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Helena CroninLondon School of Economics
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¿Por qué Importan
las Diferencias Entre los Sexos?
La Mirada Darwiniana
Helena Cronin
London School of Economics
Why sex differences matter
• Why sex differences?
• Sex differences in humans
• Today‟s science, tomorrow‟s agendas
Why sex differences?
Vervets‟ choice of toys
Newborns…
• Girls prefer human faces; boys prefer
mechanical mobiles
• Girls cry more than boys when another
baby cries
Sex differences
• Not recent, artificial, arbitrary
• Too early, reliable, cross-species,
cross-cultural, over historical and
evolutionary time
• Evolution
Why sex differences?
Reproductive investment
– Males specialise in competing
– Females specialise in caring
Sex differences
Evolved differences:
Question is never:
„Are there evolved differences?‟
But:
„What do they look like in this species?‟
Sex differences
in humans
Sex differences
„On average‟
• not differences between individuals
• differences between groups …
• … in distribution of characteristics
• not „all men, no women‟ (or vice versa)
• overlapping curves
Cycling backwards while playing violin
World Beard and Moustache Championships
Extreme Ironing
Control panels:
Man, Woman
Tails
Tails
More dumbbells
but more Nobels
Tails
Sex differences are
crucially about tails
Today‟s science,
tomorrow‟s agendas
Today‟s science,
tomorrow‟s agendas
If human nature is fixed, isn‟t policy
pointless?
Today‟s science,
tomorrow‟s agendas
Confusing equality and sameness
Today‟s science,
tomorrow‟s agendas
Confusing equality and sameness
“You can‟t have equality without
sameness”
Today‟s science,
tomorrow‟s agendas
Confusing equality and sameness
Bias and barriers
The 50% delusion
Today‟s science,
tomorrow‟s agendas
The case of the missing money:
The „gender gap in pay‟
Today‟s science,
tomorrow‟s agendas
„Gender-neutral‟:
Unfair to one or unworkable for both?
If we want to change the
world…
• … we need first to understand it
• Darwinian science is indispensable
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