesions on the leaves

Sometimes only the tips of leaves are brown

Look for lower leaves that have fallen off

Symptoms on camelliaSymptoms on camellia

Photo: Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA

Sun scorch on camellia

Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample

Photo: Carrie Harmon, University of Florida

Cold injury on camellia

Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample

Photo: Richard Regan, Oregon State University

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on rhododendronrhododendron

Rhododendron macrophyllum

Shoot dieback Foliar blight Foliar blight

Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State University

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on rhododendronrhododendron

Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State UniversityRhododendron macrophyllum

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on rhododendronrhododendron

Photo: Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Dept. of Conservation

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on rhododendronrhododendron

Rhododendron ‘Unique’Photo: Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University

Photo: Paul Tooley, USDA-ARS

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on eastern symptoms on eastern native rhododendrons native rhododendrons

(inoculation trials)(inoculation trials)

Photo: Jay Pscheidt, Oregon State University

Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample

Foliar blight caused by Phytophthora syringae

Photo: Mike Benson, NCSU

Foliar blight caused by Phytophthora species

Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample

Phytophthora root rot - not caused by P. ramorum

Similar symptoms – not Similar symptoms – not P. P. ramorumramorum

Photo: Jay Pscheidt, Oregon State University

Sun scorch

Gray blight can develop on sun scorched rhododendron leaves

Similar symptoms – not Similar symptoms – not P. P. ramorumramorum

Photo: Rich Regan, Oregon State University

Pieris japonicaPhoto: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture

Symptoms on pierisSymptoms on pieris

Pieris japonica

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on pieris symptoms on pieris

Photo: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture

Photo: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture

Viburnum x bodnantense ‘’Dawn’

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on viburnumviburnum

Viburnum x bodnantense ‘Dawn’Photo: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on viburnumviburnum

Viburnum plicatum tomentosum ‘Mariesii’

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on viburnumviburnum

Photo: Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University

stem canker

Photo: Sabine Werres, Institut für Pflanzenschutz im Gartenbau, Germany

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on viburnumviburnum

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on kalmia kalmia

(mountain laurel)(mountain laurel)

Photo: DEFRA

Photo: Robert Linderman, USDA-ARS

Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample

Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel)

Photo: Peter Angwin, USDA-Forest Service

Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample

Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel)

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on lilac symptoms on lilac

Photo: Alexandra Schlenzig, Scottish Agricultural Science Agency

Photo: Jay Pscheidt, Oregon State University

Bacterial blight on lilac

Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample

P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on conifersconifers

Photo: Santa Clara Co. (CA) Agriculture Dept. & Dave Rizzo, UC Davis

Grand fir Douglas-fir

RegulationsRegulations

Federal and State quarantines

Domestic Regulated Materials

Federal P. ramorum quarantine program goals

Federal quarantines – prevent movement between states

State quarantines – prevent movement within a state prevent introductions

Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorumregulations & quarantinesregulations & quarantines

Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorumdomestic regulated materialsdomestic regulated materials

Nursery stock

Forest stock

Wood

Bark

Soil

Wreaths & greenery

Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum host list host listtanoaktanoak horse-chestnuthorse-chestnut southern red oaksouthern red oak

canyon live oakcanyon live oak sweet chestnutsweet chestnut northern red oaknorthern red oak

coast live oakcoast live oak European beechEuropean beech Holm oakHolm oak

California black oakCalifornia black oak drooping leucothoedrooping leucothoe wood rosewood rose

Shreve oakShreve oak European turkey oakEuropean turkey oak ViburnumViburnum varieties varieties

bigleaf maplebigleaf maple toyontoyon madronemadrone

coffeeberrycoffeeberry cascaracascara Formosa firethornFormosa firethorn

California buckeyeCalifornia buckeye coast redwoodcoast redwood huckleberryhuckleberry

salmonberry salmonberry manzanitamanzanita honeysucklehoneysuckle

Western starflowerWestern starflower grand firgrand fir poison oakpoison oak

California hazelnutCalifornia hazelnut Douglas-firDouglas-fir Scotch heatherScotch heather

mountain laurelmountain laurel European yewEuropean yew witch-hazelwitch-hazel

PierisPieris varieties varieties strawberry treestrawberry tree Victorian boxVictorian box

CamelliaCamellia species species California wood fern California wood fern lilaclilac

European yewEuropean yew Pacific yewPacific yew rhododendrons/azaleasrhododendrons/azaleas

false Solomon’s seal false Solomon’s seal winter’s barkwinter’s bark sweet bay laurelsweet bay laurel

goat willowgoat willow Andrew’s clintonia bead lilyAndrew’s clintonia bead lily

California bay laurel/pepperwoodCalifornia bay laurel/pepperwood

Current as of August 16, 2004

Federal Federal P. ramorumP. ramorum quarantine quarantine program goalsprogram goals

Prevent the artificial spread of P. ramorum

Take the least restrictive action necessary

Determine status of disease, nationwide

Keep the regulations current with the science and risk

Identify where infected items came from and went to

Clean up infested nurseries and garden centers

APHIS website: APHIS website: www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ispm/sodwww.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ispm/sod

P. ramorumP. ramorum procedures procedures

Review of material just presented

Goal of PRED

Overview of the program

What to do…

Sample referral and submissionSample referral and submission

In some states, only the State or federal regulatory officials will be collecting the specimens.

Contact your county extension agent or supervisor to find out who is authorized to collect suspect samples in your county.

Sample referral criteriaSample referral criteria Plants likely to be infected by Phytophthora

ramorum (as indicated by the screening questionnaire):

Affected plant is on host list and purchased since 2002

Affected plant is near a recently purchased host plant

Symptoms are consistent with Phytophthora ramorum

Screening questions at the NCIPM website: (www.ncipm.org/sod)

CommunicationCommunication

Submit the suspect sample to: County Extension Specialist/Farm Advisor Master Gardener Other state designated representative

Avoid alarming behavior. Don’t jump to conclusions. Wait for lab result Maintain confidentiality

If you’re asked to collect a If you’re asked to collect a samplesample

Collect leaves that show various stages of symptom development.

Take pictures of symptoms and environment.

Packaging a samplePackaging a sample Place sample on a

paper towel. Do not wet the towel.

Double bag and seal the sample in zippable bags.

If shipping, use a crush proof box with seams sealed completely with tape.

Be sure to include the sample submission form required by your state.

Delivering a sampleDelivering a sample

Contact the sample recipient.

Samples must be fresh and in good condition.

Rapid delivery is critical (no Friday shipments).

Sampling remindersSampling reminders

The accuracy of a disease diagnosis can only be as good as the sample and information provided.

Sample must be representative of symptoms and severity in the field and must contain the right material.

Sampling remindersSampling reminders

Sanitation disposal of material containment while shipping clean tools

Chain of custody restrict access to sample make sure sample collection location is

retraceable

Diagnostics: laboratory testsDiagnostics: laboratory tests

There are three detection methods: Antibody test (ELISA) Plating on selective

media DNA (PCR)

Relatively expensive

Time consuming

ELISA

Plating

PCR

Photo: Natalie Goldberg, New Mexico State University

Where to go for more Where to go for more informationinformation

APHIS: www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ispm/sod

California Oak Mortality Task Force:www.suddenoakdeath.org

NCIPM:www.ncipm.org/sod

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments Authors

Jennifer Parke Susan Frankel Janice

Alexander Carla Thomas

Reviewers Kitty Caldwell Bill Hoffman Eugene Erickson Steve Oak Jonathan Jones Melodie

Putnam Natalie Goldberg Susan Ratcliffe Everett Hansen David Rizzo Carrie Harmon Stacy Scott John Hartman

Questions???Questions???

We have assembled a group of experts to answer your questions:

► David Rizzo, University of California, Davis► Jonathan Jones, APHIS► Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University► Kerry Britton, USDA-Forest Service► Carla Thomas, NPDN► Susan Ratcliffe, NCIPM