Plant Diversity Chapter 22. 22.1 Objectives What Is a Plant? Plants are multicellular eukaryotes...

Plant DiversityChapter 22

22.1 Objectives

What Is a Plant?

What Is a Plant?Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose. Plants develop from multicellular embryos and carry out photosynthesis using the green pigments chlorophyll a and b.

What Is a Plant?

Plants include trees, shrubs, and grasses, as well as other organisms, such as mosses and ferns. Most plants are autotrophs, although a few are parasites or saprobes that live on decaying materials.

What Plants Need to Survive

What Plants Need to SurviveIn order to survive, plants need:sunlightwater and mineralsgas exchangetransport of water and nutrients throughout the plant body

What Plants Need to Survive

SunlightPlants use energy from sunlight to carry out photosynthesis. Photosynthetic organs such as leaves are broad and flat to maximize light absorption.

What Plants Need to Survive

Water and MineralsAll cells require a constant supply of water. Water is used up quickly when the sun is shining. As a result, plants have structures that limit water loss.

What Plants Need to Survive

As they absorb water, plants also absorb minerals.Minerals are nutrients in the soil needed for plant growth.

What Plants Need to Survive

Gas ExchangePlants require oxygen to support cellular respiration as well as carbon dioxide to carry out photosynthesis.They must exchange these gases with the atmosphere without losing excessive amounts of water through evaporation.

What Plants Need to SurviveMovement of Water and NutrientsPlants take up water and minerals through their roots, but they make food in their leaves. Most plants have specialized tissues that carry water and nutrients from the soil and distribute products of photosynthesis throughout the plant body. Simpler plants carry out these functions by diffusion.

Early PlantsHow did the first plants evolve?

The First PlantsDNA sequences confirm that plants are closely related to certain groups of green algae, suggesting that the ancestors of the first plants were indeed algae.

Overview of the Plant KingdomOverview of the Plant KingdomPlants are divided into four groups and are Seed-Less Plants1. Mosses and their relativesNon vascular2. Ferns and their relativesVascularSeed-Bearing Plants Vascular3. Cone-bearing plants4. Flowering plants

How are they Placed into the 4 Groups

They are placed into these groups according to these features:water-conducting tissuesseedsflowersPlants are also classified by other features, including reproductive structures and body plan.

Overview of the Plant KingdomEvolutionary Relationships Among Plants

Flowering plants

Cone-bearing plants

Ferns and their relatives

Mosses and their relatives

Flowers; Seeds enclosed in fruit

Water-conducting (vascular) tissue

Seeds

Green algae ancestor

Overview of the Plant Kingdom

Today, scientists can classify plants more precisely by comparing the DNA sequences of various species.

Learning Targets 22.2

Describe the adaptations of bryophytes (mosses and their relatives)Identify the three groups of bryophytes

Bryophytes(mosses and their relatives)

Mosses and their relatives are called bryophytes, or nonvascular plants.

They do not have vascular tissues, or specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients.

Describe the adaptations of bryophytesBryophytes have life cycles that depend on water for reproduction. Bryophytes draw up water by osmosis only a few centimeters above the ground.Bryophytes are low-growing plants found in moist, shaded areas.

Bryophytes(mosses and their relatives)

Bryophytes (mosses and their relatives)

Identify the three groups of bryophytesThe three groups of bryophytes are:mossesliverwortshornworts

Bryophyte: Mosses

MossesThe most common bryophytes are mosses. Mosses:are adapted to life in wet habitats and nutrient-poor soils. can tolerate low temperatures.are clumps of gametophytes growing together.

The Structure of a Moss

Each moss plant has a shoot that looks like a stem with leaves.

These are not true stems or leaves, because they do not contain vascular tissue.

Bryophyte: MossesThe “leaves” of mosses are one cell thick, so they lose water quickly if the surrounding air is dry.

Mosses have rhizoids, which are long cells that anchor them in the ground and absorb water and minerals from the soil.

Water moves through rhizoids and into the rest of the plant.

Bryophyte: Mosses

Human Use of MossesSphagnum mosses thrive in the acidic water of bogs. Dried sphagnum acts as a natural sponge. It can accumulate to form peat deposits.Peat can be cut from the ground and used as fuel.Peat can be used to improve the soil’s ability to retain water and to increase soil acidity.

Sphagnum Moss

Peat Moss

Bryophyte: Liverworts

LiverwortsLiverworts’ have broad, thin structures that draw up moisture from the soil surface. Mature liverworts have structures that look like tiny green umbrellas. These carry the structures that produce eggs and sperm.

Bryophyte: Hornworts

HornwortsHornworts are found only in soil that is damp nearly year-round. They have structures that look like those of liverworts. The hornwort has what looks like a tiny green horn.

Learning Targets 22.3

How is vascular tissue important to ferns and their relatives?What are the characteristics of the three phyla of seedless vascular plants?

The first vascular plants were the first to have vascular tissue. That is they had a new type of cell that was specialized to conduct water. The first vascular plants contained tracheids which are cells specialized to conduct water.Tracheids make up xylem, a transport subsystem that carries water from the roots to every part of a plant.

Evolution of Vascular Tissue

Evolution of Vascular Tissue

Evolution of Vascular Tissue

Vascular plants have a second transport subsystem composed of vascular tissue called phloem. Phloem transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis.

Evolution of Vascular Tissue

How is vascular tissue important to ferns and their relatives?

Evolution of Vascular Tissue

Evolution of Vascular Tissue

Together xylem and phloem move water, nutrients, and other materials throughout the plant. In many plants, xylem and lignin (a substance that makes cell walls rigid) enable them to grow upright and tall.

Ferns and Their Relatives

What are the characteristics of the three phyla of seedless vascular plants?

Ferns and Their Relatives

Seedless vascular plants include:club mosseshorsetailsferns

Ferns and Their Relatives

Ferns and Their RelativesThe most numerous phylum is the ferns. Ferns and their relatives have true roots, leaves, and stems.Do we need to review these?

Ferns and Their Relatives

Club MossesAncient club mosses grew into trees and produced forests. Fossilized remains of these exist today as huge beds of coal.Today, club mosses are small plants that live in moist woodlands.

Ferns and Their Relatives

HorsetailsThe only living genus of Arthrophyta is Equisetum. Equisetum has true leaves, stems, and roots. Equisetum is called horsetail, or scouring rush.

Ferns and Their Relatives

FernsFerns probably evolved 350 million years ago, when club moss forests covered Earth. Ferns thrive in wet areas with little light.

Life Cycle of Ferns

Ferns have vascular tissues, strong roots, underground stems called rhizomes, and leaves called fronds.

Life Cycle of Ferns

The Underside of a Fern Frond

Sorus

Sporangia

Learning Targets 22.4

What adaptations allow seed plants to reproduce without standing water?What are the four groups of gymnosperms?

Seed-Bearing Plants

Seed plants are divided into two groups:Gymnosperms bear seeds directly on the surfaces of cones.Angiosperms, or flowering plants, bear seeds within a layer of tissue that protects the seed.

Seed-Bearing Plants

Gymnosperms include conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes. Angiosperms include grasses, flowering trees and shrubs, and all species of flowers.

Seed-Bearing PlantsReproduction

Reproduction Free From WaterThey do not need water for fertilization of gametes. Seed plants can live just about anywhere.

Seed-Bearing PlantsReproduction

Adaptations that allow seed plants to reproduce without water include:flowers or conesthe transfer of sperm by pollinationthe protection of embryos in seeds

Seed-Bearing PlantsReproduction

Cones and Flowers Cones are the seed-bearing structures of gymnosperms, Flowers are the seed-bearing structures of angiosperms.

Seed-Bearing PlantsReproduction

Pollen The male gametophyte is contained in a tiny structure called a pollen grain. Sperm do not need water to fertilize eggs; instead the pollen grain is carried to the female reproductive structure by wind, insects, or small animals. This transfer of pollen is called pollination.

Seed-Bearing PlantsReproduction

SeedsA seed is an embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply. An embryo is an organism in its early stage of development. The seed coat surrounds and protects the embryo and keeps contents of the seed from drying out.When a seed grows, it uses nutrients from the stored food supply. Seeds can survive extreme cold or heat, or even drought.

Seed-Bearing PlantsReproduction

Seed-Bearing PlantsReproduction

Seeds may have special tissues or structures that aid in their dispersal to other habitats.Some seed coats stick to the fur or feathers of animals. Other seeds are within tissues eaten and dispersed by animals.

Seed-Bearing PlantsGymnosperms

Gymnosperms—Cone Bearers The four groups of gymnosperms are:gnetophytescycadsginkgoesconifers

Seed-Bearing PlantsGnetophytes

GnetophytesAbout 70 present-day species of the phylum Gnetophyta are known, placed in just three genera. In biology, a genus (plural: genera) is a taxonomic unit Reproductive scales of these plants are clustered into cones.

Seed-Bearing PlantsCycads

CycadsCycads are palmlike plants that reproduce with large cones. Today, only nine genera of cycads exist. They grow naturally in tropical and subtropical places.

Seed-Bearing PlantsGinkgoes

GinkgoesToday the phylum Ginkgophyta contains only one species, Ginkgo biloba. Ginkgo trees are planted in U.S. cities because of their resistance to air pollution.

Seed-Bearing PlantsConifers

ConifersConifers are the most common gymnosperms, with more than 500 known species. Conifers include pines, spruces, firs, cedars, sequoias, redwoods, junipers, and yews.

Seed-Bearing PlantsConifers Ecology

Ecology of ConifersConifer leaves have specific adaptations to dry conditions. Most developed long, thin leaves, which reduce evaporation. Their leaves have a thick, waxy layer. Most conifers are “evergreens” and retain leaves all year.

22.5 Objectives

What are the characteristics of angiosperms?What are monocots and dicots?What are the three categories of plant life spans?

Seed-Bearing PlantsAngiosperms

The majority of living plant species are flowering plants, or angiosperms.

Seed-Bearing PlantsAngiosperms

What are the characteristics of angiosperms?

Seed-Bearing PlantsAngiosperms ReproductionAngiosperms develop unique reproductive organs known as flowers.

Seed-Bearing PlantsAngiosperms Reproduction

Flowers have an advantage because they attract animals, which then transport pollen from flower to flower.Flowers contain ovaries, which surround and protect the seeds.After pollination, the ovary develops into a fruit.A fruit is a wall of tissue that surrounds a seed. A fruit protects the seed and aids in its dispersal.

Seed-Bearing PlantsAngiosperms Diversity

Diversity of AngiospermsAngiosperms are categorized in many ways:monocots and dicotswoody and herbaceous plantsannuals, biennials, and perennialsAn angiosperm can belong to more than one category.

Seed-Bearing PlantsAngiosperms DiversityMonocots and Dicots There are two classes within the angiosperms—monocots and dicots

Seed-Bearing PlantsAngiosperms Diversity

Monocots and dicots are named for the number of seed leaves, or cotyledons, in the plant embryo.Monocots have one seed leafdicots have twoA cotyledon is the first leaf or the first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant.

Monocots include corn, wheat, lilies, orchids, and palms.

Dicots include roses, clover, tomatoes, oaks, and daisies.

Seed-Bearing PlantsAngiosperms Diversity

Seed-Bearing PlantsAngiosperms DiversityWoody and Herbaceous PlantsFlowering plants are also categorized by the woodiness of the stem. Woody plants are made primarily of cells with thick cell walls that support the plant body. Woody plants include trees, shrubs, and vines.

Seed-Bearing PlantsAngiosperms Diversity

Plant stems that are smooth and nonwoody are characteristic of herbaceous plants. Herbaceous plants do not produce wood as they grow. Herbaceous plants include dandelions, zinnias, and petunias.

Seed-Bearing PlantsAngiosperms Life Span

Plant life span is determined by genetic and environmental factors. What are the three categories of plant life spans?

Seed-Bearing PlantsAngiosperms Life Span

Annuals, Biennials, and PerennialsThere are three categories of plant life spans: annual, biennial, and perennial.

Seed-Bearing PlantsAngiosperms Life Span

Annuals are plants that complete a life cycle in one growing season.

Seed-Bearing PlantsAngiosperms Life Span

Biennials complete their life cycle in two years. In the first year, they germinate and grow roots, short stems, and sometimes leaves. In the second year, they grow new stems and leaves, produce flowers and seeds, and die.

Seed-Bearing PlantsAngiosperms Life Span

Perennials live for more than two years.

Learning Targets 24.1

What are the reproductive structures of gymnosperms and angiosperms?How does pollination differ between angiosperms and gymnosperms?

Reproduction in Gymnosperms

What are the reproductive structures of gymnosperms

Reproduction in Gymnosperms

Reproduction in gymnosperms takes place in cones,Gymnosperms produce two types of cones: pollen cones and seed cones.

Reproduction in Angiosperms

What are the reproductive structures of angiosperms?

Reproduction in Angiosperms

Structure of FlowersFlowers are reproductive organs that are composed of four kinds of specialized leaves:SepalsPetalsStamens carpels.

Structure of Flowers

Ovary

Ovule

Carpel Style

Stigma

Ovary

Filament

AntherStamen

Parts of a Typical Flower

Sepal

Petal

Flower Structure and Function

Sepals enclose the bud before it opens and protect the flower while it is developing.Petals are often brightly colored and are found just inside the sepals.Petals attract insects and other pollinators to the flower.The male parts of a flower consist of an anther and a filament, which together make up the stamen.

Flower Structure and Function

The filament is a long, thin stalk that supports an anther.The innermost floral parts are carpels, also called pistils, which the female gametophytesEach carpel has a broad base forming an ovary.The ovary contains one or more ovules where female gametophytes are produced.

Flower Structure and Function

The narrow stalk of the carpel is the styleAn anther is an oval sac where meiosis takes place, producing pollen grains

Reproduction in Angiosperms

Life Cycle of AngiospermsReproduction in angiosperms takes place within the flower. Following pollination and fertilization, the seeds develop inside protective structures.

PollinationPollinationThe cycle begins as male cones release pollen grains.Pollen grains are carried by the wind and reach female cones.

Pollination Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

PollinationMost gymnosperms and some angiosperms are wind pollinated, whereas most angiosperms are pollinated by animals.