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Picking on Pike*y On Social Status and Academic Standing
Sacha Raoult
Aix-‐Marseille Université | University of Chicago sraoult@uchicago.edu
Preliminaries• I assume you are familiar with PikeDy’s book
§ PosiGve reviews : Krugman, Solow § CriGcal reviews : Eric Posner, Galbraith § Meta-‐review :
Fuchs, ChrisGan. "Thomas PikeDy’s Book “Capital in the Twenty-‐First Century”, Karl Marx and the PoliGcal Economy of the Internet." Communica)on, Capitalism & Cri)que. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Informa)on Society 12, no. 1 (2014): 413-‐430.
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OutlineA. Informed Knowledge from Research in Other Areas:
taking a posi)on on a polarizing ques)on in public policy research is itself associated with certain types of academic careers
1. What’s a polarizing quesGon ? 2. How do we analyze an academic career ?
B. Are academic reviews of PikeDy’s “Capital” consistent with this ? 1. SeparaGng polarizing and non-‐polarizing quesGons in PikeDy reviews. 2. Is taking a posiGon on polarizing quesGons associated with a certain type of career ?
C. TentaGve explanaGons of the recurring paDerns
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What’s a polarizing ques>on in public policy?
Non-‐polarizing
1 2 3 4 5
Hierarchizing opinions on a given subject along a single dimension The quesGon in not polarizing if the frequency of those opinions follow a Gaussian distribuGon or a slice of a Gaussian distribuGon
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What’s a polarizing ques>on in public policy?
Non-‐polarizing
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What’s a polarizing ques>on in public policy?
Non-‐polarizing Polarizing
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Example of a non-‐polarizing ques>on
0
1
2
4
2
best good mixed bad worst
What's the weather like in Chicago ? (according to Yahoo answers)
15
5
2
bad mixed none
What are the consequences of economic inequality ? (2013-‐2014 academic literature)
Raoult, S. Research Conclusions and Social PosiGon of Academics in Public Policy Research, work-‐in-‐progress
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3
1
3
no someGmes yes
Should we ban the burqa in UK ? (according to Yahoo answers)
Example of a polarizing ques>on
Raoult, S. Research Conclusions and Social PosiGon of Academics in Public Policy Research, work-‐in-‐progress
33
13
19
no mixed yes
Does the death penalty deter homicide ? (1969-‐2008 academic literature)
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Pike*y book reviews
Trends of growing inequality
r > g Tax policies
Journalists Non-‐polarizing (A) Non-‐polarizing (A) Non-‐polarizing (D)
Academics Non-‐polarizing (A) Polarizing Non-‐polarizing (M)
Others Polarizing Non-‐polarizing (M) Non-‐polarizing (M)
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Polariza>on and social posi>ons of academics
Status Death Penalty Polarizing Guns and violence Polarizing Actuarial Methods Polarizing ImmigraGon and crime Polarizing Crime Drop Non-‐polarizing EducaGon Inequality Non-‐polarizing Cons. Of Wealth Inequality Non-‐polarizing
Polarizing Non-‐polarizing
• SystemaGcally significant differences in career types
• Predictable paDern
• No significant differences in career types
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Career maps
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Scien>fic produc>on
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Scien>fic produc>on
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Financial and poli>cal rela>ons
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Financial and poli>cal rela>ons
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Media presence
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Media presence
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Polariza>on and social posi>ons of academics
Status Death Penalty Polarizing Guns and violence Polarizing Actuarial Methods Polarizing ImmigraGon and crime Polarizing Crime Drop Non-‐polarizing EducaGon Inequality Non-‐polarizing Cons. Of Wealth Inequality Non-‐polarizing
Polarizing Non-‐polarizing
• SystemaGcally significant differences in carreers types
• Progressives above conservaGves
• « Mixed » will always track very closely the progressive or conservaGve career type
• Some evidence of a further divide inside the progressive camp
• No significant differences in career types
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Financial and Poli>cal Support• Contrary to what should be expected from the difference in careers, academics who disagreed with PikeDy’s « r > g » tended to report more financial and poliGcal support Ø Financing of own research by private grants Ø Financing of own research by public grants Ø ConsulGng for private firms Ø ReporGng for public commissions
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Tenta>ve explana>ons
• Career as a proxy for demographics • Career as an indicator of belonging to certain research communiGes
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In Pike*y case, differences in demographics are not significant§ Debate is almost exclusively male § No significant difference in age, although disagreeing academics tend to be younger
§ No significant differences in educaGon, although disagreeing academics tend to have been educated in lower-‐ranked insGtuGons
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Career as an indicator of belonging to certain research communi>esq Debate in top schools tends to be more homogeous
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Career as an indicator of belonging to certain research communi>esq About half of the PikeDy reviews emanate from the Top 40 schools q The strongest support for PikeDy comes from about half of this group
q Disagreement with PikeDy comes from the other half of this group and from most of the other academics
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Career as an indicator of belonging to certain research communi>esq In top schools, the debate tends to focus on the weight to give to certain « oversights » in PikeDy’s work (U.S. supersalaries, assumpGons about savings), whether the author consider these oversights to be detrimental or not to PikeDy’s main point
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Career as an indicator of belonging to certain research communi>esq In top schools, the debate tend to focus on the weight to give to certain « oversights » in PikeDy’s work (U.S. supersalaries, assumpGons about savings), whether the author consider these oversights to be detrimental or not to PikeDy’s main point
q In other places, authors tend to reject PikeDy’s approach and offer an alternaGve framework that they believe are beDer fit for PikeDy’s data
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Sacha Raoult Aix-‐Marseille Université | University of Chicago
sraoult@uchicago.edu
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