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A PPT Describing the scope of power transmission in Indian Context
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ENERCON INDIA LTD
Energy for the world.
Transmission Department
- By Niranjan Shukla14th July 2011
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Objective
In this module, we shall discuss
Overview of Transmission Sector a national perspectivePast, Present & Future trends Need of Large grid & Inter-regional transmission Understanding the grid dynamics Present challenges
Power evacuation philosophy in EILSchemesConstruction aspects Issues & MitigationO&M Needs
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1. Importance & Information on Indian Transmission Sector, National Plan & Policies
2. How we, Energities evacuate power to the grid3. Points to build an robust & effective transmission
system
A QUICK OVERVIEWA QUICK OVERVIEWAt the conclusion of this module, you will be able to understand:
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Ice breaking ?1) What was the total generation capacity of India at
the time of Independence? 2) What is the present generation capacity of India ?3) Name the largest power generation utility in India?4) What is the highest Grid System Voltage in India ?5) Who is deemed transmission licensee in
Maharashtra?6) What do you understand by -
Transmission System Regional Grid Operation Open Access ABT IPTC AT & C Losses
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Answers:1) What was the total generation capacity of India at the time of
Independence? 1350 MW2) What is the present generation capacity of India ? 132330 MW3) Name the largest power generation utility in India? NTPC4) What is the highest AC Grid System Voltage in India ? 765KV5) Who is deemed transmission licensee in Maharashtra? MSETCL,REL, TPC6) What do you understand by -
Transmission System Regional Grid Operation Open Access ABT (Availability based Tariff) IPTC (Independent Power Transmission Company) AT & C losses (Aggregate Technical & Commercial Losses)
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Flow:Present status, considerations and future outlookWhat is present power scenario ?What is present Transmission network ?What are our transmission requirements Inter statetransmission,
Electricity Act2003: Impacts & evolutionGrid Operation: Open access &Grid discipline-ABTTransmission as business To break the natural monopoly of state- IPTCEIL - Philosophy
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Supply
Demand
Real Time
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Capacity Addition as % of Target
54.0
75.0
47.0
0
20
40
60
80
VIII IX X
Plan
%
10
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Capacity addition XI FYP Planned v/s Actual under construction
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Capacity Addition - Perspective Programme
Present installed capacity - 1,32,330 MW.
Targeting economic growth rate of 8-10% pa
Projected installed capacity by 2012 - 2,07,000 MW
Thereafter, doubling of capacity every 10 years.
Projected installed capacity by 2030 - 8,00,000 MW.
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NEW Grid
SouthGrid
South
West
North
East
Northeast
Five Regional GridsFive Frequencies
October 1991East and Northeast synchronized
March 2003West synchronized With East & Northeast
August 2006North synchronized With Central Grid
Central Grid
Five Regional GridsTwo Frequencies
Installed Capacity 156 GW
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5 Regional Grids
Northern Region
Eastern Region
Southern Region
Western Region
NE Region
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14100
37700
05000
10000150002000025000300003500040000
Existing by 2012MW16
Name of SystemAt the end of 10 th Plan i.e. end of 2006-07
Additions during 11th plan 2007-12
At the end of 11th Plan i.e. end of 2011-12
ER - SR : 3120 500 3620ER - NR : 4220 9400 13620ER - WR : 1760 4900 6660ER - NER : 1240 1600 2840NR - WR : 2080 2100 4180WR - SR : 1680 2100 3780NER/ER-NR/WR 0 3000 3000TOTAL ALL INDIA 14100 23600 37700
Power Transfer Capacity (MW)Inter- regional transmission Existing & Planned (220KV & above)
Emerging opportunities
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Growth in Indian Transmission Sector
Source: CEA :http://www.cea.nic.in/power_sec_reports/Executive_Summary/2007_09/13.pdf
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Emerging Opportunities National Grid Integrated National Grid by 2012
Inter-regional power transfer capacity of
30,000 MW to be established (currently
8,050 MW)
Total Investments estimated at approx
Rs. 64,000 crores (2003-2012)
Investment in projects under
implementation/ approval taken by
PGCIL approx. Rs 16000 crores
Investment opportunity of Rs.
48,000 crores
From 2005-07 : Rs 7,000 Crore
From 2008-12 : Rs 41,000 Crore
LAKSHADWEEP
AND
AMAN
&
NIC
OBAR
TRANSFER CAPACITY- 30000 MWINTER-REGIONAL
BHUTANTALA
BONGAIG'N
MAITHON
SILIGURI
KAHALGAON
P'RNEA
ROURKELA
BINA
RAICHUR
GOOTY
HYDERABAD
SR
RAMAGUNDAM
CHANDRAPUR
MYSORE
DAVANGERE
TRIVANDRUM
UDUMALPET
KOZIKODE
NORTH TRICHUR
NARENDRA
KAIGASIRSI
KOLHAPUR
PONDA
WR
BANGALORE
MADURAI
TRICHY
HOSUR
SALEMNEYVELI
KORBA
VIJAYAWADA
MADRAS
NELLORECUDDAPAH
N'SAGAR
KHAMMAM
RAIPURSEONI
SIPAT
GAZUWAKA
TALCHERJEYPORE
RANCHIER
NATIONAL GRID - 2009-10
KISHENPUR
MALANPUR
AGRANRSHIROHI
ZERDA
BHIWADIHISSAR
JAIPUR
(DELHI RING)BALLABGARH
MOGA
URI
BALIA
LUCKNOW
UNNAO
S'NGRL
SATNA
SATLUJ
ABDULLAPUR
MEERUT
NALAGARH
DULHASTI
PARBATI
TEHRI
M'PUR
SRAMNKSTP
G'PUR
BARH
TEESTA
CHICKEN NECK
WAGOORA
DESHBANGLA
BALIPARA
MISA
NERMARIANI
RANGANADI GURIKATHAL-
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India
Northern Region
Eastern Region
Southern Region
Western Region
NE Region
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Drivers for Network Expansion:Capacity additions by
State generation Central allocation CPPs IPPs
Load flow study System strengthening Standing committee recommendations Directives from Regulator
Summarize ?
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Electricity Act, 1887 & 1903 * Minimum regulation * Private Capital
Indian Electricity Act, 1910* Basic Legal frame work* Private Capital
Indian Constitution, 1950 * Electricity under concurrent
jurisdiction of State and Centre
Industrial Policy Resolution, 1956* Generation &
Distribution reserved in the domain of the State
State Reforms Act * State level reforms * Unbundling of SEBs
Act, 1998 * Independent
Regulators
* Unbundling continues
* Private Capital
Electricity Act , 2003* Autonomous Regulation
* Private Capital* Open Access
Electricity Act Amendments * Central Utilities
created * Private capital in "G" & "T"* FDI encouraged
Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948* Creation of SEBs * CEA to
formulated
power policy
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Transmission Planning- Role as of today - emanating from Electricity Act2003
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Electricity Act
National ElectPolicy
+ National Plan
CEA
STU Intra-State lines
CTU Inter state
Licensee Inter state and Intra stateCERC
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Unified Grid Operation
25
NationalLevel
RTU RTU RTU
SUB LDC SUB LDC SUB LDC
SLDC SLDC SLDC
ERLDC WRLDC* NRLDC SRLDC NERLDC
NLDC*
32 Nos.
54Nos.
1160Nos.
5 Nos. RegionalLevel
State HQLevel
Group / Distt Level
Plant / Sub-Station Level
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WORLD ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION BY SOURCE
%, Coal, 36
%, Natural Gas, 18
%, Hydro Electricity, 18
%, Nuclear, 17
%, Oil, 9.5
%, Renewable Energy, 1.5
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Source: IEA; Organisation for Economic cooperation & Development
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Fuel MW %
Total Thermal 93725.34 63.34
Coal 77648.88 53.3Gas 14876.71 10.5
Oil 1199.75 0.9Hydro 36877.76 24.7
Nuclear 4120 2.9Renewable 13242.41 8.9
Total 147965.51
Fuel wise installed capacity (as on 31.3.09)
Source : MoP site
Renewable,
13242, 9%
Nuclear, 4120, 3%
Hydro, 36878,
25% Thermal, 93725, 63%
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All India Generating Installed Capacity (MW) as on 30.09.07
Source: CEA http://www.cea.nic.in/power_sec_reports/Executive_Summary/2007_09/9.pdf
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Electrical power grid is an unique one in which generation anddemands are balanced instantaneously and continuously.
Fluctuations in power consumed by the consumers and variationsin uncontrolled generators are compensated by the controlledgenerators.
When generation equal to load, frequency operates at 50 Hz.Variation in frequency indicates rise of load or generation viceversa is term as a balancing.
In the grid system, it is not necessary for compensating each andevery variation from individual consumers / generators.
Only aggregate variation in the control area is balanced. Aggregation is the powerful tools with the power system
operators. When wind power plants are introduced into the power system, an
additional source of variation is added to the already variablenature of system.
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Electrical grid
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There are number of unresolved technical, institutional and regulatoryquestions concerning distributed generation in general and windgeneration in particular.
On the technical level, major barriers are..
Novelty and unfamiliarity of distributed technologies. Lack of substantial field experience with these technologies. Costs and complexity associated with thorough engineering evaluations. Weak evacuations network as well as onward transmission networks. Less availability of evacuations corridors. Less consumptions in local area due to wide variation in load due to
variable load in agriculture, less and variable industrial demand and lowdemand on staggering day.
Variable local load pattern leads to overloading of transformers and maintransmission lines which requires high capacity of strengthening oftransmission network.
Average PLF observed 15-20% which leads to inefficient occupation oftransformer capacity and non utilization of infrastructures.
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Integration with grid
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Load-Generation balance
In large interconnected system, load generation is reflected withchange in tie line flows.
In a small system, load generation balance is reflected with variation infrequency.
Variation in frequency is limiting factor for capacity addition of the windfarms.
In predominantly hydro and gas generation system with good ramprate will be positive factor, helping for compensating variation of windgeneration.
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Balancing Balancing in power system occurs over wide time frames: Years in advance : Enough generation has to be planned and built so
that there is sufficient capacity available to meet load requirements Day Ahead : Select which available generator can reliably meet
expected requirements at lowest cost. Real Time : Real time balancing can be obtained by two different
methodology: Load Following (Backing down) Load Regulation (Load Shedding)
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Grid operation with Wind GenerationScenario 1:
An increase in load along with increase in wind generation OR dropin load along with drop of wind generation Additional generationrequired for frequency maintenance is less.
System Operator:
It is a safe operation for grid operators. Most favorable condition for grid operators. During evening peak, maximum wind energy available and it
helps to meet peak demand.
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Grid operation with Wind GenerationScenario 2(A) :
A drop in load along with increase in wind generation.
System Operator:
Backing down of other generators. High Voltage problem and switching off lines. System operation
with critical loading. If local load is very low, overloading of associated transmission
lines.
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Grid operation with Wind GenerationScenario 2(B) :
An increase in load along with drop in wind generation .
System Operator :
Increasing load along with decrease in wind generation is avery critical nature of situation for system operator.
Additional generation is to be brought into system very quickly. If no generation available, heavy load shading to be resorted. If frequency permits, overdrawl at that prevailing rate. Requisition of costly generation i.e. on SPOT gas , Naphtha if
available
Remedies :
Additional generation capacity is required for maintenance ofload generation balancing especially gas based and hydrobased.
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Power Quality with Wind Generation
Generally it is believed that with increase in wind generation, the powerquality suffers.
Main power quality problems are:o Voltage Regulation,o Harmonics. Old WTG machines with induction generators have not been required
to participate in system voltage regulation. Their reactive powerdemand are compensated by switched shunt capacitors.
New WTG machines with variable frequency drives have inherentcontrol of reactive power output and can participate in voltageregulation.
If wind farm is far from generation source, high voltage witnessednear to wind farms with increase in wind generation.
The variable frequency generators in WTGs use AC-DC converter forconnection with Grid, which increases the Harmonics level in thesystem.
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Conclusion If the share of wind generation instantaneous penetration at any point of
time is excessively high compared to the total system demand, then,following new operating methodology need to be adopted for ensuingreliability and stability of system:
Methodology for accurate long term & short term forecasting. Real time data from wind farm to system operator to be made
available for effective grid operation. Reserve capacity with high ramp up generators such as a hydro
and gas shall be kept. All wind energy generation be brought under regulations of ABT
which means elimination of generation in case of high frequencyor system constraints.
Reinforcement of main transmission network and power corridors. Augmentation and reinforcement of voltage regulating equipments
such as reactors, switched capacitors including FACTS devices.
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Non-conventional energy plans beyond - 2012
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Enercon Philosophy:
StabilityAvailabilityOptimizationScalabilityFuture provisionInnovations
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Current Projects:
SynopsisSalient features
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Typical process flow:
PRSSEID / BDOSIQAEISD
Transmission
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Lets make a green move together Thank you !!
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