PMU Data Analytics for Power Distributionhamed/UCR-Hamed.pdf · HamedMohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive...

PMU Data Analytics for Power DistributionFirst S

essio

n Hamed Mohsenian-Rad, University of California, RiversideNonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs

Asja Derviskadic, Swiss Federal Institute of Tech of LausanneSynchronized Sensing for Wide-Area Situational Awareness of Power Distribution Networks

Second

 Sessio

n Wei Zhou, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyDPMU for Harmonic State Estimation

Moosa Moghimi Haji, University of AlbertaEstimating Distribution System Parameters using DPMU and Smart Meter Data

Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro‐PMUs

Hamed Mohsenian‐Rad

Associate Professor, Electrical Engineering, University of California, RiversideAssociate Director, Winston Chung Global Energy Center

Director, UC‐National Lab Center for Power Distribution Cyber Security

Smart Grid Comm 2019, Beijing, China

Acknowledgements: A. Shahsavari, M. Farajollahi, E. Stewart, E. Cortez, A. von‐Meier, L. Alvarez, C. Roberts, F. Megala, Z. Taylor

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside 1 / 18

Background: Events in Micro-PMU Data Streams

Sensor

Phase A

120 fps

Micro‐PMU

(Riverside, CA)

Event Signature

Current (𝐼)Voltage (𝑉)

Active Power (𝑃)Reactive Power (𝑄)

12 kV

120 Million Data Points Per Day

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Background: Events in Micro-PMU Data Streams

Sensor

Phase A

120 fps

1 / 18

Micro‐PMU

(Riverside, CA)

Event Signature

Current (𝐼)Voltage (𝑉)

Active Power (𝑃)Reactive Power (𝑄)

12 kV

120 Million Data Points Per Day

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Background: Events in Micro-PMU Data Streams

Sensor

120 fps

1 / 18

Micro‐PMU

(Riverside, CA)

Event Signature

Current (𝐼)Voltage (𝑉)

Active Power (𝑃)Reactive Power (𝑄)

12 kV

120 Million Data Points Per Day

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Background: Events in Micro-PMU Data Streams

Sensor

120 fps

Event Signature

Current (𝐼)Voltage (𝑉)

Active Power (𝑃)Reactive Power (𝑄)

1 / 18

Micro‐PMU

(Riverside, CA)

12 kV

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Background: Events in Micro-PMU Data Streams

Sensor

120 fps

Event Signature

Current (𝐼)Voltage (𝑉)

Active Power (𝑃)Reactive Power (𝑄)

1 / 18

Micro‐PMU

(Riverside, CA)

12 kV

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Background: Events in Micro-PMU Data Streams

Sensor

120 fps

Event Signature

Current (𝐼)Voltage (𝑉)

Active Power (𝑃)Reactive Power (𝑄)

1 / 18

Micro‐PMU

(Riverside, CA)

Switching

12 kV

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Background: Events in Micro-PMU Data Streams

Sensor

120 fps

1 / 18

On Average: 500 Events Per Day Per Feeder

Micro‐PMU

(Riverside, CA)

12 kV

Switching

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Background: Events in Micro-PMU Data Streams

Sensor

120 fps

1 / 18

On Average: 500 Events Per Day Per Feeder

Micro‐PMU

(Riverside, CA)

Data Stream

12 kV

Switching

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Previous Results

2 / 18

1. Event Detection and Event Classification (Machine Learning):

Window

Switching Events

[1] A. Shahsavari, M. Farajollahi, E. Stewart, E. Cortez, H. Mohsenian‐Rad, "Situational Awareness in Distribution Grid Using Micro‐PMU Data: A Machine Learning Approach," IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, Nov 2019.

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Previous Results

2 / 18

1. Event Detection and Event Classification (Machine Learning):

[1] A. Shahsavari, M. Farajollahi, E. Stewart, E. Cortez, H. Mohsenian‐Rad, "Situational Awareness in Distribution Grid Using Micro‐PMU Data: A Machine Learning Approach," IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, Nov 2019.

Upstream Event (Sub‐transmission or Transmission)

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Previous Results

2 / 18

1. Event Detection and Event Classification (Machine Learning):

[1] A. Shahsavari, M. Farajollahi, E. Stewart, E. Cortez, H. Mohsenian‐Rad, "Situational Awareness in Distribution Grid Using Micro‐PMU Data: A Machine Learning Approach," IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, Nov 2019.

Switching Event (Distribution)

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Previous Results

2 / 18

1. Event Detection and Event Classification (Machine Learning):

[1] A. Shahsavari, M. Farajollahi, E. Stewart, E. Cortez, H. Mohsenian‐Rad, "Situational Awareness in Distribution Grid Using Micro‐PMU Data: A Machine Learning Approach," IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, Nov 2019.

Switching Event (Distribution)

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Previous Results

3 / 18

2. Event Location Identification (Hybrid Model‐Based):

[2] M. Farajollahi, A. Shahsavari, E. Stewart, H. Mohsenian‐Rad, "Locating the Source of Events in Power Distribution Systems Using Micro‐PMU Data," IEEE Trans. on Power Systems vol. 33, no. 6, Nov. 2018.

𝐼∠𝐼

𝑉∠𝑉

𝐼∠𝐼

𝑉∠𝑉

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Previous Results

3 / 18

2. Event Location Identification (Hybrid Model‐Based):

[2] M. Farajollahi, A. Shahsavari, E. Stewart, H. Mohsenian‐Rad, "Locating the Source of Events in Power Distribution Systems Using Micro‐PMU Data," IEEE Trans. on Power Systems vol. 33, no. 6, Nov. 2018.

𝐼∠𝐼

𝑉∠𝑉

𝐼∠𝐼

𝑉∠𝑉

∆𝐼 ∠∆𝐼

Pre

Post

∆𝑉 ∠∆𝑉

Pre

Post

∆𝐼 ∠∆𝐼

Pre

Post

∆𝑉 ∠∆𝑉

Pre

Post

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Previous Results

3 / 18

2. Event Location Identification (Hybrid Model‐Based):

[2] M. Farajollahi, A. Shahsavari, E. Stewart, H. Mohsenian‐Rad, "Locating the Source of Events in Power Distribution Systems Using Micro‐PMU Data," IEEE Trans. on Power Systems vol. 33, no. 6, Nov. 2018.

𝑘: Event Bus (Unknown)

Second Micro‐PMU

?

∆𝐼 ∠∆𝐼

Pre

Post

DifferentialSynchrophasors

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Previous Results

3 / 18

2. Event Location Identification (Hybrid Model‐Based):

[2] M. Farajollahi, A. Shahsavari, E. Stewart, H. Mohsenian‐Rad, "Locating the Source of Events in Power Distribution Systems Using Micro‐PMU Data," IEEE Trans. on Power Systems vol. 33, no. 6, Nov. 2018.

𝑘: Event Bus (Unknown)Forward Backward

𝑘 argmin ∆𝑉 ∆𝑉𝑖

Discrepa

ncy

Inde

x

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Previous Results

3 / 18

2. Event Location Identification (Hybrid Model‐Based):

[2] M. Farajollahi, A. Shahsavari, E. Stewart, H. Mohsenian‐Rad, "Locating the Source of Events in Power Distribution Systems Using Micro‐PMU Data," IEEE Trans. on Power Systems vol. 33, no. 6, Nov. 2018.

𝑘: Event Bus (Unknown)Forward Backward

𝑘 argmin ∆𝑉 ∆𝑉𝑖

Discrepa

ncy

Inde

x

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Observations

4 / 18

• We used only two micro-PMUs

• We can remotely and automatically monitor all load switching events

• Therefore, we can keep track of switching configurations.

SubstationZ1 Z2 Zn

SW1 SW2 SWn-1 SWn

S Sl,n

l,n-1Sl,

2Sl,1

V , P , Qm m mk k k

m

Pointer of Metering at Feeder Head

mk mk mk mk

1: Open  0: Closed

1            0            0              1  

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Observations

4 / 18

• We used only two micro-PMUs

• We can remotely and automatically monitor all load switching events

• Therefore, we can keep track of switching configurations.

SubstationZ1 Z2 Zn

SW1 SW2 SWn-1 SWn

S Sl,n

l,n-1Sl,

2Sl,1

V , P , Qm m mk k k

m

Pointer of Metering at Feeder Head

mk mk mk mk

1: Open  0: Closed

1            1            0              1  

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Observations

4 / 18

• We used only two micro-PMUs

• We can remotely and automatically monitor all load switching events

• Therefore, we can keep track of switching configurations.

SubstationZ1 Z2 Zn

SW1 SW2 SWn-1 SWn

S Sl,n

l,n-1Sl,

2Sl,1

V , P , Qm m mk k k

m

Pointer of Metering at Feeder Head

mk mk mk mk

1: Open  0: Closed

1            1            0              0  

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Observations

4 / 18

• We used only two micro-PMUs

• We can remotely and automatically monitor all load switching events

• Therefore, we can keep track of switching configurations.

SubstationZ1 Z2 Zn

SW1 SW2 SWn-1 SWn

S Sl,n

l,n-1Sl,

2Sl,1

V , P , Qm m mk k k

m

Pointer of Metering at Feeder Head

mk mk mk mk

1: Open  0: Closed

1            1            1              0  

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Observations

4 / 18

• We used only two micro-PMUs

• We can remotely and automatically monitor all load switching events

• Therefore, we can keep track of switching configurations.

SubstationZ1 Z2 Zn

SW1 SW2 SWn-1 SWn

S Sl,n

l,n-1Sl,

2Sl,1

V , P , Qm m mk k k

m

Pointer of Metering at Feeder Head

mk mk mk mk

1: Open  0: Closed

0            1            1              0  

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Observations

4 / 18

• We used only two micro-PMUs

• We can remotely and automatically monitor all load switching events

• Therefore, we can keep track of switching configurations.

SubstationZ1 Z2 Zn

SW1 SW2 SWn-1 SWn

S Sl,n

l,n-1Sl,

2Sl,1

V , P , Qm m mk k k

m

Pointer of Metering at Feeder Head

mk mk mk mk

Q: What can we do with this? 

1: Open  0: Closed

0            1            1              0  

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Observations

4 / 18

• We used only two micro-PMUs

• We can remotely and automatically monitor all load switching events

• Therefore, we can keep track of switching configurations.

SubstationZ1 Z2 Zn

SW1 SW2 SWn-1 SWn

S Sl,n

l,n-1Sl,

2Sl,1

V , P , Qm m mk k k

m

Pointer of Metering at Feeder Head

mk mk mk mk

Q: What can we do with this? 

A: Nonintrusive Load Modeling 

1: Open  0: Closed

0            1            1              0  

• Feeder Aggregated Load Model:

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Nonintrusive Load Modeling

5 / 18

SubstationZ1 Z2 Zn

SW1 SW2 SWn-1 SWn

S Sl,n

l,n-1Sl,

2Sl,1

V , P , Qm m mk k k

m

Pointer of Metering at Feeder Head

mk mk mk mk

𝑃 𝑃𝑉𝑉

𝑄 𝑄𝑉𝑉

A Variation of the “ZIP Model”.

SwitchingConfiguration

Number

Constant Impedance Constant Power

Constant Current

• Individual Load Models:

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Nonintrusive Load Modeling

6 / 18

SubstationZ1 Z2 Zn

SW1 SW2 SWn-1 SWn

S Sl,n

l,n-1Sl,

2Sl,1

V , P , Qm m mk k k

m

Pointer of Metering at Feeder Head

mk mk mk mk

𝑃 𝑃𝑉𝑉

,

𝑄 𝑄𝑉𝑉

,𝑖 1, 2, … , 𝑛

𝑃 𝑃𝑉𝑉

𝑄 𝑄𝑉𝑉

SwitchingConfiguration

Number

Switching Event

• Individual Load Models:

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Nonintrusive Load Modeling

6 / 18

SubstationZ1 Z2 Zn

SW1 SW2 SWn-1 SWn

S Sl,n

l,n-1Sl,

2Sl,1

V , P , Qm m mk k k

m

Pointer of Metering at Feeder Head

mk mk mk mk

𝑃 𝑃𝑉𝑉

,

𝑄 𝑄𝑉𝑉

,𝑖 1, 2, … , 𝑛

𝑃 𝑃𝑉𝑉

𝑄 𝑄𝑉𝑉

SwitchingConfiguration

Number

Switching Event

• Complex Power Conservation:

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Step 1: Circuit Model Equations

7 / 18

SubstationZ1 Z2 Zn

SW1 SW2 SWn-1 SWn

S Sl,n

l,n-1Sl,

2Sl,1

V , P , Qm m mk k k

m

Pointer of Metering at Feeder Head

mk mk mk mk

𝑆 𝑆 , 𝑆𝑊 𝑍𝑆 ,

𝑉 ,

∗

𝑆𝑊

Total Load Total Loss

Current in Line j

Parameter 𝑺𝑾𝒊𝒎𝒌 is one if the individual load 𝒊 is turned on

during switching configuration 𝒎𝒌; and zero otherwise

# of Equations = 1

SwitchingConfiguration

• KVL:

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Step 1: Circuit Model Equations

8 / 18

SubstationZ1 Z2 Zn

SW1 SW2 SWn-1 SWn

S Sl,n

l,n-1Sl,

2Sl,1

V , P , Qm m mk k k

m

Pointer of Metering at Feeder Head

mk mk mk mk

𝑉 𝑉 𝑍𝑆 ,

𝑉 ,

∗

𝑆𝑊

Voltage at Substation

Voltage Drop at Line j # of Equations = n

• Combined Equations:

• For any switching configuration 𝒎𝒌:

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Step 1: Circuit Model Equations

9 / 18

𝑆 𝑆 , 𝑆𝑊 𝑍𝑆 ,

𝑉 ,

∗

𝑆𝑊

𝑉 𝑉 𝑍𝑆 ,

𝑉 ,

∗

𝑆𝑊 , 𝑖 1, ⋯ , 𝑛

𝑆 , 𝑉 𝑖 1, ⋯ , 𝑛Unknowns: 𝑆 , and 𝑉 for 𝑖 1, ⋯ , 𝑛

𝑛 1 𝑛 𝑆𝑊

Number of Equations: Number of Unknowns :

• For any two distinct switching configurations 𝒎𝒌 and 𝒎𝒉:

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Step 2: Load Model Equations

10 / 18

𝑆 , 𝑃 , 𝑉𝑉

𝑗 𝑄 , 𝑉𝑉

Necessary Condition: 𝑆𝑊 2

𝑛 𝑛 j 𝑛 𝑖 1, ⋯ , 𝑛Additional Unknowns:

𝑛 𝑛 +j 𝑛 for 𝑖 1, ⋯ , 𝑛

• Given 𝒄 distinct switching configurations:

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Step 3: Solving the System of Equations

11 / 18

𝑛 𝑐 𝑆𝑊 𝑛

𝑐 𝑛 1 𝑆𝑊 𝑛

# of Unknowns:

# of Equations:

Theorem: We need to observe at least 𝑐 2𝑛 distinct switching configurations to solve the nonintrusive individual load modeling problem.

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Illustrative Example

12 / 18

Z1 Z2 Z4

S1 S2 S3 S4

mZ3

V1 V2 V3 V4

Sl4= 250+j30Sl

3= 500+j80Sl2= 100+j25= 200+j20Sl

1

1.5+j0.5 2+j0.75 1+j0.25 1.5+j0.5

Zsub

2.5+j1

Subs

tatio

n

= 1.6+j0.9ns1 = 0.8+j1.3ns2 = 0.2+j0.7ns3 = 1.4+j1.1ns4

V , P , Qm m mk k k

Pointer of Metering at Feeder Head

# of Equations

# of Unknowns

Circuit Model 40 52

Load Model 16 4

Combined 56 56

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Extension 1: Distribution Feeder with Laterals

13 / 18

Z1 Z2 Z4

SW1SW3 SW4

MZ3

V1 V2 V3 V4

Sl4= 250+j30Sl

3= 500+j80

Sl5= 200+j30

= 200+j20Sl1

1.5+j0.5 2+j0.75 1+j0.25 1.5+j0.5

Zsub

2.5+j1

Subs

tatio

n

= 1.6+j0.9ns1

= 1.2+j0.9ns5

= 0.2+j0.7ns3 = 1.4+j1.1ns4

Z6

SW5 SW6

Z5V5 V6

1.5+j0.5

SW2

Sl2= 100+j25

= 0.8+j1.3ns2

Sl6= 100+j15

= 0.4+j0.3ns6

2.5+j0.75

Pointer of Metering at Feeder Head

V , P , Qm m mk k k

# of Equations

# of Unknowns

Circuit Model 84 120

Load Model 42 6

Combined 126 126

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Extension 2: Redundant Switching Configurations

14 / 18

Z1 Z2 Z4

SW1SW3 SW4

MZ3

V1 V2 V3 V4

Sl4= 250+j30Sl

3= 500+j80

Sl5= 200+j30

= 200+j20Sl1

1.5+j0.5 2+j0.75 1+j0.25 1.5+j0.5

Zsub

2.5+j1

Subs

tatio

n

= 1.6+j0.9ns1

= 1.2+j0.9ns5

= 0.2+j0.7ns3 = 1.4+j1.1ns4

Z6

SW5 SW6

Z5V5 V6

1.5+j0.5

SW2

Sl2= 100+j25

= 0.8+j1.3ns2

Sl6= 100+j15

= 0.4+j0.3ns6

2.5+j0.75

Pointer of Metering at Feeder Head

V , P , Qm m mk k k

• # of Equations: 258 • # of unknowns: 246

In Presence of Error in Measurements

• We solve an “estimation” problem.

Error in Line Impedances

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Extension 3: Identifying Erroneous Switching Status

15 / 18

Z1 Z2 Z4

SW1SW3 SW4

MZ3

V1 V2 V3 V4

Sl4= 250+j30Sl

3= 500+j80

Sl5= 200+j30

= 200+j20Sl1

1.5+j0.5 2+j0.75 1+j0.25 1.5+j0.5

Zsub

2.5+j1

Subs

tatio

n

= 1.6+j0.9ns1

= 1.2+j0.9ns5

= 0.2+j0.7ns3 = 1.4+j1.1ns4

Z6

SW5 SW6

Z5V5 V6

1.5+j0.5

SW2

Sl2= 100+j25

= 0.8+j1.3ns2

Sl6= 100+j15

= 0.4+j0.3ns6

2.5+j0.75

Pointer of Metering at Feeder Head

V , P , Qm m mk k k

• Residual Test (In Presence of Two Erroneous Configurations):

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Conclusions

16 / 18

• Install a few micro-PMUs at feeder head and end buses.

• Remotely and automatically Identify:

• ZIP Model for all individual loads across the distribution feeder.

• AMI / Smart Meters:

• Not Available: Our Approach is a Replacement

• Available: Our Approach is an Oversight

• AMI Failure• Electricity Theft• Cybersecurity• … 

Non‐Intrusive

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Further Reading

17 / 18

IEEE T. on Power Systems 2018 IEEE T. on Smart Grid 2019

Hamed Mohsenian-Rad Nonintrusive Load Modeling Using Micro-PMUs UC Riverside

Further Reading (Cont.)

18 / 18

IEEE PES Magazine 2018IEEE T. on Power Systems 2019