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plum island, MA
developed -- streets and houses wildlife refuge
no dunes (removed, or built upon) sand dunes
a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only);
no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively)
beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees
no deer or fox mice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox
Few birds diverse bird community
southern 2/3northern third
What’s currently there
developed -- streets and houses wildlife refuge
no dunes (removed, or built upon) sand dunes
a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only);
no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively)
beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees
no deer or fox mice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox
Few birds diverse bird community
southern 2/3northern third
What’s currently there
developed -- streets and houses wildlife refuge
no dunes (removed, or built upon) sand dunes
a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only);
no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively)
beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees
no deer or fox mice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox
Few birds diverse bird community
southern 2/3northern third
What’s currently there
developed -- streets and houses wildlife refuge
no dunes (removed, or built upon) sand dunes
a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only);
no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively)
beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees
no deer or fox mice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox
Few birds diverse bird community
southern 2/3northern third
What’s currently there
developed -- streets and houses wildlife refuge
no dunes (removed, or built upon) sand dunes
a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only);
no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively)
beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees
no deer or fox mice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox
Few birds diverse bird community
southern 2/3northern third
What’s currently there
developed -- streets and houses wildlife refuge
no dunes (removed, or built upon) sand dunes
a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only);
no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively)
beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees
no deer or fox mice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox
Few birds diverse bird community
southern 2/3northern third
What’s currently there
developed -- streets and houses wildlife refuge
no dunes (removed, or built upon) sand dunes
a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only);
no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively)
beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees
no deer or fox mice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox
Few birds diverse bird community
southern 2/3northern third
What’s currently there
developed -- streets and houses wildlife refuge
no dunes (removed, or built upon) sand dunes
a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only);
no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively)
beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees
no deer or fox mice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox
Few birds diverse bird community
southern 2/3northern third
What’s currently there
developed -- streets and houses wildlife refuge
no dunes (removed, or built upon) sand dunes
a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only);
no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively)
beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees
no deer or fox mice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox
Few birds diverse bird community
southern 2/3northern third
What’s currently there
developed -- streets and houses wildlife refuge
no dunes (removed, or built upon) sand dunes
a few beach grasses (between beach and first houses only);
no shrubs or forests (unless planted decoratively)
beach grass --> heath/heather --> shrubs --> deciduous trees
no deer or fox mice, rabbits, deer, skunk, red fox
Few birds diverse bird community
southern 2/3northern third
What’s currently there
Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded
Grasses on beach hold sand in place
Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets
More sand stays on the beach
Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear
Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves
Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore
Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand
Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life
Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife
Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients
southern 2/3northern third
In case of storms…
Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded
Grasses on beach hold sand in place
Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets
More sand stays on the beach
Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear
Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves
Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore
Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand
Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life
Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife
Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients
southern 2/3northern third
In case of storms…
Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded
Grasses on beach hold sand in place
Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets
More sand stays on the beach
Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear
Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves
Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore
Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand
Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life
Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife
Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients
southern 2/3northern third
In case of storms…
Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded
Grasses on beach hold sand in place
Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets
More sand stays on the beach
Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear
Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves
Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore
Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand
Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life
Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife
Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients
southern 2/3northern third
In case of storms…
Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded
Grasses on beach hold sand in place
Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets
More sand stays on the beach
Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear
Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves
Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore
Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand
Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life
Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife
Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients
southern 2/3northern third
In case of storms…
Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded
Grasses on beach hold sand in place
Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets
More sand stays on the beach
Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear
Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves
Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore
Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand
Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life
Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife
Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients
southern 2/3northern third
In case of storms…
Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded
Grasses on beach hold sand in place
Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets
More sand stays on the beach
Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear
Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves
Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore
Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand
Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life
Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife
Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients
southern 2/3northern third
In case of storms…
Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded
Grasses on beach hold sand in place
Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets
More sand stays on the beach
Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear
Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves
Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore
Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand
Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life
Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife
Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients
southern 2/3northern third
In case of storms…
Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded
Grasses on beach hold sand in place
Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets
More sand stays on the beach
Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear
Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves
Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore
Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand
Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life
Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife
Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients
southern 2/3northern third
In case of storms…
Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded
Grasses on beach hold sand in place
Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets
More sand stays on the beach
Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear
Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves
Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore
Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand
Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life
Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife
Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients
southern 2/3northern third
In case of storms…
Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded
Grasses on beach hold sand in place
Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets
More sand stays on the beach
Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear
Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves
Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore
Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand
Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life
Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife
Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients
southern 2/3northern third
In case of storms…
Waves during storms crash against beach – sand eroded
Grasses on beach hold sand in place
Sand washed from beach across road and into residential streets
More sand stays on the beach
Back dunes eroded by wind and water -- disappear
Back dunes stay intact – provide further protection against wind and waves
Vegetation is lost – nothing to hold down sand anymore
Vegetation on dunes stays intact – natural communities continue to hold down sand
Vegetation is lost – nothing to provide shelter/food/habitat for animal life
Vegetation continues to provide for wildlife
Animal wastes and vegetation provide soil nutrients
southern 2/3northern third
In case of storms…
Detritivore community very diminished Detritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth
Salt marshes mostly lost Highly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow
Little/no tourism Tourism and visitors continue
Educational value…?? Educational and recreational value of land is sustained
Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc.
Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us
southern 2/3northern third
Detritivore community very diminished Detritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth
Salt marshes mostly lost Highly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow
Little/no tourism Tourism and visitors continue
Educational value…?? Educational and recreational value of land is sustained
Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc.
Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us
southern 2/3northern third
Detritivore community very diminished Detritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth
Salt marshes mostly lost Highly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow
Little/no tourism Tourism and visitors continue
Educational value…?? Educational and recreational value of land is sustained
Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc.
Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us
southern 2/3northern third
Detritivore community very diminished Detritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth
Salt marshes mostly lost Highly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow
Little/no tourism Tourism and visitors continue
Educational value…?? Educational and recreational value of land is sustained
Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc.
Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us
southern 2/3northern third
Detritivore community very diminished Detritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth
Salt marshes mostly lost Highly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow
Little/no tourism Tourism and visitors continue
Educational value…?? Educational and recreational value of land is sustained
Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc.
Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us
southern 2/3northern third
Detritivore community very diminished Detritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth
Salt marshes mostly lost Highly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow
Little/no tourism Tourism and visitors continue
Educational value…?? Educational and recreational value of land is sustained
Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc.
Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us
southern 2/3northern third
Detritivore community very diminished Detritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth
Salt marshes mostly lost Highly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow
Little/no tourism Tourism and visitors continue
Educational value…?? Educational and recreational value of land is sustained
Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc.
Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us
southern 2/3northern third
Detritivore community very diminished Detritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth
Salt marshes mostly lost Highly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow
Little/no tourism Tourism and visitors continue
Educational value…?? Educational and recreational value of land is sustained
Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc.
Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us
southern 2/3northern third
Detritivore community very diminished Detritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth
Salt marshes mostly lost Highly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow
Little/no tourism Tourism and visitors continue
Educational value…?? Educational and recreational value of land is sustained
Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc.
Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us
southern 2/3northern third
Detritivore community very diminished Detritivore and decomposer communities continue to cycle nutrients and provide fertilizer for further vegetation growth
Salt marshes mostly lost Highly productive salt marshes are protected and continue to grow
Little/no tourism Tourism and visitors continue
Educational value…?? Educational and recreational value of land is sustained
Continued efforts and costs to remove and manage erosion, sand washed over roads, road washout, etc.
Natural communities can sustain themselves with little input or cost from us
southern 2/3northern third
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