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Kingdom PlantaeChapters 22-25
refer to overview of kingdoms chart on page 117 in lab manualfor general characteristics of plants
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PlantsAutotrophic (photosynthetic, green)
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Cell walls made of cellulose
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Plant Life CycleDemonstrate alternation of generations
-one generation produces spores
(asexual)
-next produces gametes (sexual)
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What Plants Need to Survive
Sunlight, Minerals, Gas Exchange, andMovement of Materials
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Plant Evolutionary HistoryPlants evolved from ancestors of modern
algae When they moved onto land, early plants
needed structures to:- acquire water- transport water- conserve water
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Plant Evolutionary HistoryThey needed structures and methods for
sexual reproduction-How did algae reproduce?
None of these were problems for algae
living in an aquatic environment
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Floweringplants
Cone-bearingplants
Ferns andtheir relatives
Mosses andtheir relatives
Green algaeancestor
Flowers; SeedsEnclosed in Fruit
Seeds
Water-Conducting(Vascular) Tissue
Evolution of Plants
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Flowering
plants
235,000 species
Cone-bearing plants760 species
Ferns and
their relatives11,000 species
Mosses andtheir relatives
15,600 species
Diversity of Plants
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Nonvascular PlantsBryophytes
examples-mosses, hornworts, liverworts
Characteristics:-low-growing
-found in moist and shaded areas-can tolerate harsh environments
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BryophytesInstead of true roots, bryophytes have
rhizoids.
- rhizoids anchor plants to ground ANDabsorb water and minerals from soil byosmosis
no transport system for moving waterand minerals
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Mosses and liverworts: non-vascular plants
MossesLiverworts
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Vascular Plantsferns, conifers, and flowering plants
All have specialized organs:Leaves, roots, and stems
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Vascular TissueVascular plants have specialized vascular
tissues to transport water, minerals,and nutrients
Two Types
Phloem: transport sugars
throughout the plant Xylem: transport water and
minerals from roots to other parts of
plant
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Leaf Structure that carries out most
photosynthesis
Contains vascular tissue in the form of
veins
Contains several specialized structuresthat allow the plant to function
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Structure of a LeafCuticle-waxy protective covering onleaves and stems that prevents water
loss
cuticle veins
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Guard cells- border each stomate and controlits size by expanding and contracting at
proper times.
Guard Cells
Open Stomata Closed Stomata
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Root-absorb water and minerals from soil-transport them to stem
-anchor plant in ground
-store food reserves
Actively growing portion of root iscovered by a root cap
Root hairs-increase the surface area forwater and nutrient uptake
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Two main types of roots
Taproot-largecentral root
Fibrous roots-rootsall about the same size
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Stem-Structural support for upright growth and
transport of materials; supports leavesand reproductive structures
Types of stems
1. Herbaceous-flexible, soft, usuallygreen
2. Woody-stiff, nongreen, contain
layers of wood.
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Seedless Vascular Plants
Example-ferns, horsetails,CLUB mosses
All ferns, and relatives havehighly divided leaves calledfronds
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Reproduction
Reproduce asexually by forming sporeson underside of leaves
--spores formed in sporangia
Next generation must
have water to
reproduce sexually--sperm swim to eggs
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Ferns: non-seed vascular plants
Frond Fiddlehead
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Seed PlantsAdaptations that allow plants to reproduce
without water1. Flowers or cones
-gametes produced and grow withinthese
2. Transfer of sperm by pollination
3. Seeds that house embryo
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Seed-contains:-zygote/embryo
-food supply (endosperm) and-protective coat (seed coat)
to prevent drying out
Seed coat
embryo
Food supply
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Seeds ContinuedAllow offspring of plants to be dispersed to
new locations-by wind, water, animals
dormant stage of plant life cycle
germination-early growth stage of plant
embryo--occurs when conditions areright for growth:moisturetemperature
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Pollen GrainsPollen is the male gamete (sperm)
Pollination-transfer of pollen from the malereproductive structure to the female reproductivestructure.Pollen can be carried by:
1. Wind2. Water3. Animals
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Gymnosperms
gymnos=naked sperma=seed First group to have seeds
most gymnosperms are conifers-seeds are produced in cones-ex-cedar, cypress, pine, &
spruce
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Needle-like leaves--shape is an adaptation to reduce surface area
over which water is lost to evaporation
Female and male conesmost are wind pollinated-pollen is carried by wind from male cone to
female cone
http://www.forestry.ky.gov/NR/rdonlyres/271D7A5A-C40C-46FB-878B-954E2596B3BA/0/shortleafpinecone.gifhttp://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/biohires/p/hpico--cofemale-unopened42437.JPG7/29/2019 Plants 0910
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Adaptations for Cold Climates
Thick cuticle
Retain leaves year-round=evergreen Flexible branches shed snow without
breaking
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AngiospermsAngio = vessel
Flowering plants
Seed found within fruit
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Angiosperms Flower-reproductive structure
- brightly colored or heavily scented to
attract pollinators that carry pollenfrom one flower to another
More direct than wind pollination
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Flower Parts
Sepals-modified leaves
-male flower part-Stamen
Filament
Pg. 612
Anther
Carpel-femaleflower part
Petal
ovule
ovary
stigmastyle
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Stamen - malestructure
1. Anther - pollen-containing sac2. Filament - stalk of stamen
Pistil/Carpel - femalestructure
1. Style - stalk of pistil
2. Stigma - sticky tip of style3. Ovary - swollen lower portion-ovules- inside ovary
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Fruit-Mature ovary with thickened wallsthat contains one or more seeds
adaptation for seed dispersal-when animals eat fruit and then
defecate, seeds are passed
THIS IS THE REASON FRUITS EXIST
The fruit DOES NOT feed the seed
many vegetables are actually fruits
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Cotyledon-seed leaves of embryo store food
Monocots Dicots
Seeds
Leaves
Flowers
Stems
Roots
Single
cotyledon
Parallelveins
Floral parts
often inmultiples of 3
Vascular
bundlesscattered
throughout stem
Fibrous roots
Two
cotyledons
Branchedveins
Floral parts often
in multiplesof 4 or 5
Vascular
bundlesarranged in
a ring
Taproot
Section 22-5
Figure 22
25 Comparison ofMonocots and Dicots
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