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Plant Breeding – an Overview. Objective 1: know basic plant genetics and breeding terminology. Gamete. A mature reproductive cell that is specialized for sexual fusion. Haploid (n). Containing only one set of chromosomes (n). Each gamete is haploid. Cross. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Plant Breeding –an Overview
Objective 1: know basic plant genetics and breeding terminology
Gamete A mature reproductive cell that is specialized for sexual fusion
Haploid (n) Containing only one set of chromosomes (n). Each gamete is haploid
Cross A mating between two individuals, leading to the fusion of gametes
Diploid (2n) Two copies of each type of chromosome in the nuclei, formed by the fusion of two gametes
Zygote The cell produced by the fusion of the male and female gametes
Gene The inherited segment of DNA that determines a specific characteristic in an organism
Locus The specific place on the chromosome where a gene is located
Alleles Alternative forms of a gene
Genotype The genetic constitution of an organism
Homozygous An individual whose genetic constitution has both alleles the same for a given gene locus (eg, AA)
Heterozygous An individual whose genetic constitution has different alleles for a given gene locus (eg, Aa)
Homogeneous A population of individuals having the same genetic constitution (eg, a field of pure-line soybean; a field of hybrid corn)
Heterogeneous A population of individuals having different genetic constitutions
Phenotype The physical manifestation of a genetic trait that results from a specific genotype and its interaction with the environment
What is Plant Breeding?What is Plant Breeding?
The genetic adjustment of plants to the The genetic adjustment of plants to the service of humankind service of humankind
---Sir Otto Frankel---Sir Otto Frankel
Source: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/
Objective 2: know why plant breeding is important and useful
Several examples in soybean
Increased global human population (shown here in billions of people) will lead to increased demand for food, fiber and energy: improving
plant genetics is one tool
0123456789
10
1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050
Adapted from http://www.census.gov/population/popclockworld.html
Why Plant Breeding
1. Yield
Source: USB photo disc 0976
Plant Breeding Targets
Plant breeding has contributed to more than 50% of increased USA crop productivity during the last 30 years
Source: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/
Improved product quality
Source: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/
Plant Breeding Targets
H H
C C
HydrogenationH H
C C
H H
cis form
H
C C
H
saturated trans form
;
• Hydrogenation: flavor and oxidative stability
• Trans fats: health issues
• FDA label mandate
(Source: Wilson, 2004)
Soybean sudden death syndromeSoybean sudden death syndrome
Plant Breeding Targets3. Pest and Disease Resistance3. Pest and Disease Resistance
Joint Germplasm Release(Drs. Arelli, Pantalone, Allen, Mengistu)
USDA-ARS and USDA-ARS and Tennessee Agricultural Exp. Stn.Tennessee Agricultural Exp. Stn.
Release of Release of JTN-5303JTN-5303 Soybean Soybean
Resistant to multiple diseases:Resistant to multiple diseases:Soybean cyst nematode Soybean cyst nematode Sudden death syndromeSudden death syndrome
Stem cankerStem cankerFrogeye leaf spotFrogeye leaf spot
Charcoal rotCharcoal rot
4. Environmental Stress Tolerance 4. Environmental Stress Tolerance
Plant Breeding Targets
5. Ease of Management Deployment of transgenic traits (e.g., transfer of herbicide resistant genes in commercial varieties)
Plant Breeding Targets
6. Adaptation to Mechanization6. Adaptation to Mechanization
Source: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/
Plant Breeding Targets
Conservation Tillage
Source: http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/
7. Environmental sustainability
Plant Breeding Targets
Objective 3: know the basic principles of plant breeding
Importance of genetic variation and selection
1. Genetic causes (mode of inheritance)1. Genetic causes (mode of inheritance) single genessingle genes multiple genesmultiple genes
2. Environmental2. Environmental
3. GxE: the interaction between the genotype 3. GxE: the interaction between the genotype of the plant and the environment in which it of the plant and the environment in which it growsgrows
What are the causes of biological What are the causes of biological variation observed in plants?variation observed in plants?
be observant of phenotypic be observant of phenotypic differences among plantsdifferences among plants
understand the geneticsunderstand the genetics have the imagination to visualize have the imagination to visualize
final productfinal product foresight to predict demand for foresight to predict demand for
future plant productsfuture plant products
A plant breeder needs to:A plant breeder needs to:
In plants, examples include: In plants, examples include: plant heightplant height plant and leaf morphologyplant and leaf morphology biomass yieldbiomass yield seed yieldseed yield chemical composition of plant tissues and chemical composition of plant tissues and
seedsseeds
Plant selections to improve plant traits Plant selections to improve plant traits are made by assessing plant phenotypesare made by assessing plant phenotypes
Genetic variation: the basis for improvement
Phenotype vs. Genotype P = G + E + (GxE)
P is called the phenotypic value, i.e., the
measurement associated with a particular individual
G is genotypic value, the effect of the genotype (averaged across all environments)
E is the effect of the environment (averaged across all genotypes)
If we could measure P in all possible environments and regard E as a deviation, then the mean of E would be zero and P = G.
P1
E1 P5 P2
E5 G E2
E4 E3 P4 P3
The genotype responds more strongly in some environments.
Sets of environments tend to shift the trait value in one direction, other environments in a different direction.
Utilization of Germplasm Resources
Release of NewImproved Variety
Development ofGenetically Diverse Populations
Vigorous Yield Testing
Cultivar Breeding: A Recurrent procedure
Stigma
Controlled Cross Pollination
Parent 1 × Parent 2
Objective 4: know some basic plant breeding methods and strategies
How do we breed improved crop cultivars?
1.Inheritance of trait
How complex is selection?
• Qualitative traits, simple inheritance, controlled by major genes
• Quantitative traits, complex inheritance controlled be several gene loci
• Qualitative traits, simple inheritance, controlled by major genes
• Quantitative traits, complex inheritance controlled be several gene loci
Qualitative traits
Classified into discrete classes
Individuals in each class counted
Some environmental influence on phenotype
Controlled by a few (<3) major genes
Figure 2.4
Often single gene traits are easy to see or measure, since environment typically has limited control over their expression
Mendel’s seven traits showing simple inheritance
Tawny (TT or Tt) versus gray (tt) single gene locus on soybean chromosome 6
Source: Halfhill and Warwick, 2008, Chapter 3, in C.N. Stewart, Jr. (ed.),Available: http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470043814.html
Figure 2.5.
Parent 1 Parent 2
YY yy
X
Yy Yy
YyYy
y
y
Y Y
Parent 1
Parent 2
F1 Hybrid Plants: 100% yellow
Parent 1 Parent 2
Yy Yy
X
YY Yy
yyYy
Y
Y
Y y
Parent 1
Parent 2
F2 Plants: 75% yellow 25% green
A. Monohybrid Cross
Gametes: Y Y y y Gametes: Y y Y y
Yy
B. F1 Self Fertilization
YY & Yy
yy
F1 Fertilization: F2 Fertilization:
=
Source: Halfhill and Warwick, 2008, Chapter 3, in C.N. Stewart, Jr. (ed.),Available: http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470043814.html
Upon selfing F2 population; 25% homozygous ‘YY’ will produce only ‘YY’ genotypes, and 25% homozygous ‘cc’ will produce only ‘yy’ genotypes. So only ‘Yy’ will segregate to produce genotypes in proportion of 0.25 (YY):0.50: (Yy):0.25(yy).
F2 population: 0.25(YY ) 0.50 (Cc) 0.25 (cc )
YY Yy Yy yy
Produce all CC plants
0.25 0.50 0.25
Produce all cc plants
Segregate into 0.25(CC ) 0.50%
(Cc) and 0.25 (cc)
Resulting F3 population will have
0.25 + ½ (0.25) = 0.375 CC plants
½ (0.25) + (0.25) = 0.375 cc plants
½ (0.50) = 0.25 Cc plants
Gene and Genotype FrequenciesExample: Self pollinated diploid species
Heterozygosity reduced by half in each selfing generation
YY Yy yyF2
F3
F4
25%
F5
F6
F7
25%50%
43.75%
25%
46.88%
12.5%
48.44%
6.25%
49.22%
3.135
49.61%
1.56
43.75%
46.88%
48.44%
49.22%
49.61%F8
37.5%
0.78%
37.5%When should we select?
Questions based on F5 single plant derived progeny rows from one population formed from crossing two pure line parents:
Selfing a double het (AaBb × AaBb) produces a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio only if trait governed by complete dominance
FreqFreq GenotypeGenotype
1/161/16 AABBAABB
2/162/16 AABbAABb
1/161/16 AAbbAAbb
2/162/16 AaBBAaBB
4/164/16 AaBbAaBb
2/162/16 AabbAabb
1/161/16 aaBBaaBB
2/162/16 aaBbaaBb
1/161/16 aabbaabb
Phenotypic RatioPhenotypic Ratio Underlying Underlying GenotypesGenotypes
99 AABB = AABb =AaBB = AaBb
33 AAbb = Aabb
33 aaBB = aaBb
11 aabb
Note: only 1 out of 16 is homozygous favorable allele for both gene loci
Selfing a double het (AaBb × AaBb) produces 9 genotypic classes
Freq Genotype No. of CAP alleles
1/16 AABB 4
2/16 AABb 3
1/16 AAbb 2
2/16 AaBB 3
4/16 AaBb 2
2/16 Aabb 1
1/16 aaBB 2
2/16 aaBb 1
1/16 aabb 0
1 4 6 4 1
4 kg 5 kg 6 kg 7 kg 8 kg
Figure 3.1
FreqFreq No. of CAP No. of CAP allelesalleles
1 0
44 11
66 22
44 33
11 44
Source: Tinker, 2008, Chapter 3, in C.N. Stewart, Jr. (ed.), Available: http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470043814.html
Quantitative traits
Express continuous variation (normal distribution)
Individuals measured, not counted
Significant environmental influence on phenotype
Controlled by many minor (or major) genes, each with small (or large) effects
AA, bb (6 kg)
aa, BB (6 kg)
X
Aa, Bb (6 kg)
Self-pollinate
4 kg:aa, bb
5 kg:Aa, bb (x2) aa, Bb (x2)
6 kg:Aa, Bb (x4)AA, bb aa, BB
7 kg:Aa, BB (x2)AA, Bb (x2)
8 kg:AA, BB
1 4 6 4 1
4 kg 5 kg 6 kg 7 kg 8 kg Figure 3.1
Histogram depicts dominant genotype effect with yield: “capital” alleles (0, 1, 2, 3, 4)
Source: Tinker, 2008, Chapter 3, in C.N. Stewart, Jr. (ed.),Available: http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470043814.html
Note: Consider upper case letter represents the favorable allele for each gene
25
10
28
36
32
40
19
14
1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1300 1500 1700 1900 2100 2300 2500 2700 2900 3100
Yield kg ha-1
Fre
qu
ency
Frequency distribution of seed yield for 187 different recombinant inbred lines (RIL) in the soybean population 5601T x Cx1834-1-2 (Scaboo et al., 2009)[no transgressive segregates for this trait in this population]
5601T = 3252Cx1834-1-3
High yielding low-phytate parental lines is the goal
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Pro
po
rtio
n o
f h
omo
zygo
us i
ndiv
idua
ls
Generations of self-fertilization
Proportion of homozygous individuals after various generations of selfing, for 1, 5, 10, 20 independently inherited gene pairs
1-Gene5-Genes10-Genes20-Genes
1/2
3/4
7/815/16
(1/2)20 (3/4)20
(7/8)20
(15/16)20
= [1-(½)G]L
Even if 20 genes is involved, using the power of inbreeding 5 generations, over half the proportion of individuals will be completely homozygous!
Adapted from Allard, 1999Then find the better individuals among the homozygous plants (those accumulating the greatest number of superior alleles). Can be done with DNA technologies and progeny row testing.
How do we breed improved crop cultivars?
2. Understand the effect of reproductive behavior
Reproductive Behavior
Self pollinated
- Pure line variety- Hybrid variety
Monoecy
Cross pollinated
Dioecy Self-incompatible
- Synthetic variety – heterogeneous population (not a pure line)
- Hybrid variety, if inbred development is possible
Perfect flower
• Clonal variety• Hybrid
No flowering/limited flowering
Vegetative reproduction
Cultivar development for self-pollinated species: pedigree method
Germplasm
Hybridization
F1 Nursery, all plants heterozygous
Parents are usually inbred
Homogeneous population if parents were inbred
F2 Nursery, all plants heterozygous
Every single plant is a different genotype
Cultivar, local or exotic landraces, wild relatives
F3: head rows Select the best rows, select best plant within selected rows, proceed to F4 head rows
This is typical pedigree method of selection in self-pollinated crop. Each head row is called line. Most F6 or F7 lines are uniform enough for preliminary yield testing
This is typical pedigree method of selection in self-pollinated crop. Each head row is called line. Most F6 or F7 lines are uniform enough for preliminary yield testing
Cultivar development for self-pollinated species: bulk method
Germplasm
Hybridization
F1 Nursery, all plants heterozygous
Parents are usually inbred
Homogeneous population if parents were inbred
F2 population, all plants heterozygous
Collect equal amount of seed from each plant
Cultivar, local or exotic landraces, wild relatives
F3: bulk population Repeat one or two more generation, then follow head rows
This is bulk method of breeding self-pollinated crop. Most F6 or F7 lines are uniform enough for preliminary yield testing. This is less resource consuming.
This is bulk method of breeding self-pollinated crop. Most F6 or F7 lines are uniform enough for preliminary yield testing. This is less resource consuming.
Cultivar development for cross-pollinated species: recurrent phenotypic selection
- Produce cycle-1 (C1) seeds
Starting population cycle 0 (C0)Select best plants (phenotypes)
Harvest seeds from selected plants & bulk
Field testing of seed in each cycle
Polycross selected plants
Rep
eat
cycl
e
- Space-plant C1 population, select the best plant (with respect to target trait)
Eliminate unselected, intercross selected & harvest seed & bulk
Progeny evaluation- Genotypic selection among families
- Selection among-and-within families
Phenotypic selection
Intermate selected genotypes
Select superior genotypes of
superior families
Select parents producing
superior families
Multilocation yield test
Synthetic seed production
Field testing of new synthetics: evaluation
Rep
eat
cycl
eCultivar development for cross-pollinated species: recurrent phenotypic selection, continued
How cultivar development can be accelerated
One method: backcross breeding
2000 F1 50 % TN Line
BC1F1 75 % TN Line
BC2F1 87.5 % TN Line
BC3F1 93.5 % TN Line
BC4F1 96.9 % TN Line
BC5F1 98.4 % TN Line
BC6F1 99.2 % TN Line
2006 – just a few pods produced
With Traditional Backcross Breeding:
Molecular markers allow visualization of genotypes
rr
RR
Rr rr
RR
Gel electrophoresis of DNA markers: we can now ‘see’ genotypes
rr rr
RR
Molecular genetic markers can accelerate breeding with fewer generations needed
F1 50 % TN Line
BC1F1 80+ % TN Line
BC2F1 98+ % TN Line
BC3F1 99+ % TN Line
2003 winter plant-row increase
2004 TN yield tests & re-selections:
2005 harvest 100+ bushels 5601T-RR
2002
Phytate quantitative trait loci (Walker et al. 2006) now with confirmed quantitative trail locus (QTL) designations (Scaboo et al., 2009)
♦
Satt156
Satt527
Satt561
Satt229
Satt373gs
Satt530
Satt387
Satt339
Satt237
GMABAB
Sat_091
Sat_236
10 cM
10 cM
LG L LG N
Maximum LOD: 6.4
R2: 13%
Maximum LOD: 25.5
R2: 40%
Pha-001Pha-002
42.2
53.6
57.4
40
44
48
52
56
BC1 BC4 5601T
2008 phytate yield trial2008 phytate yield trial33 new BC lines33 new BC lines
BU/A
a
a
b
Less agronomicQTL for HTQTL for MAT
Biotechnology can be used to improve crop cultivars?
3. Transgenic varieties
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gm_crops
For every 1 bushel/acre increase in production, largely through genetic gain,
increased income to TN soybean producers of
15 Million $ annually
5601T UT AgResearch soybean at Obion, TN
IMPACT
Yields of 18 Maturity Group V Roundup Ready soybean varieties in 9 County Standard Tests in TN and KY during 2007.
MS Brand/VarietyAvgYl
dMois
tCarl Dyer Gibs 1
Gibs 2
Hayw
Laud MREC ObioWea
k
bu/a % planted 5/26 5/21 6/18 5/14 5/17 5/22 5/15 6/7 5/23
A *USG Allen 41.316.0
63.153.0
37.041.1
32.2
29.7
33.535.6
46.1
AB Delta King DK52K6 40.0 15.3 62.4 49.7 40.1 30.1 30.7 35.7 27.2 36.4 47.4
AB ***Delta King DK5567 39.9 16.0 67.4 50.5 34.1 37.8 34.5 33.6 27.4 34.2 39.9
ABC **Armor 54-03 39.2 13.9 61.6 52.5 31.0 25.7 28.1 34.6 27.1 30.8 61.8
ABCAg Genetics South AGS 568
38.2 15.8 56.5 41.0 44.3 34.7 33.9 35.0 28.5 35.2 34.9
ABC Dyna-Gro 33X55 38.0 15.6 56.7 51.6 33.2 34.1 26.4 31.5 26.5 37.6 44.8
BCD **Dyna-Gro 33B52 35.6 13.3 56.7 46.0 36.5 22.8 26.5 33.5 28.4 27.8 42.1
CD Pioneer 95M30 35.4 15.1 51.4 47.2 31.1 23.2 31.7 29.8 19.2 31.7 53.3
CD Schillinger 557RC 35.3 15.2 56.9 54.1 41.0 17.3 21.5 30.0 23.9 31.9 41.3
DE Stine 5482-4 RR/STS 33.3 15.4 54.1 47.8 39.1 22.3 20.4 28.7 24.4 31.7 31.3
EF Vigoro V51N7RS 30.3 14.3 45.3 42.7 30.8 16.9 20.8 29.5 24.6 30.1 32.4
EFG FFR 5116 30.2 14.1 46.5 37.8 30.1 18.2 29.2 27.8 20.6 34.3 27.3
EFG Armor 52-U2 29.9 14.0 50.9 44.2 27.2 18.8 16.4 29.4 18.4 30.2 33.6
EFG Dairyland 8512 29.7 14.6 44.5 37.8 30.8 19.0 19.3 27.1 19.5 31.3 38.5
FG Progeny 5115 28.5 13.5 50.6 37.8 33.6 18.8 14.5 22.6 15.7 28.3 34.2
FG Deltapine DP5115 RR/S 26.8 13.5 48.2 27.5 30.0 15.0 17.9 25.9 18.3 30.3 28.5
FG Delta King DK5066 25.9 14.1 53.6 27.5 27.4 15.1 10.1 19.2 12.1 34.5 33.4
G Dairyland 8509 25.8 13.6 54.0 21.8 34.2 16.1 14.6 25.9 14.9 26.0 24.6
Average (bu/a) 33.514.6
54.542.8
34.023.7
23.8
29.4
22.832.1
38.6
USG Allen #1USG Allen #1 and better than average in better than average in every every countycounty
+7.8+7.8 +8.6+8.6 +10.2+10.2 +17.4+17.4 +8.4+8.4 +10.7+10.7 +7.5+7.5
For the plant breeder patience is a virtue
…when working with new genetics
Key points
Know basic terminology in transmission genetics and plant breeding
Understand the goals of plant breeding Know plant reproductive syndromes, e.g.,
self-fertilization, and how they effect breeding methods
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