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PIA 2528Governance, Local Government
and Civil Society
Civil Society: A Conceptual Framework
See Below- The Model
Target Group
Grassroots Organizations
Civic Education
Land Rural Industries
Governance / Democracy
Communica-tion and Support
NGOs Women’s Focused Groups
Decentralization
Quote of the Week
George Orwell, Burmese Days
"Why is it you are always abusing the pukka sahibs as you call them. They are the salt of the earth. Consider the great administrators who have made British India what it is.”
The Issue: History, Empire and Civil Society
Colonial Burma and Civil Society in Myanmar
Authoritarian Legacies
Review- Discussion of Themes
Democratic Governance and Institutional State
a. Rule of Lawb. Transparencyc. Securityd. Competitive Elections and Political Partiese. Devolved Local Governmentf. Institutional Processesg. Interest articulation and aggregation
(Competition h. Civil Society- Mediation and Social Capital
Madison, Hamilton and Jay and Civil Society Federalist Papers
Fear of Populism Minority rights Shifting majorities The problem with majorities Tyranny Factions
Polyarchy: The Conceptual Framework
Competitive Pluralism
Diverse interest associations of society compete with each other over policy issues
Basis of Economic and Political Competition
Social vs. Economic Liberalism
Polyarchy: Six Principles-Summary
Interest Group Liberalism Problem of zero-sum game Civil Society as organizational not
individual or the mass. The need for apathy Institutional structures: Checks and
balances Constitutional vs. social stability
Civil Society: The Base Point Civil Society- Networks of
organizations, groups and individuals pursuing socio-economic interests
Base point- Governance vs. interests (negative and positive)
Relationship to Private sector
Review: Civil SocietyThe Nature of the Beast:
Non-Profits Not for Profits Private Voluntary
Organizations Community Based Organizations Civics
Five Caveats: Civil Society Groups Usually excludes “for profits”-
issue of contractors Both International and Local Internationals are not universally
loved Very often internationals are
religious or charity based Focus has been primarily on relief
rather than development or civil society goals
Types of “Development” NGOs
1. Philanthropy2. Humanitarian Assistance
War, Drought, Agricultural Failure (WWI)
Relief and Welfare Societies- Disaster-
3. Populist based development agencies (national)
Types of “Development” NGOs
4. Grassroots associations (local or village based): Focus on Rural Development
5. Advocacy groups: Democracy and Governance
6. Public Service Contractors and Grantees
International NGOs- Weaknesses
1. Lack of local legitimacy2. Donor driven3. Inefficiency4. Amateurism- leadership and
continuity problems5. Staffing problems
International NGOs- Weaknesses
6. Self-serving- own objectives: Faith Based
7. Fixation on projects- Problems of replication
8. Lack of perceived accountability
9. Learning problems/lack of institutional memory
Thousand Points of LightGeorge Bush, appearing with victim’s rights advocate Doris Tate at a ceremony in which Tate was named as one of the thousand points of light.
International NGOs- Weaknesses
10. Tensions with government institutions- Politically threatening11. Ties with existing local elites12. Inability of humanitarian organizations to transfer to new development orientation
Types of Democracy and Civil Society Representation
Cooperative Movements (or Corporatism) Diverse interest associations
cooperate with each other and with organs of the state to make policy
Scandinavian Social Corporatism
Public-Private Partnership?
Understanding the Public Sector of Allegheny County
Allegheny County is made up of 130 townships and boroughs. Each of these has its own public manager and council. The city of Pittsburgh is part of this mix of local government. Several Thousand non-profits
Operating Budget for the County for 2003 is $654 million. This budget provides for such services as:
Children and Youth ServicesJail/County PolicePort AuthorityDistrict attorneycoroner
Demographics of Allegheny County
Total population 1,281,666 84% White 12% African American 1.7% Asian 1% Hispanic 1/10 of 1% Native American
18% 65+ 6% under 5 years old
Public-Private Partnerships
Non-Profits Number in W. PA in tens of thousands and
deliver up to two-thirds of the social services of the County in several different sectors
Public Private Partnerships:The International Context
Defined: Partnerships (formal or informal) between: Non-Governmental Organizations
(NGOs), Community Based Organizations
(CBOs), Governments, Donors (International and Private), Private- Business Sector.
Public Private Partnerships Origins- Use in International
Development
a. International Donors- Way of Dealing with Umbrella Grants and implementation of development policies
b. Accepting donor money means accepting donor principles
Public Private Partnerships
c. Comes out of Structural Adjustment and Policy Reform (re. LDCs)
d. Seen by some as an alternative to
Contracting Out- Others as part of it e. Critics see it as detrimental to a
market approach to economic change
Public Private Partnerships: Characteristics
a. Targeted at the expansion of Social Capital and Synergy in the promotion of Economic and Social Development
b. Seeks a holistic or Integrated Approach to Economic and Social Development
c. Involves informal processes, cultural sensitivities as well as legal norms and contracting principles.
Public Private Partnerships (PPPs)
Supporting Factors in the International Context:
1. Democratic Governance- private sector and NGOs seen as legitimate actors; transparency, accountability and responsiveness
2. Rational Government- Merit Principles, anti-corruption environment, acceptance of non-state actors as service deliverers. Contracting Out
Post-Structural Adjustment
Human Development and Governance are seen as the key to economic development
Millennium Development Goals
Public Private Partnerships- Factors
Factors that Support PPPs
3. Decentralization- Subsidiarity: Governance devolved to the lowest levels capable of implementation and contracting out
4. Legal Frameworks- Acceptance of Contractual Agreement as the basic organizational relationship
Public Private Partnerships-Factors5. Institutional Norms, Organizational Capacity and regularized principles of inter-organizational interaction. Requires high levels of capacity building
6. Requires Social and Economic Stability
7. Organizational flexibility across all sectors
Public Private Partnerships- Factors
8. Social and Institutional Pluralism- win-win rather than zero sum game across social, ethnic, religious and racial groups
9. Social Networks exist at Grass roots, and intermediate as well as higher levels of government-See diagram
Reference:
Jennifer M. Brinkerhoff,Partnership for International Development: Rhetoric or Results
Boulder, Co.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002
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